La crise de la justice existe depuis plusieurs décennies en France, en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, et touchent de plus en plus d’autres États comme la Chine. Les mêmes causes, la libéralisation économique, politique et sociale produisent les mêmes effets : l’augmentation du contentieux, du coût du procès et de la longueur des procédures, même si le degré de la maladie est différent d’un système juridique à un autre. Régler les différends autrement est alors devenu une nécessité. Une nécessité, en terme d’accès à la justice et de garantie des droits, mais également en terme de coût non seulement pour le justiciable, mais aussi pour l’État, qui a conduit à faire évoluer le système judiciaire en favorisant l’émergence voire la réémergence d’un nouveau mode de régulation sociale : l’alternative dispute resolution (ADR) ou les modes amiables de résolution des différends (MARD) qui sont tous deux des modes informels, non judiciaires de résolution des différends. Néanmoins, les MARD sont loin d’être une copie conforme de l’ADR notamment en raison des différences culturelles juridiques et judiciaires qui existent au sein de chaque système juridique, et dans laquelle cette voie alternative évolue. Malgré des spécificités fondamentales, il existe de nombreuses convergences dans la mise en œuvre et les modalités de fonctionnement des processus amiables en France, en Angleterre, au Pays de Galles, et en Chine. Avec les modes amiables de résolution des différends ou l’alternative dispute resolution, la conception de la justice est différente de celle dictée par la justice traditionnelle. La solution n’est plus dictée par un tiers extérieur, mais par les justiciables eux-mêmes, seuls, ou avec l’aide d’un tiers qu’ils auront personnellement choisi. Cette liberté donnée aux parties constitue une caractéristique intrinsèque des modes amiables. Loin d’être isolé, ils viennent enrichir la réponse judiciaire aux différends. Ils peuvent être utilisés seuls ou en articulation avec l’institution judiciaire. / The crisis of justice existed for decades in France, England and Wales, affecting more and more countries like China. The same causes, economic, political and social liberalization, produce the same effects: increased litigation, the cost of the trial and the strength of the proceedings, even if the degree of the disease is different from a legal system to another. Resolve disputes otherwise then became a necessity. A necessity in terms of access to justice and guarantee of rights, but also in terms of cost not only for court users but for the state, which has led to change the legal system by promoting the emergence or the re-emergence of a new mode of social regulation: alternative dispute resolution (ADR) or alternative methods for resolving disputes (MARD), which are both informal methods, non-judicial dispute resolution. However, the MARD is far from being a copy of the ADR particularly because of legal and judicial cultural differences that exist in each legal system, in which the alternative phenomenon evolves. Despite these fundamental differences, there are many similarities in the implementation and operating procedures of the amicable process in France, England, Wales, and China. With ADR or MARD, the concept of justice is different from litigation. The solution is not dictated by an external third party, but by the parties, alone or with the help of a third party that they have personally selected. The freedom given to the parties is a specificity of the amicable modes. Far from being isolated, they enrich the judicial response to the dispute. They can be used alone or in coordination with the judiciary.

Research on existing actor-networks has focused traditionally on outcomes, achievements and success at the expense of a detailed consideration of their formation and ability to function. In recognition of this lacuna, this study examined the formation and functioning of tourism-related actor-networks involved in environmental protection and the management of tourism in the coastal city of Hurghada, Egypt. More specifically, it applied the actor-network theory (ANT). In particular, the study applied its four moments of translation – problematization, interessement, enrolment and mobilization – and used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to analyse the influencing factors, whether positively or negatively, and the degree to which the creation and operations of such collaborations were successful. This study employed a sequential, explanatory mixed-methods design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 510 employees of tourism-related organizations involved in managing tourism’s environmental impacts on Hurghada. Also, the researcher conducted fourteen semi-structured interviews with the managers and assistant managers of tourism-related organizations involved in environmental protection and the management of tourism. The SEM’s findings revealed the existence of a number of tourism-related actor-networks which were attempting to safeguard local community livelihoods through environmental protection, and of four key factors – trust, coordination, commitment, and communication – which were damaging their formation, functioning and outcomes. This study contributed to theory since it enhanced our knowledge and understanding of the relationships between four previously unconnected bodies of literature. These were, namely, ANT, tourism-related organizations, environmental governance, collaboration, and environmental protection. The study highlighted, also, the factors, both positive and negative, which influenced the formation and functioning of tourism actor-networks involved in managing tourism’s environmental impacts on Hurghada. In practical terms, this study analysed the role of tourism-related organizations in order to identify their main strengths and weaknesses In addition, the researcher considered how partnership networks could consolidate the strengths and overcome the weaknesses of the tourism-related organizations involved in environmental protection and the management of tourism in Hurghada. Also, this study will help these tourism-related organizations, through such networks, to adopt suitable activities, policies, strategies and laws for protecting the assets relating to the local community’s livelihoods. Therefore, knowing the key success factors of collaborative networks and good governance will help these networks of tourism-related organizations to improve their performance in terms of assisting Hurghada’s local community and the poor people in particular.

Cities and schools are traditionally planned in separate silos by local governments and school boards. Collaborative school facility planning (CSP) unites these two silos and integrates decision-making by city and school entities. This research addresses the relationship between urban planning and school facility planning in New Orleans, Louisiana, where CSP is particularly important in light of rebuilding efforts since Hurricane Katrina. The researcher examines the extent, challenges, and opportunities for CSP in New Orleans. Based on interviews and recent planning texts, little collaboration existed in the past; but the decommissioning of 52 New Orleans public school facilities presents an unmistakable opportunity for improved CSP in the near future. The broader implications of this thesis suggest that an alternative model for CSP is needed for low-growth, urban communities whose primary concern is not new school construction but old facility closure and reuse.

On associe souvent d'emblée les approches collaboratives à la gestion intégrée de l'environnement et parmi celles-ci on évoque la concertation à titre de moyen privilégié pour rallier les divers groupes d'acteurs autour d'une définition collective des objectifs, des actions à entreprendre ou du partage de responsabilités. La concertation suggère donc que son usage peut avoir un effet structurant en permettant à ceux-ci de revisiter certains de leurs rôles ou manières de faire ainsi que les relations qu'ils entretiennent entre eux de manière à établir une nouvelle cohésion favorable à la préservation ou l'amélioration d'écosystèmes naturels. En témoignent plusieurs politiques gouvernementales en matière de développement régional, d'occupation des territoires, de développement durable, de gestion de l'environnement, parmi d'autres, tant en France qu'au Québec, qui lient fréquemment l'exercice de la concertation à une volonté de promouvoir la démocratie de proximité et de prise en main par les acteurs locaux du développement territorial intégré. Cependant, malgré une volonté clairement exprimée en faveur de la concertation, plusieurs facteurs entravent couramment la réalisation des bénéfices annoncés, tels que les luttes de pouvoir ou d'influence, les reliquats d'anciens conflits, la marchandisation du processus, les difficultés de communication, l'illégitimité du porteur de projet, l'absence de certains acteurs clés, l'inadéquation avec les actions du gestionnaire public, ou encore, un processus désordonné, sans méthode et ne disposant pas des moyens nécessaires. Pour ces raisons et considérant que la concertation constitue une approche souhaité [i.e. souhaitée] tant par nos instances gouvernementales que la société civile, il convient de nous doter d'outils appropriés pour mieux comprendre les processus de concertation à l'échelle locale ou régionale, ce qui nous permettrait d'identifier les forces, les lacunes et les écarts de toute initiative de concertation dans le but d'améliorer l'efficience de ces efforts collectifs au profit de tous et des générations futures. Cette étude se concentre sur une démarche d'évaluation de la concertation et ses outils élaborés autour des années 2000 par une équipe de chercheurs français. Cette méthode porte le nom de RELIEF, acronyme signifiant REseau support de la concertation, LIens entre catégories d'acteurs, Espaces d'action collective et EFfets sur l'objet de la concertation. Sa conception trouve ses origines dans un projet de recherche qui avait pour objectif de répertorier, puis d’analyser sur une base comparative diverses initiatives de gestion concertée en milieu rural, et dans les espaces littoraux. Durant trois années, une équipe de l’École nationale supérieure agronomique de Rennes (ENSAR) dirigée par Jean-Eudes Beuret, en collaboration avec d’autres chercheurs, ainsi que les acteurs du milieu, observa les dynamiques relationnelles au sein des concertations locales étudiées et tenta d’élucider les facteurs qui en influencent le cours et en favorisent le développement. Pour mieux comprendre le contexte général entourant leur recherche, un survol historique est fait de la question de la concertation environnementale, et plus précisément en matière de gestion intégrée de l'eau depuis les années 1970 en France. L'analyse présentée ici débute par une mise en contexte général des approches collaboratives en gestion intégrée de l'environnement et de l'évaluation des [i.e. de] leurs effets, car la question des facteurs déterminants dans la réussite des initiatives de concertation pose plus de questions qu'elle ne donne de réponses. Pourtant, nombreux sont ceux et celles qui considèrent que la concertation est nécessaire pour promouvoir l'établissement de nouvelles normes respectueuses des principes du développement durable, de manière démocratique et suscitant l'adhésion des individus et des collectivités. Bien sûr, de nombreuses recherches font état d'effets directs et indirects de la concertation, et le besoin de recherches complémentaires est souligné. Cependant, à l'exception de RELIEF, aucune autre méthode d'évaluation du processus de concertation élaborée sur la base d'expériences menées sur le terrain n'a été recensée. La concertation souffr en effet de ses nombreuses mésinterprétations et mise en pratiques désordonnées, c'est pourquoi il est primordial de se doter des connaissances appropriées et d'outils adaptés pour guider l'évolution des processus et dresser le portrait des parcours afin d'appuyer les divers groupes d'acteurs et augmenter leur capacitation en termes de dialogue délibératif. Dans cet ouvrage, on s'attarde également à préciser le concept de concertation ainsi que ses divers modes d'expression et d'évolution, car cette compréhension est essentielle à l'obtention d'une vision claire de l'outil et de son utilité. Enfin, une description approfondie des différentes phases d'application de la méthode est donnée: préparation de la recherche, collecte des données par des entretiens, composition du questionnaire, interprétation des résultats, discussions et présentation des résultats. Différents apports théoriques sont intégrés dans cette approche, comme la sociologie de l’innovation et la théorie de l’acteur réseau. L'étude se termine par une analyse de la pertinence d'utiliser l'approche RELIEF dans le cadre du mandat de concertation confié aux organismes de bassin versant (OBV) du Québec. Dans cette perspective, un regard est porté sur les adaptations nécessaires qui doivent être apportés [i.e. apportées] à ses outils, ainsi qu'aux contraintes et difficultés pressenties pour son utilisation concrète dans le cadre d'initiatives de gestion intégrée de l'eau à l'échelle des bassins versants, ou plus précisément, du territoire des sous-bassins. Les OBV du Québec sont connus comme étant les acteurs dont le principal rôle est de promouvoir et de faciliter la concertation et la capacitation des acteurs en matière de développement intégré respectueux de la ressource eau. Cette tâche constitue un exercice de cohésion, de transparence, qui supporte les territoires dans leurs efforts de développement durable démocratique concerté, et ouvre la porte à une action collective innovante.

The focus of this study is on creativity and how place can affect it. Previous research on the subject has provided many answers to how and why places affect creativity, much because of the fact that a place can be such many things: a work place, a university, a city, a country – the list is endless. Studies have as such provided different answers in regards to the impact place can have on creativity, because they have investigated the impact of different sorts of places. However, what these studies have failed to clarify or acknowledge is that places exist within the boundaries of other places, and are as such inseparable if one are to ultimately understand the impact place has had on a creative outcome. In order to address this problem I have divided the concept of place into three abstract and physical levels: macro, meso, and micro. By applying this perspective on the historical example of the emergence of the Impressionists in Paris, France during the latter half of the 19th century I was able to distinguish how France as a nation, Paris as a city, and buildings such as cafés, artistic studios, and museums all contributed in different, but equally important, ways to the formation, cohesion and creative output of the Impressionists. As such, this study serves as an example that shows how collaborative creativity emerges within the boundaries of several places positioned on different abstract and physical levels; thus, it is only when we combine the different ways that each of these places contribute to creative collaboration that we are able to make any conclusions in regards to the impact place has had on its formation and creative output.

This thesis is concerned with shared virtual environmentsfor collaborative work. An important aspect of shared virtualenvironments is the avatar, the representation of the user inthe virtual world. The proper design of the avatar has been thesubject of considerable research, aimed at allowing the avatarsto express as much as possible of human non-verbalcommunication and, as it were, tie the user closer to thevirtual world. I will go through the historical development of sharedvirtual environments and how the design principles for avatarshave followed the available technology over time. I describeearlier research on extending avatars and environments in orderto better support collaboration in virtual spaces. I will thendescribe a user study where pairs of subjects cooperated on aconstruction task, and the implications for design ofcollaborative applications in VEs that can be drawn from thisstudy. In particular I show how the subjects used the availableresources in the environment to negotiate a sharedunderstanding of the environment and the task. Some of thesubjects had no visible avatars, but still solved the task byusing the environment itself to orient themselves and drawattention to important features of the environment. Following this, I and co-workers have designed virtualenvironments which have had no explicit avatars, nor have usedtraditional methods for navigation in 3D space, but ratherrelied on task-oriented features of the space, such asagglomerations of other users or interesting objects in orderto present a relevant view of the environment. A view positionmay be shared by several users, or be“unoccupied”,merely representing a potential site for interaction. Based on these experiences, I make the claim that atraditional anthropomorphic avatar is neither necessary norsuffcient for successful collaboration in virtual spaces, butthe design of navigation and user representation is contingenton the specific application, some reasonable applications notutilising a user representation at all. / <p>QC 20161027</p>

This report describes a distributed approach to social filtering based on the agent metaphor. Firstly, previous approaches are described, such as cognitive filtering and social filtering. Then a couple of previously implemented systems are presented and then a new system design is proposed. The main goal is to give the requirements and design of an agent-based system that recommends web-documents. The presented approach combines cognitive and social filtering to get the advantages from both techniques. Finally, a prototype implementation called WebCondor is described and results of testing the system are reported and discussed.

En médecine, le diagnostic est la démarche par laquelle le médecin, généraliste ou spécialiste vadéterminer l’affection dont souffre le patient, et qui va permettre de proposer un traitement. Il reposesur la recherche des causes (pathologie) et des effets (symptômes) de l’affection. Un diagnosticmédical efficace doit aujourd’hui int égrer des analyses multidisciplinaires tant au niveau des donnéesque des experts: et compte tenu de la r épartition géographique (par exemple de la désertificationm´ edicale), il peut être compliqué de réunir au même endroit les experts.L’ évolution des technologies de communication, en particulier Internet, a ouvert de nouvelles possibilités dans le domaine des applications collaboratives à distance et tout particulièrement celuidu t élé-diagnostic médical : par exemple un panel d’experts distants se réunit virtuellement parl’intermédiaire d’une salle d’examen virtuelle qui favorisera la collaboration afin de coproduire undiagnostic. Mais dans le domaine de la médecine, l’aspect médico-l égal est crucial, et il a freinéledéveloppement de ces pratiques à distances.Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé une plateforme appelée COOVADIS (COllabOrative VAscularDIagnoSis) qui permet la traçabilité dans de telles applications en s’appuyant sur trois ontologiesoriginales (ontologie de la pathologie, ontologie du diagnostic et ontologie de traçabilité). Cette plateformed’aide `a la collaboration entre professionnels de santé à été implémentée en mode SaaS(Software as a Service) sous la forme d’un serveur Web, et validé d’un point de vue théorique et clinique. / In medicine, physicians (general practitioner or specialist) realize a diagnosis to determine patients’disease and propose an adapted treatment. This diagnosis is based on research of causes (pathologies)and effects (symptoms) of affection. Today, to realize an effective medical diagnosis, it isimportant to realize a multidisciplinary analysis at a data level. But it is also important to make worktogether experts from different domains. A problem can happen if these experts do not work in thesame place. Thus, how is it possible to ease the way to collaborate together?With evolutions of communication technologies and more particularly Internet, it is easier to developremote collaborative applications. One of the fields covered by theses applications is telemedicineand telediagnosis. Thus, a remote panel of experts can meet together virtually through a virtual roomto ease diagnosis collaboration and co-production. Despite everything, forensic aspects slowed downdevelopment of remote practices due to privacy and personal information sharing.In this context, we developed a platform called COOVADIS (COllabOrative VAscular DIagnoSis) thatenables traceability in such applications based on three original ontologies (pathologies ontology,diagnosis ontology and traceability ontology). This framework was implemented in SaaS (Softwareas a Service) as a web server, to support the collaborative work between health professionals. It wasalso validated from a theoretical and clinical point of view.

Orientador: Laura Noemi Chaluh / Resumo: A educação inclusiva é um grande desafio possível, pois demanda a (re)organização dos espaços escolares, formação de pessoal e compreensão dos processos de aprendizagem na diferença. Para que isso ocorra, é fundamental a parceria entre os profissionais envolvidos no processo de aprendizagem dos alunos público-alvo da educação especial (PAEE) e a existência de diferentes modos de trabalho a fim de respeitar as diferenças. Fui vice-diretora da Escola Municipal Prof. Victorino Machado na rede municipal de ensino de Rio Claro/SP que é considerada polo da educação especial em decorrência do atendimento aos alunos PAEE, graças à competência de toda equipe que atua na escola. O trabalho que se apresenta objetiva compreender de que forma a estrutura organizativa da escola onde atuei possibilitou o trabalho com os alunos público-alvo da educação especial para a efetivação da proposta de educação verdadeiramente inclusiva. Socializo práticas desenvolvidas entre professores regentes, professora do Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) e agentes educacionais, sujeitos que se responsabilizaram por elaborar e desenvolver projetos, atividades e materiais pedagógicos para alunos PAEE. Trata-se de pesquisa narrativa embasada nas formulações teóricas de Mikhail Bakhtin, Benjamin e Ginzburg em que a partir das experiências concretas vividas no contexto escolar, toma a mesma como objeto de estudo, no caso específico desta pesquisa, para ampliar e sistematizar a importância de promover espa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Inclusive education is a great challenge because it demands the (re) organization of school spaces, staff training and understanding of learning processes in different aspects. For this to happen, the partnership between the professionals involved in the learning process of the target public education students (PAEE) and the existence of different ways of working in order to respect the differences is fundamental. I was deputy director of the Municipal School Prof. Victorino Machado in the municipal network of education of Rio Claro / SP that is considered pole of the special education as a result of the attendance to the students with disabilities, thanks to the competence of all the team that works in the school. The present work aims to understand how the organizational structure of the school where I worked enabled the work with the target public of the special education for the realization of the truly inclusive education proposal. Socialized practices developed between teachers, teacher of the Specialized Educational Assistance (AEE) and educational agents, subjects who were responsible for structure and developing projects, activities and educational materials for PAEE students. It is narrative research based on the theoretical formulations of Mikhail Bakhtin, Benjamin and Ginzburg in which, from the concrete experiences lived in the school context, it takes the same like object of study, in the specific case of this research, to amplify and systematize the importance ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

[pt] A recomendação de itens a partir do feedback implícito dos usuários consiste em identificar padrões no interesse dos usuários por estes itens a partir de ações dos usuários, tais como cliques, interações ou o consumo de conteúdos específicos. Isso, de forma a prover sugestões personalizadas que se adéquem ao gosto destes usuários. Nesta dissertação, avaliamos a performance de alguns modelos de fatoração matricial otimizados para a tarefa de recomendação a partir de dados implícitos no consumo das ofertas de vídeos da Globo.com. Propusemos tratar estes dados de consumo como indicativos de intenção de um usuário em assistir um vídeo. Além disso, avaliamos como os vieses únicos dos usuários e vídeos, e sua variação temporal impactam o resultado das recomendações. Também sugerimos a utilização de um modelo de fatoração incremental otimizado para este problema, que escala linearmente com o tamanho da entrada, isto é, com os dados de visualizações e quantidade de variáveis latentes. Na tarefa de prever a intenção dos usuários em consumir um conteúdo novo, nosso melhor modelo de fatoração apresenta um RMSE de 0,0524 usando o viés de usuários e vídeos, assim como sua variação temporal. / [en] Item recommendation from implicit feedback datasets consists of passively tracking different sorts of user behavior, such as purchase history, watching habits and browsing activities in order to improve customer experience through providing personalized recommendations that fits into users taste. In this work we evaluate the performance of different matrix factorization models tailored for the recommendation task for the implicit feedback dataset extracted from Globo.com s video site s access logs. We propose treating the data as indication of a positive preference from a user regarding the video watched. Besides that we evaluated the impact of effects associated with either users or items, known as biases or intercepts, independent of any interactions and its time changing behavior throughout the life span of the data in the result of recommendations. We also suggest a scalable and incremental procedure, which scales linearly with the input data size. In trying to predict the intention of the users for consuming new videos our best factorization models achieves a RMSE of 0,0524 using user s and video s bias as well as its temporal dynamics.