A number of novel hydrocarbon cage systems have been designed and characterized using ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the MP2 and B3-LYP levels. In particular,equilibrium structures for five families of molecules, hemialkaplanes, hemispiroalkaplanes, alkaplanes, spiroalkaplanes and dimethanospiroalkaplanes, have been examined in detail with the aim of designing a saturated hydrocarbon with a planar-tetracoordinate carbon atom and with a view to identifying appropriate synthetic targets. ¶ The hemialkaplanes and hemispiroalkaplanes are constructed from a spiropentane or neopentane subunit, respectively, which is capped by a cyclic hydrocarbon. The hemispiroalkaplanes are predicted to contain a pyramidal-tetracoordinate carbon atom possessing a lone pair of electrons. Protonation at this apical carbon atom is found to be highly favorable, resulting in a remarkably high basicity for a saturated hydrocarbon. The proton affinities of the hemispiroalkaplanes are calculated to be more than 1170 kJ mol[superscript -1] , even greater than those for the diamine "proton sponges". ¶ The alkaplanes and the spiroalkaplanes, which are constructed by bicapping a neopentane or spiropentane subunit, respectively, with a pair of cyclic hydrocarbons, show unprecedented flattening of a tetracoordinate carbon atom. Linking the spiroalkaplane caps with methano bridges gives the dimethanospiroalkaplanes, two of which, dimethanospirooctaplane and dimethanospirobinonaplane, achieve exact planarity at the central carbon atom. They are the first neutral saturated hydrocarbons predicted to contain an exactly planartetracoordinate carbon atom. This has been achieved through structural constraints alone. The electronic structure at the central carbon atom results in a highest occupied molecular orbital corresponding to a p-type lone pair. Consequently, the adiabatic ionization energies for octaplane, spirooctaplane and dimethanospirooctaplane (approximately 5 eV) are predicted to be similar to those of lithium and sodium - incredibly low for a saturated hydrocarbon. ¶ Some consideration has been given to likely pathways for unimolecular decomposition for all species. Predicted structures, heats of formation and strain energies for all the novel hydrocarbons are also detailed. Tetramethylhemispirooctaplane and dimethanospirobinonaplane are identified as the preferred synthetic targets.

<p>In the present work, the thermodynamic activities of chromium and vanadium oxide in CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 slags were measured using gas-slag equilibration technique. The slag was equilibrated with a gas mixture of CO, CO2 and Ar gases enabling well-defined oxygen partial pressures in the gas mixture (PO2=10-3,10-4,10-5 Pa) at temperatures 1803, 1823K, 1873, 1923 K. The slags were kept in Pt crucibles during the equilibration and the duration of which was 20 h. From a knowledge of the thermodynamic activity of chromium and vanadium in Cr or V in Pt alloy, obtained from literature, and the oxygen partial pressure in the gas stream calculated by Thermo Calc software, the thermodynamic activity of chromium, vanadium oxide in the slags could be observed.An assessment of the experimental studies in earlier works reveal that, the activities of chromium at low chromium contents and vanadium in their respective alloys in platinum exhibits a strong negative deviation from ideality, the logarithms of activity coefficient of these elements were found to increase with increasing mole fractions of these metals in the Pt-alloys.Regarding the slag phase, all the chromium in the slags was assumed to be present in the divalent state in view of the low Cr contents and the low oxygen potentials employed in the present studies. Analogously, vanadium in the slag was assumed to be in the trivalent state in view of the low vanadium contents in the slag and the low oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase. Activity of chromium oxide, CrO decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing content of chromium oxide in slag and oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase. Activity of vanadium oxide, VO1.5 in slag phase shows a negative deviation from ideality. Activity coefficient of vanadium oxide shows a decrease with basicity of slag and the “break point” occurs at about slag basicity of 1 under the oxygen partial pressure of 10-3 Pa and temperature of 1873 K.A relationship for estimating the actual content of chromium, vanadium in slag as a function of activities of chromium or vanadium, temperature, oxygen partial pressure and slag basicity were developed from the present results, the agreement between the estimated and experimental values is satisfactory, especially at lower oxygen partial pressure.</p>

Neste trabalho investigamos a influência de alquiltio grupos sobre a basicidade e frequência de estiramento do ciano grupo de nitrilas alifáticas. Com esta finalidade foi estudada uma grande série de nitrilas alquiltio-substituidas em posição &#945;, &#946; &#947;, e &#948;, além de nitrilas não substituídas, incluídas para efeito de comparação. A série completa compõe-se dos seguintes compostos: acetonitrila, propionitrila, butironitrila, valeronitrila, hexanonitrila, heptanonitrila, octanonitrila, isobutironitrila, 2-metilvaleronitrila, pivalonitrila, 2,2\'-dimetilvaleronitrila, metiltioacetonitrila, &#945;-metiltiopropionitrila, etiltioacetonitrila, &#945;-etiltiopropionitrila, &#945;-etiltioisobutironitrila, &#945;-terc-butiltioacetonitrila, &#946;-etiltiopropionitrila, &#946;-etiltiobutironitrila, &#947;-etiltiobutironitrila e &#948;-etiltiovaleronitrila. É apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica na qual são abordados aspectos de estrutura, características espectrais e habilidade de formação de ponte de hidrogênio do ciano grupo de nitrilas, além de serem relatados trabalhos concernentes à auto-associação e momento dipolar de tais compostos. São fornecidos os dados de medidas de deslocamentos da frequência do grupo hidroxila do fenol e p-clorofenol (&#916;vo(OH)) em complexo 1:1 com as nitrilas estudadas, em tetracloreto de carbono, pelo emprego da espectroscopia no infravermelho. São apresentadas as frequências de estiramento do ciano grupo (vo (CN)) das mesmas nitrilas, em tetracloreto de carbono. São descritas as sínteses de algumas das nitrilas da série estudada, a saber: hexanonitrila, heptanonitrila, 2-metilvaleronitrila, 2,2\'-dimetilvaleronitrila, etiltioacetonitrila, &#945;-etiltioisobutironitrila e &#947;-etiltiobutironitrila. Feita uma análise dos resultados das medidas realizadas, conclue-se que: 1) as nitrilas &#945;-alquiltio-substituídas apresentam uma diminuição da basicidade e uma diminuição da frequência de estiramento do ciano grupo, com relação aos compostos análogos não substituídos; 2) as nitrilas &#946-etiltio-substituídas apresentam uma ligeira diminuição de basicidade em comparação com os compostos não substituídos correspondentes; 3) a introdução de um etiltio grupo nas posições &#947; e &#948; não produz qualquer alteração na basicidade do ciano grupo. Urna discussão é apresentada, focalizando-se a validade dos resultados de basicidade obtidos, assim como a sua atribuição. É eliminada a possibilidade da competição do átomo de enxofre na medida de basicidade do ciano grupo. São excluídas, também, as hipóteses de o impedimento estérico e o efeito indutivo do enxofre serem os únicos efeitos responsáveis pela diminuição de basicidade do ciano grupo, observada em &#946;-alquiltio-nitrilas. Os resultados relatados para as &#945;-, &#946;-, &#947;-e &#948;-alquiltio-nitrilas, investigadas pelo emprego de sistema ternário, são comparados com os anteriormente obtidos por B.Wladislaw e col, em sistema ternário. Observa-se concordância no caso de nitrilas &#945;-alquiltio-substituídas, mas não no de nitrilas com enxofre em posições mais afastadas, para as quais, em sistema binário, foi relatado um aumento de basicidade. Discutem-se as divergências observadas, sugerindo-se a possibilidade da ocorrência, no caso de sistema binário, de uma associação intra ou intermolecular envolvendo o enxofre e o ciano-grupo. Finalmente, é sugerida a interação entre enxofre e ciano grupo como provável causa da diminuição de basicidade em &#945;-alquiltio-nitrilas. É aventada a hipótese de que a ligeira diminuição de basicidade em &#946;-etiltio-nitrilas, observada em sistema ternário, seja proveniente do efeito indutivo do enxofre. / This thesis investigates the influence of alkylthio-groups on the basicities and stretching frequencies of the cyano-group of aliphatic nitriles. A large series of alkylthio- and unsubstituted nitriles was studied, including the following compounds: acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, capronitrile, heptanenitrile, octanenitrile, isobutyronitrile, 2-methylvaleronitrile, trimethylacetonitrile, 2,2\'-dimethylvaleronitrile, methylthioacetonitrile, &#945;-methylthiopropionitrile, ethylthioacetonitrile, &#945;-ethyl-thiopropionitrile, &#945;-ethylthioisobutyronitrile, &#945;-tert-butylthioacetonitrile, &#946;.ethylthiopropionitrile, &#946;-ethylthiobutyronitrile, &#947;-ethylthiobutyronitrile and &#948-ethylthiovaleronitrile. The thesis contains: A literature review on the structure, polarity and hydrogen bonding ability of the cyano-group of aliphatic nitriles, as well as self-association and dipolar moments of the same compounds. The data of relative basicities (&#916;vo(OH)) of the cyano-group as measured by i.r. shifts of OH stretching vibration of phenol and p-chlorophenol associated to the above mentioned nitriles (1:1), in carbon tetrachloride. The stretching frequencies (vo (CN)) of the cyano-group for the same nitriles, in carbon tetrachloride. The syntheses of the following compounds: capronitrile, heptanenitrile, 2-methylvaleronitrile, 2,2\'-dimethylvaleronitrile, ethylthioacetonitrile, &#945;-ethlthioisobutyronitrile and &#947;-ethylthiobutyronitrile. The &#916;vo(OH) measurements show that: 1) the &#945;-alkylthio-nitriles are less basic than the corresponding unsubstituted nitriles; 2) there is a slight decrease of the cyano-group basicity when the &#946;-methylene-group is replaced by a sulphur atom; 3) the nitriles, in which sulphur atom and cyano-group are apart by three or four methylene-groups, do not undergo any change in the basicity. Several aspects are discussed in the light of the obtained data. Thus, evidences are provided that the decrease of basicity observed is a measure of the cyano-group basicity, without any competition of the sulphur atom. The hypotheses of steric hindrance and inductive effect as responsible for the decrease of the cyano-group basicity in the &#945;-alkylthio-nitriles are excluded. The basicity data obtained for &#945;-, &#946;-, &#947;- and &#948;-alkylthio-nitriles, in ternary system, are compared with those reported, previously, by B.Wladislaw et al., for binary system. While our results for the &#945-derivatives are in accord with the previous ones, those for the nitriles with sulphur further removed from the cyano-group are contrasting. The increase of basicity for the latter compounds, observed previously, is tentatively explained by intra- or intermolecular association involving the cyano-group and sulphur atom. Finally, an interaction between cyano-group and sulphur is suggested as responsible for the decrease of basicity in the &#945;-alkylthio-nitriles. The slight decrease of basicity, observed for the &#946;-derivatives, is suggested to be best explained as due to the inductive effect of sulphur atom.

Cette étude concerne la préparation de nouveaux matériaux pour l'élimination catalytique d'un composé organique volatil (COV) : l'acide acétique. La décomposition de cette molécule gazeuse conduit à la formation de produits nocifs tels que le CO2, l'acétone et le formaldéhyde. En présence d'oxygène, des études antérieures ont mis en évidence le caractère réfractaire de l'acide acétique en milieux aqueux. En phase gaz, la dégradation de la molécule est améliorée en présence de catalyseurs basiques et réductibles tels que les oxydes mixtes MgAl. Ces matériaux ont été synthétisés via les méthodes co-précipitation (cp) et sol-gel (sg). Sur chaque catalyseur, du cérium est déposé en surface afin d'améliorer les propriétés réductrices initiales. Les échantillons MgAlCey_cp et MgAlCey_sg (y : 0,03% ; 0,07% ; 0,14% molaire) ont montré une augmentation de la capacité de stockage de l'oxygène (CSO) et du nombre de sites basiques forts dues à la multiplicité des espèces oxygènes (O22-, O2- et/ou O2-) de surface provenant de la cérine (CeO2). En effet, la basicité et la CSO des matériaux ont augmenté pour les catalyseurs MgAlCey_sg tandis que pour MgAlCey_cp un effet de synergie apparait. La réductibilité des solides semble être indépendante du mode de préparation initial. En revanche, le nombre de sites basiques est supérieur pour les catalyseurs MgAlCey_cp par rapport à MgAlCey_sg. Cette basicité accrue des catalyseurs co-précipités leur confère une activité supérieure mais limitée par la formation supposée de carbonates au cours de la réaction d'oxydation de l'acide acétique. Hormis la cérine, la meilleure activité est obtenue par les matériaux MgAlCe0,14_cp et MgAlCe0,14_sg. / This work is devoted to the preparation of the new materials for the catalytic removal of volatile organic compound (VOC) : acetic acid. Decomposition of this gaseous molecule generate dangerous products such as CO2, acetone and formaldehyde. Removing acetic acid in aqueous phase is more difficult than gas phase. In fact, the presence of basic and redox catalysts like mixed oxides MgAl improve the oxidation of acetic acid reaction. This catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation and sol-gel methods. On each catalyst, cerium is deposited on the surface in order to improve their reducibility. MgAlCey_cp and MgAlCey_sg catalysts (y : 0.03% ; 0.07% ; 0.14% molar) have shown the increase of oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and number of strong basic sites because of various oxygen species (O22-, O2- and/or O2-) located on the surface of the materials and provided by ceria (CeO2). In fact, oxygen storage capacity of these catalysts is increased for MgAlCey_sg whereas a synergy effect appears for MgAlCey_cp. The results have shown that the reducibility of the catalysts is not related to the initial preparation method. However, basicity of MgAlCey_cp catalysts is higher than MgAlCey_sg. This basicity gives a high activity to co-precipitated catalysts which is limited by possible formation of carbonates during the oxidation reaction of acetic acid. Except for ceria, the best activity is obtained by MgAlCe0.14_cp and MgAlCe0.14_sg catalysts.

In the present work, the thermodynamic activities of chromium and vanadium oxide in CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 slags were measured using gas-slag equilibration technique. The slag was equilibrated with a gas mixture of CO, CO2 and Ar gases enabling well-defined oxygen partial pressures in the gas mixture (PO2=10-3,10-4,10-5 Pa) at temperatures 1803, 1823K, 1873, 1923 K. The slags were kept in Pt crucibles during the equilibration and the duration of which was 20 h. From a knowledge of the thermodynamic activity of chromium and vanadium in Cr or V in Pt alloy, obtained from literature, and the oxygen partial pressure in the gas stream calculated by Thermo Calc software, the thermodynamic activity of chromium, vanadium oxide in the slags could be observed.An assessment of the experimental studies in earlier works reveal that, the activities of chromium at low chromium contents and vanadium in their respective alloys in platinum exhibits a strong negative deviation from ideality, the logarithms of activity coefficient of these elements were found to increase with increasing mole fractions of these metals in the Pt-alloys.Regarding the slag phase, all the chromium in the slags was assumed to be present in the divalent state in view of the low Cr contents and the low oxygen potentials employed in the present studies. Analogously, vanadium in the slag was assumed to be in the trivalent state in view of the low vanadium contents in the slag and the low oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase. Activity of chromium oxide, CrO decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing content of chromium oxide in slag and oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase. Activity of vanadium oxide, VO1.5 in slag phase shows a negative deviation from ideality. Activity coefficient of vanadium oxide shows a decrease with basicity of slag and the “break point” occurs at about slag basicity of 1 under the oxygen partial pressure of 10-3 Pa and temperature of 1873 K.A relationship for estimating the actual content of chromium, vanadium in slag as a function of activities of chromium or vanadium, temperature, oxygen partial pressure and slag basicity were developed from the present results, the agreement between the estimated and experimental values is satisfactory, especially at lower oxygen partial pressure.

<p>The high temperature microstructure of the solid phases within the electric arc furnace (EAF) slag has a large effect on the process features such as foamability of the slag, chromium recovery, consumption of the ferroalloys and the wear rate of the refractory. The knowledge of the microstructural and compositional evolution of the slag phases during the EAF process stages is necessary for a good slag praxis.</p><p>In <strong>supplement 1</strong>, an investigation of the typical characteristics of EAF slags in the production of the AISI 304L stainless steel was carried out. In addition, compositional and microstructural evolution of the slag during the different EAF process stages was also investigated. Computational thermodynamics was also used as a tool to predict the equilibrium phases in the top slag as well as the amount of these phases at the process temperatures. Furthermore, the influence of different parameters (MgO wt%, Cr₂O₃ wt%, temperature and the top slag basicity) on the amount of the spinel phase in the slag was studied. In <strong>supplement 2</strong>, a novel study to characterize the electric arc furnace (EAF) slags in the production of duplex stainless steel at the process temperatures was performed. The investigation was focused on determining the microstructural and compositional evolution of the EAF slag during and at the end of the refining period.</p><p>Slag samples were collected from 14 heats of AISI 304L steel (2 slag samples per heat) and 7 heats of duplex steel (3 slags sample per heat). Simultaneously with each slag sampling, the temperature of the slag was measured. The selected slag samples were studied both using SEM-EDS and LOM. In some cases (<strong>supplement 2</strong>), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were also performed on fine-powdered samples to confirm the existence of the observed phases.</p><p>It was observed that at the process temperature and at all process stages, the stainless steel EAF slag consists mainly of liquid oxides, magnesiochromite spinel particles and metallic droplets. Under normal operation and at the final stages of the EAF, 304L steelmaking slag contains 2-6 wt% magnesiochromite spinel crystals. It was also found that, within the compositional range of the slag samples, the only critical parameter affecting the amount of solid spinel particles in the slag is the chromium oxide content. Petrographical investigation of the EAF duplex stainless steelmaking showed that, before FeSi-addition, the slag samples contain large amounts of undissolved particles and the apparent viscosity of the slag is higher, relative to the subsequent stages. In this stage, the slag also includes solid stoichiometric calcium chromite. It was also found that, after FeSi-injection into the EAF and during the refining period, the composition and the basicity of the slag in the EAF duplex steelmaking and EAF stainless steelmaking are fairly similar. This indicates that, during the refining period, the basic condition for the utilization of an EAF foaming-slag praxis, in both austenitic and duplex stainless steel cases, is the same. Depending on the slag basicity, the slag may contain perovskite and/or dicalcium silicate too. More specifically, the duplex stainless steel slag samples with a higher basicity than 1.55 found to contain perovskite crystals.</p>

Les alcalins, généralement lithophiles à basse température, deviennent volatils à haute température et/ou sous des conditions réductrices. Il existe peu de données expérimentales sur les relations activité-composition dans les silicates fondus et aucun modèle thermodynamique ne permet de prédire leur comportement dans les liquides silicatés. Pour acquérir une base de données cohérente sur ces relations, nous avons développé un nouveau système expérimental permettant d'imposer et de contrôler, à haute température, une pression partielle de sodium sous des conditions d'oxydoréduction fixées. Une cellule thermochimique originale, simple de mise en œuvre et efficace a été conçue pour contraindre l’ensemble de ces paramètres thermodynamiques. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les processus de condensation et de volatilisation du sodium dans les liquides silicatés du système CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 peuvent être décrits par une équation simple de type : Na(gaz) +1/2 O2(gaz) = Na2O(liq). Les données obtenues à l'équilibre sur des liquides de compositions différentes ont permis de dériver un modèle permettant de prédire la solubilité et les coefficients d’activité (aNa2O et ?Na2O) dans un liquide silicaté du système CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2, à différentes températures et différentes PNa, en fonction de la composition de ce dernier. Ce modèle est basé sur la détermination de la basicité optique du liquide sans sodium, c'est-à-dire suivant l’état de polymérisation du liquide et suivant ses interactions acide-base entre oxydes. Par ailleurs, ces travaux ont permis la détermination d’un nouveau type de diagramme de phase à isoPNa. Enfin cette étude a de nombreuses applications en cosmochimie, sidérurgie et magmatologie / Alkalis in molten silicates have a complex behaviour, changing from lithophile to volatile elements depending on temperature and/or reducing conditions. However, due to the lack of experimental data concerning activity/composition relationships, there is no thermodynamic model available to describe alkali solubility in silicate melts, and their partitioning between melts, minerals and gases. In order to tackle this issue, we have developed a new device for the determination of sodium oxide activity in silicate melts by equilibration of melts with gaseous environment of known Na partial pressure at high temperature and fixed oxygen fugacity (PO2) following: Na(gaz) +1/2 O2(gaz) = Na2O(liq). Using equilibrium data we have establish a model able to predict the sodium solubility and activity in silicate melt belonging CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system, at differents PNa and temperatures, as a function of optical basicity, i.e. melt composition. These results have allowed us to determine new type of phase diagram at isoPNa. Finally, this study have to many applications in cosmochemistry, steel and magmatic process

O presente trabalho investiga alguns sulfóxidos &#946;-tia-substituidos quanto à sua basicidade relativa e quanto à sua reatividade em relação aos compostos de Grignard aromáticos. O conjunto de compostos investigados foi o seguinte: metil n-propil sulfóxido, metil metiltiometil sulfóxido, etil butil sulfóxido, etil etiltiometil sulfóxido, etil feniltiometil sulfóxido, fenil feniltiometil sulfóxido e 1,3-ditiolano-1-óxido. É apresentada, inicialmente, uma revisão bibliográfica sôbre dois itens: 1. basicidade de sulfóxidos, e 2. reações de sulfóxidos com compostos de Grignard. São apresentados os valores de constantes de associação para dois sulfóxidos &#946;-tia-substituídos e dois não substituídos correspondentes. Estes valores foram calculados a partir de medidas dos deslocamentos químicos dos prótons do fenol em sistemas ternários sulfóxido -fenol-tetracloreto de carbono, pelo dos métodos de Carper e de Mathur. São apresentadas as reações de quatro sulfóxidos com alguns compostos de Grignard aromáticos, tais como os brometos de fenil-, p-anisil-, p-tolilmagnésio, e descritos os métodos de análise dos compostos formados. São descritas as preparações de cincos sulfóxidos e de alguns produtos autênticos. São fornecidos os resultados de algumas experiências de reações de um sulfóxido &#946;-tia-substituído com brometo de fenilmagnésio em presença de base. É apresentada uma discussão na qual se procura interpretar tanto os resultados da literatura como os nossos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que: a) Há diminuição de basicidade nos sulfóxidos &#946;-tia-substituidos, em comparação com os não substituidos correspondentes. b) A reação dos sulfóxidos &#946;-tia-substituidos com compostos de Grignard aromáticos fornece os mercaptais dos aldeidos aromáticos correspondentes. c) A reação dos sulfóxidos &#946;-tia-substituidos com reagentes de Grignard e impedida por bases fortes. Os rendimentos dos mercaptais são muito mais baixos do que na ausência de base. d) A fixação do organomagnesiano ocorre inicialmente no grupo sulfinila. Um mecanismo envolvendo um estado de transição cíclico é sugerido para explicar a migração preferencial do anel aromático proveniente do composto de Grignard. / This thesis investigates some &#946;-thia-substituted sulphoxides concerning their relative basicity and reactivity toward aromatic Grignard reagents. The following compounds were investigated: methyl n-propyl sulphoxide, methyl methylthiomethyl sulphoxide, ethyl n-butyl sulphoxide, ethyl ethylthiomethyl sulphoxide, ethyl phenylthiomethyl sulphoxide, phenyl phenylthtomethyl sulphoxide and 1,3-dithiolane-l-oxide. A literature review, containing two topics, is presented: 1) basicity of sulphoxides, 2) reactions of sulphoxides with Grignard reagents. The data of the association constants for two &#946;-thiasubstituted and two corresponding unsubstituted sulphoxides are presented. These values were calculated from the chemical shifts of the phenol protons, measured in the ternary systems sulphoxide -phenol-carbon tetrachloride, by methods of Mathur and Carper. The reactivity of four sulphoxides with some Grignard reagents, such as phenyl-, p-anisyl-, and p-tolylmagnesium bromides including the analyses of the resulting products is presented. The preparation of five sulphoxides and of some authentic products are described. Some experiments, in which the Grignard reaction is performed in basic conditions, are reported. The obtained results are discussed in the light of the literature data. It is shown that: a) There is a decrease in basicity going from the unsubstituted sulphoxides to the corresponding &#946;-thia-substituted ones. b) The reaction of &#946;-thia-substituted sulphoxides lead to the corresponding aromatic aldehydes mercaptals. c) The reaction of the &#946;-thia-substituted sulphoxides is inhibited by the presence of a base. The yields of mercaptals are much lower than in the absence of base. d) The attachment of the Grignard reagent occurs, initially, at sulphinyl group. A mechanism, envolving a cyclic transition state, is suggested, in order to explain the preferential migration of the aromatic ring, which belonged originally to the Grignard reagent.

A presente tese tem por objetivo investigar a existência no estado fundamental da interação entre o grupo carbonila e o átomo de enxofre em &#945;, em alguns compostos de fórmula geral (I): (ver arquivo). O método empregado para esta finalidade foi o de medidas relativas de basicidade por ressonância magnética nuclear. Dois apanhados bibliográficos bem distintos são apresentados. O primeiro descreve os principais estudos sobre a transferência de carga intramolecular no espaço, no estado fundamental, em compostos carbonílicos e carboxílicos contendo heteroátomos, dando-se maior ênfase aos átomos de nitrogênio e enxofre. Este apanhado demonstra que as posições relativas do grupo carbonila e do heteroátomo tem grande importância na interação eletrônica. Além disso, indica a existência de dois tipos de interação: a transanular e uma outra que ocorre nos compostos carbonílicos &#945;-alquiltio-substituídos. O segundo apanhado bibliográfico relata os trabalhos que versam sôbre a determinação de basicidade de compostos carbonílicos e carboxílicos por ressonância magnética nuclear. Para maior clareza de exposição são descritos inicialmente alguns princípios gerais relacionados com este método. São apresentadas as medidas de deslocamento de ponte de hidrogênio para dois doadores de proton, fenilacetileno e fenol, em associação com os compostos carbonílicos e carboxílicos &#945;-etiltio-substituídos (I), em comparação com os compostos correspondentes não substituídos e com os seus homólogos. Os resultados obtidos com ambos os doadores de proton, representados graficamente, indicam que: (1) Há uma correlação linear entre estes resultados e os de medidas de basicidade pelo método de i.v. (2) Nas duas séries de compostos, substituídos ou não por um grupo etiltio, existe a seguinte sequência de basicidade. Amidas > Cetonas > Ésteres > Tioésteres (3) A diminuição de basicidade dentro de cada série de compostos é acompanhada por um aumento da frequência de estiramento do grupo carbonila. (4) Os compostos &#945;-etiltio-substituídos são menos básicos do que os correspondentes não substituídos. (5) A diminuição de basicidade em compostos &#945;-etiltiosubstituídos é acompanhada por uma diminuição da frequência de estiramento do grupo carbonila. É apresentada a discussão e são sugeridas as hipóteses para explicar estes resultados. / Abstract not available.

Photokontrolle von Eigenschaften einzelner Moleküle und größerer Molekülvereinigungen ist ein faszinierendes Feld aktueller chemischer Forschung. Das schlichte Potential der genauen Adressierbarkeit von chemischer Reaktivität sowie die Möglichkeit durch Ausnutzen des katalytischen Zyklus einen Lichtstimulus in ein verstärktes chemisches Signal zu übersetzen, machen die Photokontrolle über katalytische Aktivität zu einem besonders attraktiven Ziel. Daher wurde im Rahmen dieser Dissertation ein allgemeines Konzept zur Realisierung von photoschaltbaren Katalysatoren entwickelt, das auf der reversiblen sterischen Abschirmung eines katalytisch aktiven Zentrums durch eine photochrome Abschirmungsgruppe beruht. Durch Vorgabe des Schaltzustandes des Photochromes kann die Aktivität des Katalysators bestimmt werden. Das Konzept wurde durch die Entwicklung von konformativ eingeschränkten, photoschaltbaren Piperidinbasen umgesetzt, die synthetisch leicht durch einen in hohem Maße modularen Zugang erhalten werden konnten. Die Piperidinbasen erlaubten die Photokontrolle der Katalysatoraktivität in der Nitroaldol-Reaktion (Henry-Reaktion). Durch die Optimierung der Substituenten konnten bemerkenswerte katalytische AN/AUS-Verhältnisse erreicht werden. Die Reaktivitätsunterschiede konnten mit Änderungen der Basizität in Abhängigkeit vom Schaltzustand korreliert werden. Systematische NMR-spektroskopische und theoretische Untersuchungen der strukturellen Dynamik des Katalysators in Lösung ermöglichten die Formulierung von detaillierten Struktur-Reaktivitäts-Beziehungen. Eine Erweiterung des Konzepts auf intrinsisch reaktivere Katalysatoren sollte zu einer verbesserten Anwendbarkeit beitragen. Daher wurde das Konzept der reversiblen sterischen Abschirmung auf katalytisch aktive N-heterozyklische Carbene übertragen. Eine erfolgreiche Synthese wurde durch ungünstige sterische Wechselwirkungen zwischen den abschirmenden Gruppen an den Stickstoffatomen des Carbens verhindert. / Photocontrol over properties of single molecules and assemblies thereof is an appealing area of current chemical research. The mere potential to selectively address chemical reactivity as well as the possibility to transform an incoming light stimulus into an amplified chemical signal by exploiting the associated catalytic cycle renders photocontrol of catalytic activity a particularly attractive goal. In this dissertation, a general concept for the realization of photoswitchable catalysts was developed, based on reversible steric shielding of a catalyst’s active site by a photochromic blocking group. Dictating the photochrome’s switching state enables gated access to the active site, thereby photocontrolling the catalyst’s chemical reactivity. The concept was realized by designing conformationally restricted, photoswitchable piperidine bases, which were easily synthesized exploiting a highly modular approach. Indeed, the developed piperidine bases allowed to photocontrol the catalysts’ activities in the nitroaldol reaction (Henry reaction) and by tuning of the substituents significant catalytic ON/OFF-ratios were achieved. The reactivity differences could be correlated with changes of basicity depending on the photochrome’s switching state. Systematic NMR-spectroscopic and computational studies of the catalysts’ structural dynamics in solution enabled the formulation of detailed structure-reactivity relationships. Strategies for the implementation of the concept of reversible steric shielding into the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) motif were devised to exploit the high reactivity of NHCs in numerous catalytic processes, which is expected to greatly enhance the utility of the concept. However, profound steric shielding of the active site to suppress unwanted OFF-state reactivity prevented the synthetic realization of the concept due to unfavorable steric interactions upon formation of the heterocyclic carbene from suitable precursors.