Icings are common hydrological phenomena in arctic and subarctic regions. Their bodies are made up of the accumulation of ice layers formed by the freezing of overflow water during the winter season. Icing formation is a process involving a complex system of thermodynamics and hydrodynamics. In this thesis, the formation mechanics of river icings and ground icings are studied in terms of both thermal and hydrological processes. / The energy exchange systems during icing layer formation involve two ice water interfaces and some intra-layer water flow. Using energy balance analysis, this research finds that the outgoing energy components can be ranked according to their importance, with sensible heat being the most important component, radiation heat loss being of secondary importance, and latent heat loss being the least important factor. Further, this research illustrates that the heat conduction between the underlying ice and a newly formed icing layer is time dependent. For example, during the first half cycle of icing layer formation, heat is conducted into the underlying ice, but during the second half of the cycle the heat is conducted in an opposite direction. / During icing layer formation, the energy input is supplied mainly by water and incoming solar radiation. Intra-layer running water provides a significant amount of energy when air temperatures are milder, but its significance decreases when air temperatures become colder. Solar radiation during the day may also play an important role in the energy supply regime. / River icing formation involves several hydrological processes. The location of a river icing is basically controlled by the channel slope. The damming effect of icing mass plays a significant role in the extension of the icing body, especially in the upstream direction. River icings grow slowly, and generally experience three stages of development, namely the 'freeze-up' stage, 'obstruction' stage and 'overflow' stage, the third stage dominating icing growth. The formation of each icing layer is virtually a small-scale reproduction of these three stages. The model simulation shows that the thickness of icing accumulation increases with an increase in the initial water depth in the channel, but simulation also shows that there is a limiting threshold. The thickness of icing accumulation decreases when the initial channel water depth exceeds this threshold. / The growth of an icing is an event-dominated discontinuous process. Even during one icing layer formation, simultaneous growth occurs only within a very limited distance. At a specific location, icing growth is related temporally only over a short period of time. As a discontinuous process, icing spreading and thickening during an overflow event depends entirely on the climatic and topographical conditions. / Even though icing layering is influenced by many variables, under small discharge rates, as in the case of ground icing growth, statistical analyses show that the mean spreading length of an overflow event can be described efficiently by five variables: discharge, the temperature of the water, the product of air temperature and wind speed, air temperature and the icing surface slope previous to overflow. The maximum spreading length, however, may only be controlled by four variables: discharge, water temperature, air temperature and the product of air temperature and wind speed. Under field conditions, when wind speed is not measured, this wind related variable may be dropped with only a small decrease in confidence level.

Im Rahmen der szintigraphischen Untersuchung der Halswirbelsäule gibt es unterschiedliche Aussagen zum physiologischen Speicherungsverhalten, insbesondere der kaudalen Facettengelenke. Eine Objektivierung der Szintigramme und Ermittlung von Normalbereichen der entsprechenden Speicherquotienten ist daher wichtig und stellt das Ziel dieser Arbeit dar. Zur Untersuchung kamen dafür 31 Pferde, bei denen es sich um Patienten der Chirurgischen Tierklinik in Leipzig aus dem Jahr 2008 handelte. Falls bei einem Pferd eine Lahmheit der Vordergliedmaße vorhanden war, wurde mit Hilfe der klinischen und szintigraphischen Untersuchung, sowie mittels diagnostischer Anästhesien als deren Ursache die Halswirbelsäule ausgeschlossen. Alle Pferde wiesen eine freie Beweglichkeit des Halses in alle Richtungen auf. Zur Bildung von Speicherquotienten wurden die als Interessenareale dienenden Facettengelenke C3/C4 bis C7/Th1, sowie der Wirbelkörper des sechsten Halswirbels zu verschiedenen Referenzarealen ins Verhältnis gesetzt. Als Referenzareale wurden dabei der Wirbelkörper des dritten und des vierten Halswirbels, sowie das auch als Interessenareal dienende Facettengelenk C3/C4 getestet. Anschließend wurden Normalbereiche für die Speicherquotienten ermittelt. Nach sonographischer Muskeldickenmessung über den Facettengelenken wurden deren Speicherquotienten mit Hilfe einer Formel auf einen Nullwert korrigiert, und für diese korrigierten Werte wurden ebenfalls Normalbereiche ermittelt. Es zeigte sich, dass die Speicherquotienten nach der Muskeldickenkorrektur gegenüber den nativen Speicherquotienten eine größere Streuung aufwiesen und somit größere und ungenauere Normalbereiche hervorbrachten. Dementsprechend sollten die nativen Speicherquotienten bevorzugt werden. Als das am besten geeignete Referenzareal für die Interessenareale C4/C5 bis C7/Th1 erweist sich hierbei die Isokontur-ROI auf dem Facettengelenk C3/C4. Für das Interessenareal C3/C4 eignet sich sowohl der Vergleich mit dem Referenzareal C3, als auch der mit dem Referenzareal C4. Das Interessenareal auf dem Wirbelkörper C6 wird am besten zum Referenzareal C4 ins Verhältnis gesetzt. Hervorzuheben sind die nativen Werte der Normalbereiche für die Gelenke C5/C6 und C6/C7, da hier am häufigsten röntgenologische Veränderungen zu finden sind. Sie betragen für das Gelenk C5/C6 auf der linken Halsseite 0,82-1,10 und auf der rechten Halsseite 0,86-1,10. Für das Gelenk C6/C7 beträgt der Normalbereich für die linke Halsseite 0,75-1,23 und für die rechte Halsseite 0,81-1,17. Zusammenfassend ist zu sagen, dass die quantitative Auswertung mittels der „Regions of Interest“-Technik an der Halswirbelsäule durchaus möglich ist und mit dieser Arbeit akzeptable Normalbereiche für die Facettengelenke C3/C4 bis C7/Th1 und für den Wirbelkörper C6 ermittelt werden konnten. Es fehlen nun noch Werte von Pferden mit einer klinischen Halswirbelsäulenproblematik, um die Aussagekraft der hier ermittelten Normalbereiche zu überprüfen.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23704号 / 理博第4794号 / 新制||理||1686(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 嶺重 慎, 教授 長田 哲也, 准教授 細川 隆史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thesis (Ph.D. in Microbiology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-225). Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

KURDISH MUNICIPALITIES IN TURKEY (1999-2013) Case Study of Sur Municipality Abstract This Master's thesis focuses on the institutionalization of the Kurdish movement through municipalities in the Kurdish region from the late 90s. The framework is a Kurdish municipality, Sur, in the city of Diyarbakır, where the Kurdish movement is well organized. My argument is by taking part in the legal political system, Kurdish activists accessed resources that allowed them to expand their repertoire of contention and to create a counter-power through institutions. Becoming a institutional power gives Kurdish activists the opportunity to impose thein standards and practices. However, having become a norm-making powers, Kurdish municipalities' pathes cross those of other normalizing powers. Beginning with the study of the Kurdish population and identity in Turkey, this master's thesis analyzes the state-society relations in the Kurdish region of Turkey. Afterwards, in the framework of our case study, the thesis then identifies the change of Kurdish movement through the Sur municipality and the new Kurdish institutions emerging in the Kurdish region. Finally, it studies the process of standardization / normalization of the counterpower. In conclusion, bearing in mind that the municipalities are not the only entity...

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo a análise do direito à moradia, bem como suas relações com outros elementos que ajudam a compor o complexo de relações que denominamos cidades. Destaca-se o tema em partes definidas. De início é desenvolvida a construção do direito à moradia como direito fundamental social, o que possibilita a exigência de atuação do Estado para a efetivação do direito. As violações perpetradas ao direito à moradia ao longo da história da sociedade brasileira são igualmente tratadas, permitindo a percepção de que o déficit habitacional é o resultado de longos períodos de políticas públicas equivocadas e desvirtuadas. Em continuação ao estudo do direito à moradia, são tratadas as interferências do desrespeito ao direito à moradia nos demais aspectos da cidade e dos indivíduos, como a segregação social e territorial e o recuo da cidadania. Por fim, algumas propostas de solução ao problema habitacional atualmente em andamento são analisadas, em especial os programas de regularização fundiária e o programa Minha Casa Minha Vida. A análise dos mencionados programas objetiva demonstrar que nenhum deles possui efetivas chances de êxito se não foram acompanhados de programas de estrutura urbana que controlem a especulação imobiliária. Nesse sentido, existe a real possibilidade de a sociedade exigir a efetiva atuação e comprometimento do Estado, com a adoção das medidas necessárias à efetividade dos programas habitacionais e, com eles, do direito à moradia. / This dissertation aims at analyzing the right to housing, as well as its relations with other elements that help make up the complex of relations that we call cities. Of note was the issue in parts defined. To start, it developed the construction of housing rights as fundamental social rights, which allows the requirement of state action for the realization of the right. The abuses of the right to housing throughout the history of Brazilian society are also addressed, allowing the perception that the housing deficit is the result of long periods of misguided public policies and undermined. Continuing to study the right to housing, are treated the interference of disrespect for housing rights in other aspects of the city and individuals, as social segregation, territorial and retreat of citizenship. Finally, some proposed solutions to the housing problem currently under study are analyzed, in particular the programs and the program of land regularization My Life My House. The analysis of such programs aimed to demonstrate that none of them have actual chances of success if not been accompanied by programs of urban structure, preventing the real estate speculation. In this sense, there is a real possibility of society require the effective participation and commitment of the State, with the adoption of measures necessary to investigate the effectiveness of housing programs, and with them the right to housing.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo a análise do direito à moradia, bem como suas relações com outros elementos que ajudam a compor o complexo de relações que denominamos cidades. Destaca-se o tema em partes definidas. De início é desenvolvida a construção do direito à moradia como direito fundamental social, o que possibilita a exigência de atuação do Estado para a efetivação do direito. As violações perpetradas ao direito à moradia ao longo da história da sociedade brasileira são igualmente tratadas, permitindo a percepção de que o déficit habitacional é o resultado de longos períodos de políticas públicas equivocadas e desvirtuadas. Em continuação ao estudo do direito à moradia, são tratadas as interferências do desrespeito ao direito à moradia nos demais aspectos da cidade e dos indivíduos, como a segregação social e territorial e o recuo da cidadania. Por fim, algumas propostas de solução ao problema habitacional atualmente em andamento são analisadas, em especial os programas de regularização fundiária e o programa Minha Casa Minha Vida. A análise dos mencionados programas objetiva demonstrar que nenhum deles possui efetivas chances de êxito se não foram acompanhados de programas de estrutura urbana que controlem a especulação imobiliária. Nesse sentido, existe a real possibilidade de a sociedade exigir a efetiva atuação e comprometimento do Estado, com a adoção das medidas necessárias à efetividade dos programas habitacionais e, com eles, do direito à moradia. / This dissertation aims at analyzing the right to housing, as well as its relations with other elements that help make up the complex of relations that we call cities. Of note was the issue in parts defined. To start, it developed the construction of housing rights as fundamental social rights, which allows the requirement of state action for the realization of the right. The abuses of the right to housing throughout the history of Brazilian society are also addressed, allowing the perception that the housing deficit is the result of long periods of misguided public policies and undermined. Continuing to study the right to housing, are treated the interference of disrespect for housing rights in other aspects of the city and individuals, as social segregation, territorial and retreat of citizenship. Finally, some proposed solutions to the housing problem currently under study are analyzed, in particular the programs and the program of land regularization My Life My House. The analysis of such programs aimed to demonstrate that none of them have actual chances of success if not been accompanied by programs of urban structure, preventing the real estate speculation. In this sense, there is a real possibility of society require the effective participation and commitment of the State, with the adoption of measures necessary to investigate the effectiveness of housing programs, and with them the right to housing.

The world we live in is changing rapidly. Ecological, economic and social aspects and understandings are all undergoing paradigm shifts. Communities, farmers and individuals in arid zones are experiencing climate changes, more so than city dwellers. A better understanding of the current thinking in range ecology and management, especially of arid environments, is critical to the management of these delicate, complex systems. Ecosystems in equilibrium or in disequilibrium react differently to management and reclamation efforts. An understanding of the basic principles and how they evolved is important in order to apply these principles correctly in the management of arid zones. The use of keystone species and simple technologies, such as water harvesting and mulching, can all be used to reclaim and manage the arid zones. Understanding the differences between systems in equilibrium and disequilibrium can be used as a guide for planning appropriate future research in the arid zones. Searching for new indigenous species to help in the reclamation of arid zones is of the utmost importance. An ecological criterion was used to identify potential plant species for reclamation of degraded arid rangelands of southern Africa. Tripteris sinuatum and Sutherlandia microphylla were identified as possible candidates. Germination studies, with seeds harvested from naturally occurring plants, were conducted for both species. Treatments were based on the natural seed dispersal mechanisms for both species. S. microphylla has the potential to become an important plant species for reclamation purposes in arid zones of southern Africa. Not only potential new species should be sought, but also the management of species, already in use, are of critical importance. The relative palatability and survival of 16 different Atriplex species and accessions were determined at two different localities in the arid Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Significant differences were found between species at both localities. It is believed that because of the variety of species in the Atriplex genus, relative palatability and survival should be used to determine which of the different species could be useful under specific climatic and soil conditions. The establishment and reaction of Atriplex nummularia and Cassia sturti were tested for season of planting and the use of a stone mulch at two locations in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. A. nummularia reacted the best to a moderate pruning treatments, while Cassia sturtii reacted best to severe pruning. These results should aid in the management of planted fodder plantations. Numerous attempts at improving natural veld have failed in the past. An examination of landscape function and the potential to harvest water in localized areas should drive veld improvement in arid zones. Seeds from two different plants species (Tetragonia calycina and Tripteris sinuatum) were used to inter-seed a bare patch in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The two species, with two treatments, (brush packing or not) in two different locally occurring eco-topes, were used to determine plant establishment. The water run-on eco-tope showed a significantly higher plant establishment percentage than the water run-off eco-tope. The establishment of perennial grass species was also found on the water run on eco-tope, three years after establishing the reclamation site. Such sites could form an important link in biodiversity conservation. / Dissertation (MSc Agric (Pasture Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

1 Regional rulemaking Abstract The diploma thesis deals with regional rulemaking with a focus on legal regulations of regions. The aim of the thesis is to explain the constitutional and theoretical anchoring of the creation of regional legal regulations, to describe the process of their creation, issuance, state supervision and repeal, and to examine the actual extent of law-making of regions. The first part defines the basic concepts, constitutional and legal bases and conditions for making and issuing legal relations of regions, which are of two kinds. Generally binding ordinances are issued according to Article 104 Paragraph 3 of the Constitution as legal regulations in the independent competence of regions. The thesis discusses their legal nature and the need for further legal authorization for their issuance, taking into account current case law. According to Article 79 Paragraph 3 of the Constitution, regions then issue regulations for which they always need legal authorization. The following part of the thesis is devoted to the process of creating and issuing regional legal regulations. It describes the adoption of regional legal regulations and their particulars, their publication and the possibility of repeal. There are uncertainties in the legal regulation of the issue of regional legislation,...

In my Diploma Thesis, I deal with the way how the Rakovnik's Museum Society represented the landscape of Rakovnik and Krivoklat in their bulletins and in other regional publications in the early 20th century. It is a cultural-political analysis of the authors' manner of interpreting the Regions of Rakovnik and Krivoklat as a unified, specific, distinctive, mythmaking region, etc. in their texts, which means how its borders are defined, what elements are considered as the landscape features, how the literary- folkloric image of the region is created, the ways the land could be useful for human and which famous people are connected with this region. The emphasis is also placed on the question whether, and possibly, how the authors' position is reflected in the region's image. I deal with the research issues in connection with the concept of "the landscape as a story" or "the landscape memoirs", i.e. with a constructivist approach to the region, whose constitution is always culturally and socially conditioned. Key words: representation, landscape, museum society, Regions of Rakovnik and Krivoklat Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)