Malaria affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and equally claims hundreds of thousands of lives each year. With the current spread of drug resistance to standard antimalarial drugs like chloroquine and the emergence of artemisinin-resistant parasites, new antimalarial drugs and formulations are urgently needed. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out in this study in search of novel compounds with promising antiplasmodial activity. Using the ethnobotanical approach, a total of 61 plant species from 59 genera distributed in 34 plant families were found to be used traditionally for the treatment of malaria in Nigeria. Biological evaluation of the plant¿s methanolic extracts was assessed using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay against the chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (K1) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. A total of five (5) plant species showed more potent antiplasmodial activities against the malaria parasites. These are Acanthospermum hispidum, Cassia occidentalis, Kaempferia aethiopica Prosopis africana and Physalis angulata with MIC values ranging between 7.815µg/ml to 31.25µg/ml (3D7 strain) and 15.63µg/ml to 62.50µg/ml (K1 strain) against the malaria parasites, respectively. Two plants, Prosopis africana (Leguminosae-mimosoideae) and Physalis angulata (Solanaceae) were selected for further study. The phytochemical investigation of the active chloroform extracts of P. africana and P. angulata yielded several compounds with three known alkaloids, namely, prosopinine (I), prosopine (II) and acetamide (III). Their structures were confirmed by MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Compounds I, II and III have moderate in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the malaria parasites. Both chloroquine and artemether were used as standard control. / Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK (Commonwealth Scholarship Reference Number: NGCS-2005-259).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1706198 bytes, checksum: c4915bca3b40ed2428eea9f96a37d654 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Physalis ou golden berry, genus of the Solanaceae family, is widely distributed throughout North and Northeast of Brazil. Known as Canapu, Camapum, Joá-de-capote, among other popular names, occurs spontaneous, needing studies on quality of fruits. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of the species Physalis angulata and P. pubescens harvested from six localities in the state of Paraíba, comparing with a commercial species (P. peruviana). Fruits without the calix were classified into five maturity stages: Completely Green (CG), Light Green (LG), Begining of Yellow Pigmentation (BY), Predominantly Yellow (PY), and Completely Yellow (CY). The evaluatins were: fresh mass (g), length (mm) diameter (mm), firmness (N), color, pH, soluble solids (SS%), Titratable Acidity (TA% citric acid), SS / TA ratio, Reducing Sugars and total soluble sugars (TSA, g.100g-1), ascorbic acid (AA, mg.100g-1), total carotenoids (μg.100g-1), total chlorophyll (mg.100g-1), yellow flavonoids (mg.100g-1), anthocyanins (mg.100g-1), Total Extractable Polyphenols (TEP mg 100g-1), and Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA g.gDPPH-1). It was applied a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (location x maturity stage), being for P. angulata in a 4x5 and for P. pubescens in a 2x4. For physical assessments, it was used 40 fruits, consisting of 40 repeplications and for the other evaluations it was used three replications, each one using a number of fruit corresponding to approximately 200 g without the floral calyces. Data were submitted to variance analysis and the means of the local (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, and L6) and maturity stages were compared by the Tukey test. A comparison of P. peruviana with the two species occurring in Paraíba was performed by Dunnett's test at 5% probability. The SS of P. angulata fruits from L2 and L4 were superior to those of commercial species. Only the AT of P. pubescens fruits from L6 was higher than the P. peruviana. The SS / TA ratio was higher than the commercial in fruits from all locations, except the L6, which may favor the consumption as fruits fresh. The AR content in fruits of P. angulata and P. pubescens were lower than the P. peruviana. The AST in fruits of P. angulata and P. pubescens differed from the P. peruviana (9.90 g.100g-1), except the fruits of P. angulata from L2 (9.40 g.100g-1). Fruits from L2 showed ascorbic acid close to the P. peruviana, being higher than those from other locations. Fruit with the highest content of total carotenoids, chlorophyll, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were of P. pubescens, from L6. This species also showed higher content of TEP than the fruits of P. angulata and P. peruviana and total antioxidant activity close to this last. Fruits of P. pubescens presented higher contents of bioactive compounds than those of P. angulata, excepted by ascorbic acid in fruits of the L2, which was higher than those from other locations and very close to the P. peruviana. Fruits of P. pubescens also showed higher antioxidant activity that of P. Angulata, being close to that of P. peruviana. / Physalis, gênero da família Solanaceae, é amplamente distribuído no Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Conhecido como canapu, camapum, joá-de-capote, ocorre de forma espontânea, sendo necessários estudos sobre a qualidade dos frutos. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de frutos das espécies Physalis angulata e P. pubescens colhidos de seis localidades do estado da Paraíba, comparando-os com uma espécie comercial (P. peruviana). Os frutos sem o cálice foram classificados em cinco estádios de maturação: Completamente Verde (CV), Parcialmente Verde (PV), Início de Pigmentação Amarela (IA), Predominante Amarela (PA) e Completamente Amarela (CA). As avaliações foram: massa fresca (g), comprimento e diâmetro (mm), firmeza (N), Cor, pH, Sólidos Solúveis (SS, %), Acidez Titulável (AT, % ácido cítrico), Relação SS/AT, Açúcares Redutores e Solúveis Totais (AST, g. 100g-1), Ácido Ascórbico (AA, mg.100g-1), carotenoides totais (μg.100g-1), clorofila total, flavonoides amarelos, antocianinas e Polifenóis Extraíveis Totais (PET, mg.100g-1) e Atividade Antioxidante Total (AAT, g.gDPPH-1). Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (localidade x estádio de maturação), sendo para P. angulata em 4x5 e para P. pubescens em 2x4. Para as avaliações físicas foram utilizados 40 frutos, consistindo em 40 repetições e para as físico-químicas, 3 repetições, com aproximadamente 200 g de frutos cada. Os dados foram submetidos a analise de variância e as médias dos locais (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5 e L6) e dos estádios de maturação comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A comparação da P. peruviana com as espécies da Paraíba foi realizada pelo teste de Dunnett a 5% de probabilidade. Os SS dos frutos de P. angulata de L2 e L4 foram superiores aos da espécie comercial. Apenas a AT dos frutos de P. pubescens da L6 foi superior a da espécie comercial. A relação SS/AT foi superior a da comercial nos frutos de quase todas as localidades, com exceção de L6, o que pode favorecer o consumo fresco desses frutos. Os teores de AR em frutos de P. angulata e P. pubescens de todas as localidades foram inferiores ao da espécie comercial. Os teores de AST nos frutos de P. angulata e P. pubescens diferiram da espécie comercial (9,90 g.100g-1), com exceção dos frutos de P. angulata de L2 (9,40 g.100g-1). Os frutos colhidos de L2 apresentaram teor de ácido ascórbico próximo ao da espécie comercial, sendo superior aos das demais localidades. Os frutos com maiores teor de carotenoides totais, clorofila, flavonoides amarelos e antocianinas foram os de P. pubescens, na L6. Essa espécie também apresentou maior teor de PET do que os frutos de P. angulata e de P. peruviana e também atividade antioxidante total próxima a da comercial. Frutos de P. pubescens apresentam maior conteúdo de compostos bioativos do que os de P. angulata, com exceção do teor de ácido ascórbico nos frutos da L2, que foi superior aos das demais localidades e muito próximo ao da espécie comercial. Os frutos de P. pubescens também apresentaram atividade antioxidante superior a dos frutos de P. angulata sendo próxima a de P. peruviana.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) à uma planta considerada daninha conhecida popularmente como Camapu, dispersa em vÃrios estados do Brasil e em vÃrios continentes. O presente trabalho relata o estudo fitoquÃmico dos extratos: clorofÃrmico e acetato de etila, oriundos do extrato etanÃlico das partes aÃreas de Physalis angulata L. A cromatografia em sÃlica gel resultou na separaÃÃo de cinco vitaesterÃides (fisalinas D, B, F, 5-a-etÃxi-6-b-hidrÃxi-5,6-diidrofisalina B, E, e uma fisalina semi-sintÃtica denominada de 5-a-etÃxi-6-b-hidrÃxi-2,3,5,6-tetrahidrofisalina B). As cinco fisalinas foram avaliadas quanto ao potencial citotÃxico em 9 linhagens de cÃlulas tumorais (CEM, HL-60, PC-3, HCT-8, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB 435, K-562, MCF-7, B-16), sobre o desenvolvimento de embriÃes de ouriÃo do mar e quanto à sua capacidade hemolÃtica. A atividade antitumoral in vivo para as fisalinas B e D foi avaliada em camundongos inoculados com o tumor sarcoma 180. As fisalinas apresentaram uma promissora atividade citotÃxica, sendo que a fisalina D foi a mais ativa sobre as cÃlulas tumorais com uma CI50 < 3,0 Âg/mL. As fisalinas D, B, F, 5-a-etÃxi-6-b-hidrÃxi-5,6-diidrofisalina B, inibiram o desenvolvimento embrionÃrio em uma concentraÃÃo < 30 Âg/mL, entretanto, na 1Â. divisÃo e na blÃstula, a fisalina D (PA-1), novamente foi a mais ativa, com CI50 = 4.786 e 5.498 Âg/mL, respectivamente. Na 3 divisÃo, a fisalina B (PA-2) mostrou uma CI50 de 5.308 Âg/mL. Nenhuma fisalina apresentou atividade hemolÃtica na mÃxima concentraÃÃo testada (200 Âg/mL). O estudo dos efeitos das fraÃÃes sobre a viabilidade (exclusÃo por azul de tripan), e induÃÃo de morte (coloraÃÃo por BE/LA) nas cÃlulas HL-60 demonstrou que principalmente a fisalina B e D (10 Âg/mL) foram as mais fortes indutoras do fenÃmeno apoptÃtico. PorÃm, fisalina D (15 Âg/mL) apresentou elevado perfil na induÃÃo de necrose celular. As fisalinas D e fisalina B nas doses de 10 e 25 mg/Kg apresentaram potencial de inibiÃÃo do crescimento tumoral correspondente a 45% em ambas as doses para a fisalina D e de 44 e 52%, respectivamente para a fisalina B. Esta atividade antitumoral in vivo foi relacionada à inibiÃÃo da taxa de proliferaÃÃo do tumor, como observado pela marcaÃÃo atravÃs do anticorpo Ki-67. A anÃlise de histopatolÃgica de rim e fÃgado mostrou que ambos os ÃrgÃos foram moderadamente afetados apÃs o tratamento com as fisalinas, mas de uma maneira reversÃvel / The present study describes the phytochemical analysis of the chloroform and ethyl acetate partitions obtained from the ethanol extract of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae). The sÃlica gel chromatography resulted on the separation of 5 whytaesteroids (physalina D, B, F, 5-a-etoxi-6-b-hidroxi-5,6-dihidrophysalin B, E and a semi-synthetic physalin named as 5-a-etÃxi-6-b-hidrÃxi-2,3,5,6-tetrahidrophysalin B). The physalins were evaluated for their cytotoxic potentials on 9 tumor cell lines (CEM, HL-60, PC-3, HCT-8, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB 435, K-562, MCF-7, B-16), on the embryogenesis of sea-urchin eggs and for its lytic capacity in erythrocytes. Antitumoral activity in vivo was observed on a mouse model inoculated with Sarcoma 180. The physalins showed a promising cytotoxic effect, being physalin D the most active on the cell lines (IC50 < 3,0 mg/mL). The physalins D, B, F, 5-a-etoxi-6-b-hidroxi-5, 6-dihidrophysalin B inhibited the progression of the sea-urchin embryoâs cell cycle within a concentration under 30 Âg/mL. On the 1st cleavage and blastulae stages, physalin D showed to be the most active, with the respective IC50 of 4.786 and 5.498 Âg/mL. On 3rd cleavage, physalin B presented an IC50 of 5.308 Âg/mL. None of the physalins showed any sings of lytic activity in concentrations as high as 200 Âg/mL. The study about the physalins effects upon cell viability (trypan blue daye) and death mechanisms on HL-60 cells (EB/AO staining) suggests that physalins B and D were the strongest inducers of apoptosis. Physalin D also induced cellular necrosis on a rather intense level. Physalin B, on doses of 10 and 25 mg/Kg, inhibited tumor growth on 44 e 52%, respectively, while physalin D inhibited tumor growth on 45% in both treatments. The antitumor activity in vivo was related to the lowest proliferation rate, as evaluated by the Ki-67 antibody marker. The histopathological analysis of kidney and liver suggests that those organs are affected, in a reversible manner, on mice treated with physalins

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-11-09T17:58:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Mariana de Albuquerque Almeida.pdf: 2619920 bytes, checksum: 48c00262629bac9a7779fc4ea9ec94a6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T17:58:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Mariana de Albuquerque Almeida.pdf: 2619920 bytes, checksum: 48c00262629bac9a7779fc4ea9ec94a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-10 / CAPES / This dissertation presents the evaluation of four thiosemicarbazones, from extracts of species of vegetables Talinum triangulare, Physalis angulata e Theobroma cacao L. besides formulation obtained from the combination extract of thiosemicarbazones vegetables as corrosion inhibitor in the presence of carbon steel AISI 1020. Thiosemicarbazones were obtained with good level of purity, satisfactory throughput and identified by NMR of 1H and 13C. The watery extract of Talinum triangulare was obtained using ultrasound device. The extracts of Physalis angulata species were obtained by maceration in water and the other one in ethyl acetate. The watery extracts of Theobroma cacao L. species were obtained using ultrasound device and decoction and hydroalcoholic extract was obtained by maceration in ethanol:water (80:20). The thiosemicarbazones, the vegetable extracts and their formulation were tested in the presence of corrosion of carbon steel AISI 1020 in solution 1 mol. L-1 of HCl. For this evaluation it was used the gravimetric techinique of weight loss and electrochemical techiniques of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that the presence of thiosemicarbazones, as well as, the formulation increased significantly the resistence of carbon steel AISI 1020 in acidic medium. The results obtained in different used essays (weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) show that these techniques are complementary in relation to the evaluation of corrosion inhibition. The best anti-corrosion efficiency was observed for thiosemicarbazone chloro and hydroxy-substituted and its formulations with the extract of T. triangulare achieving 88% and 87% of efficiency, by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. / Nesta Tese ? apresentada a avalia??o de quatro tiossemicarbazonas, dos extratos das esp?cies vegetais Talinum triangulare, Physalis angulata e Theobroma cacao L., al?m de formula??es obtidas pela combina??o extrato vegetal:tiossemicarbazonas, como inibidores de corros?o frente ao a?o carbono AISI 1020 em meio de ?cido cloridr?co. As tiossemicarbazonas foram obtidas com bom grau de pureza, em rendimentos satisfat?rios e, caracterizadas por IV, RMN de ^1H e ^13C. O extrato aquoso de Talinum triangulare foi obtido em aparelho de ultrassom, os extratos da esp?cie Physalis angulata, foram obtidos sob macera??o em ?gua e o outro em acetato de etila; j? os extratos aquosos da esp?cie Theobroma cacao L. foram obtidos em aparelho de ultrassom e decoc??o e, finalmente, o extrato hidroalco?lico foi obtido por macera??o em etanol:?gua (80:20). As tiossemicarbazonas, os extratos vegetais e suas formula??es foram testadas frente ? corros?o de a?o carbono AISI 1020 em solu??o 1mol.L-1 de HCl. Para tal avalia??o foi utilizada a t?cnica gravim?trica de Perda de Massa e as t?cnicas eletroqu?micas de Polariza??o Potenciodin?mica e Espectroscopia de Imped?ncia Eletroqu?mica. Os resultados mostraram que a presen?a de tiossemicarbazonas, bem como, das formula??es aumentam significativamente a resist?ncia do a?o carbono AISI 1020 em ?cido. Os resultados obtidos nos diferentes ensaios utilizados (Perda de Massa, Polariza??o Potenciodin?mica e Espectroscopia de Imped?ncia Eletroqu?mica) mostraram que estas t?cnicas s?o complementares quanto a avalia??o da inibi??o da corros?o. A melhor efici?ncia anticorrosiva foi observada para as tiossemicarbazonas cloro e hidroxi-substitu?das e, para suas formula??es com o extrato da T. triangulare obtendo-se 88% e 87% de efici?ncia por espectroscopia de imped?ncia eletroqu?mica, respectivamente.