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Suppose we are confronted with an environment which consists of large common costs and uncertain supplies. Furthermore, suppose the resources in this environment are being supplied by a public enterprise monopoly which is interested in maintaining economic efficiency while recovering costs incurred by the project. Then the above problem becomes one of institutional design. Even if conditions existed in which traditional marginal cost pricing provided the proper signals for efficiency, additional charges will be necessary to recover costs due to the large common costs in this environment. Ideas and suggestions about decentralized methods of covering common costs lead naturally to questions about decentralized methods for solving the public goods provision problem. This paper reports in part on an experimental investigation of four methods for allocating public goods. The two basic processes studied are direct contribution and a public goods auction process. Both of these processes are studied with and without an additional unanimity feature. The results suggest that the auction process outperforms direct contribution. The effect of unanimity is to decrease the efficiency of both processes. Strategic aspects of the voting rule (unanimity) are evident in the results. To assist in the contingency planning for environments with uncertain supplies, different contract forms are considered. In particular, priority and contingent contracting are investigated along with specific mechanisms to allocate such contracts. An experimental environment is developed to investigate the various contract forms and mechanisms. The experiment considers two contract forms (contingent and priority) and four allocation mechanisms (Random, English auction, English auction with queue, and Iterative Groves). The experimental results show that bidding for priority results in higher efficiency than pre-assignments. Furthermore, allowing individuals to signal coalitional bids has a positive effect on efficiency and revenue generated.

The aim of this study is to seek to determine the philosophic grounds which prompt this painter in particular to incorporate both two- and three-dimensional space within each painting.

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Orientador: Maria Encarnação Beltrão Sposito / Banca: Arthur Magon Whitacker / Banca: Eda Maria Góes / Banca: Antônio Firmino de Oliveira Neto / Banca: Oscar Alfredo Sobarzo Miño / Resumo: Por meio dessa pesquisa, realizamos uma reflexão acerca do espaço público no contexto da cidade. Num momento em que a sociedade clama por direito à cidade, procuramos enfatizar que lugares do espaço urbano podem contribuir para a formação de uma noção de espaço público enquanto lugares de sociabilidade urbana. Assim posto, esse trabalho aborda o processo de produção do espaço urbano na cidade de Guarapuava, Estado do Paraná, considerando sua dinâmica e relação com o espaço público, por meio das práticas socioespaciais que lhes são inerentes. Do ponto de vista teórico-conceitual, buscamos uma noção mais clara de espaço público, frente a uma generalização das acepções em torno do conceito, fato que leva à incompreensão do que, realmente, seja o espaço público na cidade, considerando as atuais circunstâncias. A partir desses pressupostos, trabalhamos com algumas acepções e perspectivas sobre o espaço público, destacando certas distinções teórico-conceituais que possam subsidiar a qualificação e atribuição de um estatuto a determinados lugares da cidade, enquanto espaços públicos. Ainda, no que concerne aos aspectos teóricos, essa pesquisa visa contribuir para os estudos da cidade e do urbano, enfatizando as práticas socioespaciais enquanto mediadoras das múltiplas formas de utilização e apropriação do espaço público, ou seja, os conteúdos que dão movimento ao processo de constituição da cidade, enquanto um espaço complexo e de múltiplos lugares e identidades. Tendo como base o trabalho de campo (instrumental empírico), associado ao referencial teóricometodológico, voltados a dimensões analíticas apoiadas nas idéias de centralidade e acessibilidade, além da opinião dos diferentes sujeitos sociais, buscamos compreender, com base na articulação dialética desse conjunto de procedimentos, como o espaço... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this research was analyzing public spaces in urban contexts. When society demands its right to the city, we have sought to emphasize which locales in urban space may contribute to develop a public space concept as a place for urban sociability. This investigation, held in Guarapuava, a city in Paraná State, had its focus on the process which produces urban space, taking into account its dynamic and relation to public spaces, by means of its intrinsic social-spatial practices. On the theoretic-conceptual point of view, we have tried to clarify the idea of public spaces, since this concept generalization has not helped to understand the real meaning of urban public spaces, considering the current circumstances. Based on this premise we have analyzed some public spaces perspectives and acceptations, considering theoretic-conceptual distinctions which permit classify certain city locales by attributing them the status of public space. This research aims also to contribute to city and urban studies, giving emphasis to the role of social-spatial practices as mediators of the multiple ways public spaces are used and appropriated, in other words, the elements responsible for the city constitution as a complex space with many locales and identities. After having performed field work (empirical procedure), related to theoretic-methodological reference, focused on analytic dimensions based on the ideas of centrality and accessibility, as well as on different social individuals' opinions, and trying to articulate dialectically all these procedures, we have sought to understand the way public spaces appear in city constitution processes by studying the expression of different social-spatial practices. Starting with these assumptions, public spaces have been analyzed as socially generated places, considering their general dynamic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

by Tong Shiu Sing Dominic. / Parallel title in Chinese characters. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 236-241). / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Open Systems and Quasinormal Modes --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Non-Hermitian Systems --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Optical Cavities as Open Systems --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Outline of this Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Simple Models of Open Systems --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Contributions of the Author --- p.14 / Chapter 2 --- Completeness and Orthogonality --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- Green's Function of the Open System --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- High Frequency Behaviour of the Green's Function --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Completeness of Quasinormal Modes --- p.29 / Chapter 2. 5 --- Method of Projection --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Problems with the Usual Method of Projection --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Modified Method of Projection --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6 --- Uniqueness of Representation --- p.38 / Chapter 2.7 --- Definition of Inner Product and Quasi-Stationary States --- p.39 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Orthogonal Relation of Quasinormal Modes --- p.39 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Definition of Hilbert Space and State Vectors --- p.41 / Chapter 2.8 --- Hermitian Limits --- p.43 / Chapter 2.9 --- Numerical Examples --- p.45 / Chapter 3 --- Time-Independent Perturbation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2 --- Formalism --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Expansion of the Perturbed Quasi-Stationary States --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Formal Solution --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Perturbative Series --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3 --- Diagrammatic Perturbation --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Series Representation of the Green's Function --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Eigenfrequencies --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Eigenfunctions --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4 --- Numerical Examples --- p.77 / Chapter 4 --- Method of Diagonization --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- Formalism --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Matrix Equation with Non-unique Solution --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Matrix Equation with a Unique Solution --- p.88 / Chapter 4.3 --- Numerical Examples --- p.91 / Chapter 5 --- Evolution of the Open System --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2 --- Evolution with Arbitrary Initial Conditions --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3 --- Evolution with the Outgoing Plane Wave Condition --- p.106 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Evolution Inside the Cavity --- p.106 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Evolution Outside the Cavity --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Physical Implications --- p.112 / Chapter 6 --- Time-Dependent Perturbation --- p.114 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.114 / Chapter 6.2 --- Inhomogeneous Wave Equation --- p.117 / Chapter 6.3 --- Perturbative Scheme --- p.120 / Chapter 6.4 --- Energy Changes due to the Perturbation --- p.128 / Chapter 6.5 --- Numerical Examples --- p.131 / Chapter 7 --- Adiabatic Approximation --- p.150 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.150 / Chapter 7.2 --- The Effect of a Varying Refractive Index --- p.153 / Chapter 7.3 --- Adiabatic Expansion --- p.156 / Chapter 7.4 --- Numerical Examples --- p.167 / Chapter 8 --- Generalization of the Formalism --- p.176 / Chapter 8. 1 --- Introduction --- p.176 / Chapter 8.2 --- Generalization of the Orthogonal Relation --- p.180 / Chapter 8.3 --- Evolution with the Outgong Wave Condition --- p.183 / Chapter 8.4 --- Uniform Convergence of the Series Representation --- p.193 / Chapter 8.5 --- Uniqueness of Representation --- p.200 / Chapter 8.6 --- Generalization of Standard Calculations --- p.202 / Chapter 8.6.1 --- Time-Independent Perturbation --- p.203 / Chapter 8.6.2 --- Method of Diagonization --- p.206 / Chapter 8.6.3 --- Remarks on Dynamical Calculations --- p.208 / Appendix A --- p.209 / Appendix B --- p.213 / Appendix C --- p.225 / Appendix D --- p.231 / Appendix E --- p.234 / References --- p.236

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 77-78. / by Thomas Randolph Selden. / M.Arch.

Thesis. 1978. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND AERONAUTICS. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / Ph.D.

This paper includes a copy of the interactive photodocumentary CD rom titled the 'Poetics of Thresholds'. This CD Rom was developed as one aspect of the presentation of my research project. Within the CD Rom is a readable copy of this paper. The research paper is the basis of my research project. The project deals with the chair as a significant symbol when placed in the space of the porch or verandah at the front of the home. The threshold stands at the point of convergence, where the public space of the street, meets with the private space of the home. This hybridised space, between inside and outside, private and public, object and subject, is empowered with meaning. In the threshold space sits the chair which is a metaphor, the embodiment of human elements, such as arms, legs, back and seat. This ergonomically designed symbolic form placed on the threshold, projects the occupant out towards the public space. In the public space the seerer can develop a series of narratives which explore various interpretations. / Master of Arts (Hons)

This art project explores issues of unoccupied space. In particular, the project concerns itself with temporal aspects of site and issues of past, present and potential usage. This space, otherwise inert, invites activation by the spectator's psychological projections. This projected occupation calls on redolence of the past, memory and a sense of the utility of the site.Based on imagery evidence and personal remembered experience, the spectator provides context forthis site. The project uses the painting process to open up areas of sensibility around personal and remembered experience.The thesis is constituted as practice-based work, 80%, accompanied by an exegesis, 20%.