This diploma thesis aims to describe Czech health care system participants` motivations and impact and meaningfulness of setting up regulatory payments on supply of health care. It also attempts to suggest other meanings to rising effectiveness of whole system. This work is based on theoretical concepts of various health care systems and endeavours to expose their positive and also negative features. The theory of health care markets comes out from works of Stiglitz (1997) and Arrow (1963). They focused rather on US, but this thesis aims to use this knowledge also in conditions of Czech Republic. Thesis sum up expenditures on health care during the time in Czech Republic, compare with expenditures abroad and estimate their trend in future. The central point of this paper is the analysis of the introduction of regulatory payments and its influence on concrete types of health services and on the consumption of drugs. It includes also a short survey.

A municipalização vem transformando a lógica das relações entre usuários, serviços e gestores e, neste cenário as ações desenvolvidas pela Divisão de Avaliação, Controle e Auditoria (DACA) tornam-se cada vez mais relevantes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: descrever a produção de internações hospitalares processadas e remuneradas, no período de 1996 a 2003, pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto-SP (SMS-RP), nos aspectos físicos e financeiros; identificar os fatores explicativos para a variação desta produção segundo relato dos sujeitos que produzem e/ou utilizam as informações sobre internação hospitalar no município de estudo. As bases teóricas da investigação constituíram-se: das Normas Operacionais Básicas e Normas Operacionais da Assistência à Saúde com vistas à implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde; o financiamento, o sistema de informações e gestão das internações hospitalares na esfera local de saúde. Para desenvolvimento da pesquisa adotou-se uma abordagem descritiva utilizando dados quantiqualitativos. A população de estudo constituiu-se de todas as internações hospitalares processadas/pagas pela SMS-RP, através do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH-SUS), para os cinco hospitais (A,B,C,D e E) contratados/conveniados com o SUS, no período de 1996-2003, nas especialidades de clínica médica, cirurgia, obstetrícia e pediatria. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram a pesquisa documental em banco de dados oficiais da DACA e DATASUS referente às internações hospitalares e, a realização de entrevista semi estruturada e ilustrada por uma vinheta. Foram sujeitos do estudo 18 pessoas que no sistema local de saúde, produzem e/ou utilizam as informações pertinentes às internações hospitalares no município para fins de avaliação, auditoria, controle e tomada de decisão quanto à distribuição de Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH) e alocação de recursos financeiros. No período de 1996-2003 foram pagas pela SMS-RP 160.612 internações, totalizando gastos da ordem de R$ 98.154.570,78. Houve, no período, um incremento de 56% no número de internações e de 156,3% nos recursos financeiros. Nos hospitais B e C, ambos filantrópicos, as internações cresceram 91,3% e 27,9%, respectivamente, concentrando cerca de 2/3 das internações do período. O hospital A (privado) mostrou redução de 85,9% no volume de internações, porém os valores médios de AIH são elevados, indicando que o hospital pode ter se especializado em procedimentos de alto custo. As internações na especialidade de clínica cirúrgica cresceram 72,4% e, na clínica médica, 60,7%. Na especialidade de obstetrícia o crescimento de internações foi de 31,6% e na pediatria de 31,4%. O valor médio de AIH apresentou variação entre os cinco hospitais, sendo que o menor valor foi de R$ 40,38 na pediatria e o maior, de R$ 6.963,82 na clínica cirúrgica. Os valores financeiros alocados tiveram um crescimento acentuado em relação a produção física. Os fatores explicativos apontados pelos entrevistados para a variação na produção de internações dizem v respeito à estrutura demográfica e envelhecimento da população; organização do sistema local de saúde; incorporação tecnológica, financiamento e atuação do gestor. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de organização e sistematização das atividades da DACA para instrumentalizar o gestor nos aspectos de fiscalização, controle, regulação e avaliação da produção de internações no âmbito do sistema local de saúde. / Bringing hospital admissions under municipal control has transformed the logic in the relationship among users, services and management and this frame, the actions deployed by the Evaluation, Control and Audit Division (DACA) become more and more relevant. The goals of the present study are: describing, taking into account financial and physical aspects, hospital admissions that took place from 1996 to 2003 record and paid by the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto and identifying the factors explaining variations in these admissions according to reports made by subjects producing and using informations about them at local level. The following elements constitute the theoretical bases of the present study: Basic Operational Norms and Heath Care Operational Norms having as goal the implementation of Unified Health Care System (SUS), funding, information system and hospital admission management within the municipality. In order to develop the research the descritive approach using dates the quantitative and qualitative. The population studied was composed of all hospital admissions recorded and paid by the Municipal Health Department, through the Hospital Information System of Unified Health Care System (SUS), to all five hospital (A,B,C,D e E) under contract to SUS in the period from 1996 to 2003 in the following specialities: general medic practice, surgery, obstetrics and pediatrics. The techniques of collecting data were to investigate into official documents and data banks belonging to DACA and DATASUS relating to hospital admissions and doing a semistructured interview illustrated by the aid of a sequence. The study had 18 subjects who in the local system produce and use informations about hospital admissions in the order to make them available, to control, audit, evaluation and decision making so that they can be used in the distribution of Hospital Admission Authorization and allocation of financial resources. In the period from 1996 to 2003, the Municipal Health Department paid 160.612 hospital admissions what led to expenses amounting to R$ 98.154.570,98. In the same period there was an increase of 56 % in the number of hospital admissions and 156,3% in the financial resources. In the hospitals B and C, both philanthropic institutions, admissions grew by 91,3% and by 27,9% respectively, representing 2/3 vii of the admissions in the period. Hospital A, private, showed an 85,9% reduction of admissions in the same period. However, the average levels of Hospital Admission Authorization were very high, indicating that the hospital may have focused rather on high-cost procedures. Admissions in the clinic surgery increased by 72,4% and the general medic practice by 60,7%. In obstetrics, the increase of admissions was 31,6% and the pediatrics of 31,4%. The average value of the Hospital Admission Authorization presented variations among the five hospitals and the highest cost was R$ 6.993,82 in clinic surgery and the lowest one was R$ 40,38 in pediatrics. It was also observed that the financial and physical production changed each year and among the five hospitals. The allocated financial values had a considerable increase as compared to physical production. The pointed explanatory factors for the interviewees for the variation in the production of hospital admission production concern the demographic structure and aging of the population; organization of the local system of health; technological incorporation, financing and the manager's performance. The obtained results indicate the organization need and systematize of the activities of DACA for instrumental the manager in the fiscalization aspects, control, regulation and evaluation of the production. hospital admissions in all aspects at local level of health.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a integralidade no cuidado ao CCU em um município de grande porte populacional e com tecnologia de distinta complexidade disponível. Foi utilizada uma metodologia mista (quanti-quali). Para a abordagem quantitativa utilizou-se a base de dados secundários referentes à citologias e biópsias do sistema de informação municipal e regional. A análise e os testes estatísticos foram realizados pelo software PASW statistic 17.0. A abordagem qualitativa foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com usuárias, profissionais e representantes da gestão. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos a uma análise de conteúdo realizada com o software NVivo 9.0. Na análise dos dados secundários, identificou-se que a cobertura de Papanicolau é insuficiente, sendo concentrada em mulheres mais jovens. As biópsias realizadas são equivalentes à quantidade de citologias alteradas. Os diagnósticos mais graves, tanto de citologias quanto de biópsias, prevalecem em mulheres com idade mais avançada. A abordagem qualitativa indica como potencialidades: o acolhimento, o acesso breve a serviços de média e alta complexidade, o papel ativo da gestão municipal de saúde e como fragilidades: a dificuldade para marcação das consultas na atenção básica, a falta de preparo dos profissionais para dar o diagnóstico, a contra referência tardia por parte do serviço terciário, o incentivo ao uso do Pronto-Atendimento e a formação focada na especialidade. Constata-se neste estudo que os principais gargalos para efetivação da integralidade no município investigado estão concentrados no primeiro nível de atenção à saúde / This study aimed to analyze the completeness in the Cervical Cancer care in a city with a large population and with enough technology health equipment available to the people. It was used a mixed methodology (quantitative and qualitative). For the quantitative approach it was used the database regarding cytology and biopsy exams registered in the city. The analysis and statistical tests were performed by the statistic software SPSS 17.0. A qualitative approach was performed through interviews with users, professionals and members of the health system. Qualitative data were submitted to content analysis performed by the software NVivo 9.0. In the analysis of the content, it was found that coverage of Pap test is insufficient and is concentrated in younger women. The biopsies are equivalent to the amount of the cytology with abnormal results. The severe diagnosis, from both cytology and biopsies, are prevalent in older women. A qualitative approach indicates potentialities: the good reception of the patient, the fast access from both medium and high complexity health services, the active role of municipal health. Weaknesses: the difficulty in scheduling an appointment with a doctor, lack of training to inform the patient about the diagnosis, the encouragement to use emergency care and the overspecialization of the health professionals. It appears from this study that the main gaps for having a complete integrate healthcare system in the investigated city are concentrated in the first level of health care

A municipalização vem transformando a lógica das relações entre usuários, serviços e gestores e, neste cenário as ações desenvolvidas pela Divisão de Avaliação, Controle e Auditoria (DACA) tornam-se cada vez mais relevantes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: descrever a produção de internações hospitalares processadas e remuneradas, no período de 1996 a 2003, pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto-SP (SMS-RP), nos aspectos físicos e financeiros; identificar os fatores explicativos para a variação desta produção segundo relato dos sujeitos que produzem e/ou utilizam as informações sobre internação hospitalar no município de estudo. As bases teóricas da investigação constituíram-se: das Normas Operacionais Básicas e Normas Operacionais da Assistência à Saúde com vistas à implementação do Sistema Único de Saúde; o financiamento, o sistema de informações e gestão das internações hospitalares na esfera local de saúde. Para desenvolvimento da pesquisa adotou-se uma abordagem descritiva utilizando dados quantiqualitativos. A população de estudo constituiu-se de todas as internações hospitalares processadas/pagas pela SMS-RP, através do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS (SIH-SUS), para os cinco hospitais (A,B,C,D e E) contratados/conveniados com o SUS, no período de 1996-2003, nas especialidades de clínica médica, cirurgia, obstetrícia e pediatria. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram a pesquisa documental em banco de dados oficiais da DACA e DATASUS referente às internações hospitalares e, a realização de entrevista semi estruturada e ilustrada por uma vinheta. Foram sujeitos do estudo 18 pessoas que no sistema local de saúde, produzem e/ou utilizam as informações pertinentes às internações hospitalares no município para fins de avaliação, auditoria, controle e tomada de decisão quanto à distribuição de Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH) e alocação de recursos financeiros. No período de 1996-2003 foram pagas pela SMS-RP 160.612 internações, totalizando gastos da ordem de R$ 98.154.570,78. Houve, no período, um incremento de 56% no número de internações e de 156,3% nos recursos financeiros. Nos hospitais B e C, ambos filantrópicos, as internações cresceram 91,3% e 27,9%, respectivamente, concentrando cerca de 2/3 das internações do período. O hospital A (privado) mostrou redução de 85,9% no volume de internações, porém os valores médios de AIH são elevados, indicando que o hospital pode ter se especializado em procedimentos de alto custo. As internações na especialidade de clínica cirúrgica cresceram 72,4% e, na clínica médica, 60,7%. Na especialidade de obstetrícia o crescimento de internações foi de 31,6% e na pediatria de 31,4%. O valor médio de AIH apresentou variação entre os cinco hospitais, sendo que o menor valor foi de R$ 40,38 na pediatria e o maior, de R$ 6.963,82 na clínica cirúrgica. Os valores financeiros alocados tiveram um crescimento acentuado em relação a produção física. Os fatores explicativos apontados pelos entrevistados para a variação na produção de internações dizem v respeito à estrutura demográfica e envelhecimento da população; organização do sistema local de saúde; incorporação tecnológica, financiamento e atuação do gestor. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de organização e sistematização das atividades da DACA para instrumentalizar o gestor nos aspectos de fiscalização, controle, regulação e avaliação da produção de internações no âmbito do sistema local de saúde. / Bringing hospital admissions under municipal control has transformed the logic in the relationship among users, services and management and this frame, the actions deployed by the Evaluation, Control and Audit Division (DACA) become more and more relevant. The goals of the present study are: describing, taking into account financial and physical aspects, hospital admissions that took place from 1996 to 2003 record and paid by the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto and identifying the factors explaining variations in these admissions according to reports made by subjects producing and using informations about them at local level. The following elements constitute the theoretical bases of the present study: Basic Operational Norms and Heath Care Operational Norms having as goal the implementation of Unified Health Care System (SUS), funding, information system and hospital admission management within the municipality. In order to develop the research the descritive approach using dates the quantitative and qualitative. The population studied was composed of all hospital admissions recorded and paid by the Municipal Health Department, through the Hospital Information System of Unified Health Care System (SUS), to all five hospital (A,B,C,D e E) under contract to SUS in the period from 1996 to 2003 in the following specialities: general medic practice, surgery, obstetrics and pediatrics. The techniques of collecting data were to investigate into official documents and data banks belonging to DACA and DATASUS relating to hospital admissions and doing a semistructured interview illustrated by the aid of a sequence. The study had 18 subjects who in the local system produce and use informations about hospital admissions in the order to make them available, to control, audit, evaluation and decision making so that they can be used in the distribution of Hospital Admission Authorization and allocation of financial resources. In the period from 1996 to 2003, the Municipal Health Department paid 160.612 hospital admissions what led to expenses amounting to R$ 98.154.570,98. In the same period there was an increase of 56 % in the number of hospital admissions and 156,3% in the financial resources. In the hospitals B and C, both philanthropic institutions, admissions grew by 91,3% and by 27,9% respectively, representing 2/3 vii of the admissions in the period. Hospital A, private, showed an 85,9% reduction of admissions in the same period. However, the average levels of Hospital Admission Authorization were very high, indicating that the hospital may have focused rather on high-cost procedures. Admissions in the clinic surgery increased by 72,4% and the general medic practice by 60,7%. In obstetrics, the increase of admissions was 31,6% and the pediatrics of 31,4%. The average value of the Hospital Admission Authorization presented variations among the five hospitals and the highest cost was R$ 6.993,82 in clinic surgery and the lowest one was R$ 40,38 in pediatrics. It was also observed that the financial and physical production changed each year and among the five hospitals. The allocated financial values had a considerable increase as compared to physical production. The pointed explanatory factors for the interviewees for the variation in the production of hospital admission production concern the demographic structure and aging of the population; organization of the local system of health; technological incorporation, financing and the manager's performance. The obtained results indicate the organization need and systematize of the activities of DACA for instrumental the manager in the fiscalization aspects, control, regulation and evaluation of the production. hospital admissions in all aspects at local level of health.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a integralidade no cuidado ao CCU em um município de grande porte populacional e com tecnologia de distinta complexidade disponível. Foi utilizada uma metodologia mista (quanti-quali). Para a abordagem quantitativa utilizou-se a base de dados secundários referentes à citologias e biópsias do sistema de informação municipal e regional. A análise e os testes estatísticos foram realizados pelo software PASW statistic 17.0. A abordagem qualitativa foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com usuárias, profissionais e representantes da gestão. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos a uma análise de conteúdo realizada com o software NVivo 9.0. Na análise dos dados secundários, identificou-se que a cobertura de Papanicolau é insuficiente, sendo concentrada em mulheres mais jovens. As biópsias realizadas são equivalentes à quantidade de citologias alteradas. Os diagnósticos mais graves, tanto de citologias quanto de biópsias, prevalecem em mulheres com idade mais avançada. A abordagem qualitativa indica como potencialidades: o acolhimento, o acesso breve a serviços de média e alta complexidade, o papel ativo da gestão municipal de saúde e como fragilidades: a dificuldade para marcação das consultas na atenção básica, a falta de preparo dos profissionais para dar o diagnóstico, a contra referência tardia por parte do serviço terciário, o incentivo ao uso do Pronto-Atendimento e a formação focada na especialidade. Constata-se neste estudo que os principais gargalos para efetivação da integralidade no município investigado estão concentrados no primeiro nível de atenção à saúde / This study aimed to analyze the completeness in the Cervical Cancer care in a city with a large population and with enough technology health equipment available to the people. It was used a mixed methodology (quantitative and qualitative). For the quantitative approach it was used the database regarding cytology and biopsy exams registered in the city. The analysis and statistical tests were performed by the statistic software SPSS 17.0. A qualitative approach was performed through interviews with users, professionals and members of the health system. Qualitative data were submitted to content analysis performed by the software NVivo 9.0. In the analysis of the content, it was found that coverage of Pap test is insufficient and is concentrated in younger women. The biopsies are equivalent to the amount of the cytology with abnormal results. The severe diagnosis, from both cytology and biopsies, are prevalent in older women. A qualitative approach indicates potentialities: the good reception of the patient, the fast access from both medium and high complexity health services, the active role of municipal health. Weaknesses: the difficulty in scheduling an appointment with a doctor, lack of training to inform the patient about the diagnosis, the encouragement to use emergency care and the overspecialization of the health professionals. It appears from this study that the main gaps for having a complete integrate healthcare system in the investigated city are concentrated in the first level of health care

No description available.

Santrauka Magistro baigiamajame darbe „Ar Lietuvos valstybė pažeidžia žmogaus teises nesuteikdama asmenims nemokamo gydymo?“ nagrinėjama viena iš svarbiausių žmogaus teisių – teisė į sveikatos priežiūrą. Nemokamo gydymo tema mūsų šalyje yra kiek nauja, mažai nagrinėta, tačiau be galo aktuali, nes situacija Lietuvoje rodo, kad yra neatitikimų tarp to, kas įtvirtinta teisės aktuose ir praktikos gydymo įstaigose. Pirmoje darbo dalyje išsamiai apibrėžiama teisės į sveikatos priežiūrą samprata. Šiame skyriuje analizuojama sveikatos priežiūros samprata, „sveikatos“ sąvokos aiškinimas ir tikslai. Be to kalbama apie kokybiškų sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų teikimą Lietuvoje. Taip pat aprašomos pacientų teisės ir pareigos. Antroje darbo dalyje aptariama teisė į nemokamą gydymą tarptautiniu lygmeniu, kalbama apie skirtingas užsienio valstybių sistemas sveikatos priežiūros sektoriuje, požiūrį į žmogų ir jo teises. Taip pat analizuojama situacija Lietuvoje, ką reglamentuoja Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija ir kiti tarptautiniai teisės aktai. Trečioje darbo dalyje pateikiama privalomojo sveikatos draudimo samprata bei jo reikšmė. Akcentuojami privalomojo sveikatos draudimo privalumai ir trūkumai. Taip pat pateikiami atlikto tyrimo rezultatai, padėję atskleisti nagrinėjamos temos problematiką. Darbe nagrinėjama keturių pažangių pasaulio šalių - Australijos, Kanados, Lenkijos ir Vokietijos sveikatos priežiūros sistemos modeliai, plėtojimosi istorija bei teisinis reglamentavimas. Išsamiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Summary In the Master’s final thesis “Does Lithuania violate human rights by refusing to provide treatment for people free of charge?” are analyzed the obligation of the State, set by Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and problems in the health system. The right to free of charge treatment belongs to the group of social human rights. The implementation of this group of human rights usually depends on the economic situation of the state and, in particular, right to free charge treatment depends on the health protection policy of the state. Health care systems are criticized around a world. By reason of expensive medical technologies and medicine as such, require huge sums of money, which is scare. Patient’s needs and expectations for health care, health and quality of life are growing. Patients become more aware and demanding on health care. In these conditions health care quality helps to save resources and better meets patient’s needs and expectations. Globalization and privatization processes determine expansion of health care services and patient’s market. The Constitution was adopted by referendum on the 25th of October 1992. Since these days continues a period of biggest changes: a new system of social, economical, political relations was settled. The right of to free of charge health protection is established in Article 53 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, which determines that the state shall take care of people’s health and... [to full text]

Providing care services across several departments and care givers creates the complexity of the patient pathways, as it deals with different departments, policies, professionals, regulations and many more. One example of complex patient pathways (CPP) is one that exists in integrated care, which most literature relates to health and social care integration. The world population and demand for care services have increased. Therefore, necessary actions need to be taken in order to improve the services given to patients in maintaining their quality of life. As the complexity arises due to different needs of stakeholders, it creates many problems especially when it involves complex patient pathways (CPP). To reduce the problems, many researchers tried using several decision tools such as Discrete Event Simulation (DES), System Dynamic (SD), Markov Model and Tree Diagram. This also includes Direct Experimentation, one of techniques in Lean Thinking/Techniques, in their efforts to help simplify the system complexity and provide decision support tools. However, the CPP models were developed using a single tools which makes the models have some limitations and not capable in covering the entire needs and features of the CPP system. For example, lack of individual analysis, feedback loop as well as lack of experimentation prior to the real implementation. As a result, ineffective and inefficient decision making was made. The researcher also argues that by combining the DES and SD techniques, named the hybrid simulation, the CPP model would be enhanced and in turn will help to provide decision support tools and consequently, will reduce the problems in CPP to the minimum level. As there is no standard framework, a framework of a hybrid simulation for modelling the CPP system is proposed in this research. The researcher is much concerned with the framework development rather than the CPP model itself, as there is no standard model that can represent any type of CPP since it is different in term of its regulations, policies, governance and many more. The framework is developed based on several literatures, selected among developed framework/models that have used combinations of DES and SD techniques simultaneously, applied in a large system or in healthcare sectors. This is due to the condition of the CPP system which is a large healthcare system. The proposed framework is divided into three phases, which are Conceptual, Modelling and Models Communication Phase, and each phase is decomposed into several steps. To validate the suitability of the proposed framework that provides guidance in developing CPP models using hybrid simulation, the inductive research methodology will be used with the help of case studies as a research strategy. Two approaches are used to test the suitability of the framework – practical and theoretical. The practical approach involves developing a CPP model (within health and social care settings) assisted by the SD and DES simulation software which was based on several case studies in health and social care systems that used single modelling techniques. The theoretical approach involves applying several case studies within different care settings without developing the model. Four case studies with different areas and care settings have been selected and applied towards the framework. Based on suitability tests, the framework will be modified accordingly. As this framework provides guidance on how to develop CPP models using hybrid simulation, it is argued that it will be a benchmark to researchers and academicians, as well as decision and policy makers to develop a CPP model using hybrid simulation.

This article considers emergence in the context of systems of systems, examining the earlier proposed tri-layered architecture in some depth. In contrast with healthcare reform, a social media phenomenon, the emergence of topics in the Twitter user community, is shown not to satisfy a critical condition of the architecture. Nevertheless, detection of topic emergence is shown to offer insights into the design of Emergence Behavior Observers.

Class of 2006 Abstract / Objectives: To assess predictors of systolic blood pressure control in the Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System. Methods: 6185 patients were followed over a 2 year period and predictors of blood pressure control were examined using univariate and multivariate analyses. Primary independent variables assessed were age, gender, race, antihypertensive medication class, and comorbidities. The primary dependent variable was systolic blood pressure. Results: Sixty percent of patients studied had controlled hypertension. Significant predictors of better blood pressure control were the presence of coronary artery disease, use of loop diuretics, not using miscellaneous antihypertensive agents, lower age, and not of Hispanic descent or not an African-American. Conclusions: Frequency of systolic blood pressure control was found to be higher than previously reported. In contrast, age, sex, and race were significant predictors of control as reported elsewhere. Lastly, coronary artery disease, loop diuretics, and miscellaneous antihypertensive agents were found to be the only other significant predictors of systolic blood pressure control. These results suggest that there is largely no difference between the major antihypertensive medications class with respect to blood pressure control.