Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1971. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-64). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1971. / Typescript (photocopy). eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-64).

Bakgrund: Barn i sjukvården som ska genomgå anestesi och kirurg känner betydande oro och ångest vilket medför ett lidande hos barnet. Detta kan resultera i postoperativa komplikationer och förlängda vårdtider. I sjuksköterskans ansvarsroll ingår det att hjälpa barnet lindra sin oro och ångest. Syfte: Att beskriva och utvärdera de preoperativa metoder sjuksköterskan kan använda sig av för att minska barns oro och ångest inför anestesi och kirurgi. Metod: Design: Litteraturstudie. Artikelsökning genomfördes i databaserna Pubmed och Cinahl. Efter analys och kvalitetsgranskning valdes 20 artiklar ut till resultatet. Inklusionskriterier: Kvantitativa studier genomförda på barn, 0-18 år.  Studierna ska ha publicerats 2005 eller senare samt ha etiskt godkännande alternativt resonemang. Exklusionskriterier: Då interventionen var riktad mot föräldrar eller om barnen inte skulle genomgå anestesi. Resultat: Resultatet visade fyra olika teman med metoder som kan användas för att minska barns preoperativa oro och ångest. Dessa var clowninteraktion, sjukhusmiljö, distraktion och preoperativ information. Clowninteraktion och distraktion visar tydligast evidens för minskad oro och ångest hos barn. Att låta barnet bekanta sig med sjukhusmiljö samt medicinsk utrustning har även en positiv inverkan. Slutsats: I sjuksköterskans profession ingår ansvaret att arbeta mot minskad oro och ångest hos barn. Oro och ångest hos barn ger inte enbart ett ökat lidande utan även förlängda vårdtider med ekonomiska konsekvenser. Sjuksköterskan har olika metoder att använda sig av där distraktionsteknik samt clowninteraktion är de som idag har störst evidensstyrka. / Background: Children within healthcare who are undergoing anesthesia and surgery experience severe anxiety which results in suffering and can also lead to post-operative complications and extended hospitalization. As a registered nurse you are responsible to help the child reduce their anxiety. Aim: To describe and evaluate the pre-operative methods a registered nurse can use to reduce children’s anxiety related to anesthesia and surgery. Method: Literature review. Design: An article search was conducted in Pubmed and Cinahl, 20 articles were chosen for the result. Inclusion criteria: Quantitative studies conducted on children 0-18 years. Exclusion criteria: The aims of the study were directed against the parents or children not undergoing anesthesia. Results: The results showed four different themes that can be used in the reduction of children´s pre-operative anxiety. These were interaction with clowns, hospital environment, distraction, and pre-operative information. Interaction with clowns and distraction are the two methods that show the highest evidence of reducing anxiety. Allowing children to get familiar with the hospital environment and the medical equipment had a positive effect but more studies are needed in this area for greater evidence. Conclusion: The registered nurse is responsible for reducing anxiety in children who are undergoing anesthesia and surgery. A child with anxiety not only suffers more but is also at risk for prolonged hospitalization with economic consequences.  Although the registered nurse has several methods to choose from, distraction techniques and clown interaction produce the greatest results in decreasing anxiety.

Background: General anesthesia usually requires mechanical ventilation, which is traditionally accomplished with constant tidal volumes in volume- or pressure-controlled modes. Experimental studies suggest that the use of variable tidal volumes (variable ventilation) recruits lung tissue, improves pulmonary function and reduces systemic inflammatory response. However, it is currently not known whether patients undergoing open abdominal surgery might benefit from intraoperative variable ventilation. Methods/Design: The PROtective VARiable ventilation trial ('PROVAR') is a single center, randomized controlled trial enrolling 50 patients who are planning for open abdominal surgery expected to last longer than 3 hours. PROVAR compares conventional (non-variable) lung protective ventilation (CV) with variable lung protective ventilation (VV) regarding pulmonary function and inflammatory response. The primary endpoint of the study is the forced vital capacity on the first postoperative day. Secondary endpoints include further lung function tests, plasma cytokine levels, spatial distribution of ventilation assessed by means of electrical impedance tomography and postoperative pulmonary complications. Discussion: We hypothesize that VV improves lung function and reduces systemic inflammatory response compared to CV in patients receiving mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia for open abdominal surgery longer than 3 hours. PROVAR is the first randomized controlled trial aiming at intra- and postoperative effects of VV on lung function. This study may help to define the role of VV during general anesthesia requiring mechanical ventilation.