O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os surtos de toxinfecções alimentares ocorridos no município de Limeira, SP, no período de julho de 2005 a julho de 2006, por meio da estrutura existente na vigilância epidemiológica do município e, subsidiar ações com vistas à redução da ocorrência dos mesmos. Foram analisados os locais de ocorrência, os comensais envolvidos, as características da doença, os prováveis alimentos/preparações envolvidos - incriminados por meio do cálculo do Risco Relativo - RR, o nível de adequação das Boas Práticas de Higiene - BPH de acordo com a RDC nº216 da Agencia Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – ANVISA (BRASIL, 2004) e os prováveis agentes etiológicos responsáveis. No período de estudo, foram notificados e investigados 7 surtos de toxinfecções alimentares com o envolvimento de 95 pessoas, das quais 67 (70,5%) adoeceram. Dos surtos investigados, 85,7% ocorreram em residências e a contaminação dos alimentos/preparações ocorreu principalmente nas etapas de manipulação e preparação. Os surtos ocorreram em locais nos quais a média percentual de itens não-conformes com as BPH variou de 30,4 a 76,9. Os fatores que contribuíram para a ocorrência dos surtos foram: armazenamento sob temperatura inadequada (71,4%), tratamento térmico inadequado (28,6%), contaminação cruzada (28,6%), contaminação originada pelo manipulador (28,6%), desinfecção inadequada de alimentos consumidos "in natura" (14,3%) e consumo de alimentos crus contaminados (14,3%). Os prováveis agentes etiológicos responsáveis foram de natureza exclusivamente bacteriana: Salmonella (28,6% dos surtos), Staphylococcus aureus (28,6% dos surtos), Bacillus cereus (14,3% dos surtos), Clostridium perfringens (14,3% dos surtos) e Escherichia coli (14,3% dos surtos). Entre os manipuladores responsáveis pelas preparações envolvidas nos surtos, 71,4% possuíam como grau de escolaridade ensino fundamental incompleto, não eram profissionais da área de alimentação e, também, não possuíam cursos e/ou treinamentos na área de higiene e manipulação de alimentos. Nesse sentido, propôs-se que medidas educacionais sobre higiene e manipulação de alimentos, com conteúdo e didática acessíveis, sejam implementadas e/ou intensificadas para a população e não somente aos profissionais da área de alimentos. / The present research had the purpose to analyse the foodborne disease outbreaks occurred in the city of Limeira, between july 2005 and july 2006, with epidemiological surveillance´s aid, and offers tools to decrease the outbreaks occurrence. Locals of occurrence, people involved, symptoms, food preparations involved – incriminated by Relative Risk - RR calculation, manipulation practice and hygiene according RDC 216 of ANVISA (BRAZIL, 2004) were analyzed. During the study were reported 7 foodborne disease outbreaks, 95 people were involved and 67 (70,5%) got foodborne disease. About outbreaks, 85,7% occurred in residences and the main factors of the contamination were inadequate manipulation practices. The outbreaks occurred in locals that inappropriate manipulation practice and hygiene ranged 30,4 and 76,9%. The factors that contributed to occurrence of the foodborne disease outbreaks were: inadequate storage temperatures (71,4%), contamination from food handlers (28,6%), inadequate heat treatment (28,6%), cross-contamination (28,6%), inadequate disinfection of raw foods (14,3%) and consume raw foods contaminated (14,3%). The probable microrganisms involved in foodborne diseases outbreaks were: Salmonella (28,6%), Stapylococcus aureus (28,6%), Bacillus cereus (14,3%), Clostridium perfringens (14,3%) and Escherichia coli (14,3%). About food handlers responsible by the preparations, 71,4% had low education level and were not professionals of food. To prevent foodborne diseases outbreaks, education and training about food safety and good manipulation practice could be offer to the population, not only to the professionals of food.

<p>Persistent and maladaptive fear in the absence of a threat can be disruptive because it decreases an organism’s opportunity to seek life-sustaining substances. Learned safety signaling can suppress fear and encourage reward-seeking behavior, thus freeing the organism from fear induced immobilization. The infralimbic (IL) region of the prefrontal cortex is important for recalling fear extinction memories and for suppressing fear via learned safety signals. Neurons in the IL show an excitatory response to an extinguished fear cue. We thus hypothesized that neurons in the IL would encode safety by showing an excitatory response during active fear suppression to a learned safety signal. </p> <p>To assess global changes in IL activity, we monitored IL multi-unit activity to different cues while training animals in a fear-reward-safety discrimination task (Sangha, Chadick, & Janak, 2013). During the discrimination task, male rats learned that the reward cue predicted liquid sucrose, the fear cue predicted footshock and the joint presentation of both the fear and safety cues resulted in no footshock. We also counterbalanced the modality of fear and safety cues (auditory vs visual) with two separate groups of animals to control for potential sensory modality effects. Male rats showed high levels of freezing to the fear cue, and significantly reduced levels of freezing to the combined fear+safety cue. Male rats also showed high levels of port activity to the reward cue. There was no significant difference in the learning rate between the two counterbalanced conditions. </p> <p>Our multi-unit-data showed an increase in IL neuronal firing to the fear+safety cue across training sessions. This effect was consistent between the two counterbalanced conditions. We also examined single-unit activity from all animals that received light as the safety cue (n=8). This allowed us to examine the population response profile with a subset of the total animals. Although not statistically significant, our preliminary single-unit data demonstrated a decrease in the percentage of neurons that showed an inhibitory response to the fear+safety cue, but no change in the percentage of neurons that showed an excitatory response to the fear+safety cue. There was also no change in the magnitude of averaged firing rate in fear+safety excitatory or inhibitory neurons across training. Taken together, the decreased inhibition of single-unit activity in the IL may drive the increased excitation in multi-unit activity in the IL during behavioral fear suppression to a safety signal. </p>

Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2018. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 138-154). / Highly migratory marine fishes support valuable commercial fisheries worldwide. Yet, many target species have proven difficult to study due to long-distance migrations and regular deep diving. Despite the dominance of oceanographic features, such as fronts and eddies, in the open ocean, the biophysical interactions occurring at the oceanic (sub)mesoscale (< 100 km) remain poorly understood. This leads to a paucity of knowledge on oceanographic associations of pelagic fishes and hinders management efforts. With ever-improving oceanographic datasets and modeling outputs, we can leverage these tools both to derive better estimates of animal movements and to quantify fish-environment interactions. In this thesis, I developed analytical tools to characterize the biophysical interactions influencing animal behavior and species' ecology in the open ocean. A novel, observation-based likelihood framework was combined with a Bayesian state-space model to improve geolocation estimates for archival-tagged fishes using oceanographic profile data. Using this approach, I constructed track estimates for a large basking shark tag dataset using a high-resolution oceanographic model and discovered a wide range of movement strategies. I also applied this modeling approach to track archival-tagged swordfish, which revealed affinity for thermal front and eddy habitats throughout the North Atlantic that was further corroborated by synthesizing these results with a fisheries-dependent conventional tag dataset. An additive modeling approach applied to longline catch-per-unit effort data further highlighted the biophysical interactions that characterize variability in swordfish catch. In the final chapter, I designed a synergistic analysis of high-resolution, 3D shark movements and satellite observations to quantify the influence of mesoscale oceanography on blue shark movements and behavior. This work demonstrated the importance of eddies in structuring the pelagic ocean by influencing the movements of an apex predator and governing the connectivity between deep scattering layer communities and deep-diving, epipelagic predators. Together, these studies demonstrate the breadth and depth of information that can be garnered through the integration of traditional animal tagging and oceanographic research with cutting-edge analytical approaches and high-resolution oceanographic model and remote sensing datasets, the product of which provides a transformative view of the biophysical interactions occurring in and governing the structure of the pelagic ocean. / by Camrin Donald Braun. / Ph. D.

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