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This study assessed the effects of prenatal androgen exposure during three periods, of gestation on the external genitalia, estrous cyclicity, postnatal growth, social dominance and sexual behavior of female beef cattle. Pregnant cows received 17a methyl-testosterone (250 mg/d, sq) on d 40 to 100 (group 1), 70 to 130 (group 2) or 100 to 160 (group 3) of gestation. Control cows (group 0) received no treatment. Group 1 females exhibited completely masculinized external. genitalia. No vulval opening was present and the ano-genital distance (A-g) was similar to that of control male calves. Group 2 females exhibited small vulval openings and enlarged clitoral structures while group 3 females exhibited normally appearing female external genitalia. Anogenital distances for the heifers in groups 2 and 3 were similar to those of the control heifers. Androgen exposure during the three periods of gestation did not affect age at puberty (P<.80), estrous cycle length (P<.63) or postnatal growth (P<.60) of the heifers. At 9, 16 and 21 mo of age, social dominance values (SDV) were determined for each heifer by 3 min random pair contests for a restricted feed source. The animal with the greatest feed source control time was awarded a win. Social dominance value was calculated as 10 times the number of wins divided by the number of competitions for each animal. Group 3 heifers had significantly greater SDV values than group 1 and 2 females (P<.03). SDV did not differ among groups at 16 mo of age (P<.59). Group 1 females had greater SDV than group 2 females at 21 mo of age (P<:.04). At 9, 16 and 21, mo of age, sexual behavior of the heifers was characterized by exposure of the heifers to a teaser female in estrus. Sexual behavior, as indicated by the number of mounts, head placements and interest time, was lower for group 3 females compared to females in groups 1 and 2 at 9 mo of age (P<.04). There were no treatment differences for any sexual behavior variable at 16 or 21 mo of age. These results indicate that there is little potential for increasing postnatal growth or altering the estrous cyclicity of female cattle by exposure of the fetus to testosterone during the periods of gestation selected in this study. External genitalia of females were masculinized by androgen exposure during d-40 to 100 of gestation. Social dominance values were increased and sexual behavior was reduced in females by exposure to androgen during d 100 to 160 of gestation. / Master of Science

M.A. / The aim of this study was to generate hypotheses concerning personality functioning of androgynous individuals, and more specifically within the context of marital relationships. Ideally, a holistic view of a person in his/her unique life situation should be taken into account in scientific research. In order to limit this study only two personality concepts were studied, self concept and locus of control. it must be kept in mind , however that there is an ecological interaction between many more and unknown factors and granting that it is artificial to isolate only two factors from encompassing whole.

The majority of studies concerning psychological sex and management style have indicated that people consider the masculine style of managing to be the most popular. However, such studies are out of date and/or were usually measuring the perceptions of surveyed college students. Few studies have focused on successful managers in successful organizations. A modified version of the Bern Sex Role Inventory was distributed to 52 managers in a Total Quality Management organization. This study hypothesized that successful managers would be androgynous managers. The results of the study indicated that successful managers are androgynous managers, and that there is no significant difference in the number of female and male androgynous managers.

by Wanda Wing Yi Tsui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-101). / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- Gender and Identity: Subjectivity in Women's Writing --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- The Androgynous Personality Celebrated in Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- The Inner Growth of the Female Characters in Wang Anyi's Stories --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- Female Identity: the Significance of Androgyny --- p.80 / NOTES --- p.90 / WORKS CITED --- p.92

This thesis examined the relationship among sex role attributes of registered nurses and their professional attitudes. The study was centered in a number of 200-bed or larger medical-surgical hospitals located in Northeastern Indiana. Nonadministrative female staff R.N.s employed to work at least 32 hours per week comprised the sample population. The instruments for measurement were (1) a 25item professional attitudinal scale developed by Richard Hall, and (2) Sandra L. Bemis Sex Role Inventory.A multiple regression analysis was computed using the questionnaire results. The independent variables were age, number of years of active practice, masculine score, feminine score, and masculine-feminine interaction. The dependent variable was degree of professionalism. The findings revealed that those nurses scoring higher on the femininity subscale of the Bem Sex Role Inventory scored higher on the total Professionalism Scale than subjects endorsing a high degree of masculine traits. Older nurses and nurses with a greater number of years of practice demonstrated a higher degree of professionalism when compared with younger, less experienced nurses. Other findings revealed that nurses endorsing high levels of feminine traits on the Bem Sex Role Inventory manifested a strong belief in self regulation; nurses endorsing high levels of masculine traits on the Bem Sex Role Inventory employed use of the professional organization as a major referent most consistently.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

This study examined gender portrayals in the film, The Crvinq Game. The societal labels for gender, "masculine" and "feminine," are not negative in and of themselves. However, when they are coupled with stereotypes, their power to direct behavior and perception formation can rob people of their freedom to be simply "human." This study primarily focused upon the costs of maintaining, challenging, and abandoning gender role stereotypes as illustrated in The Crvinq Game. Sonja Foss's four-step approach to feminist criticism was used as a tool for examination of this film.By examining the appearances, attitudes, and behaviors of the four central characters in the film, two messages emerged. First, in all four cases, being of a feminine nature was less desirable than being of a masculine nature. Second, Neil Jordan, the film's director, prescribes that all people should transcend the boundaries of gender, and simply allow themselves and others to be human.Jordan's humanistic message also provides insight into expansion of rhetorical methods and theories. Feminist criticism and Queer theory could attempt to transcend the boundaries of gender, and work toward the inclusion of all non-traditional sex roles. / Department of Speech Communication

Blanche DuBois marked the most significant literary achievement of Tennessee Williams. Though her rape functions dramatically as a powerful climax which has troubled critics and bothered audiences, it is more a thematic culmination of Blanche's inability to sequester her sexuality. In fact, nearly everything Williams wrote prior to 1947 was building toward Blanche's rape; nearly everything that came after was a thematic attempt to resolve that issue left incomplete in her character--the southern dialectic, the preponderant theme and unsolved riddle of Williams's long career.The southern dialectic--a model developed from the joint theories of southern historian W. J. Cash, theorist Allen Tate, novelist William Faulkner, literary critic C. Hugh Holman, and playwright Tennessee Williams--is the internalization of opposites virulent in human nature which seeks to synthesize its disparate traits. Williams juxtaposed onto most of his characters this metaphysical debate between antinomies, most notably flesh and spirit, past and present, and miscegenation. Although he explored each with precise attention to balance, Williams returnedto flesh and spirit and its teleological (as opposed to theological) assessment of the human condition as his thematic touchstone.From his first performed play in 1935 to his last works of-the Eighties, Williams harnessed the dialectic in himself --between his innate desire for flesh and his learned duties to spirit--and generated from it the art that was as much his career as it was his exercise in psychotherapy. By placing both traits in his characters and dramatizing their interaction through two key images--the cat and the bird, whose own timeless battle reflected the same attraction/ repulsion nexus of the flesh-spirit dialectic--Williams could search for the one-androgynous hero who, like Christ, would successfully integrate them.Androgyny, for Williams, was not strictly hermaphroditism, though he was drawn to the asexual, but the ideal state of human existence--the integration of paradoxically repellent and attractive forces created by the dialectic. Though his Grail-like pursuit led him to discover different ways to end or survive this dialectic (denial, then death, then endurance), Williams's search for his androgynous hero would ultimately be in vain. / Department of English

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1985.