Thesis (M.A.)--University of London. / Bibliography: p. 150-153.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of London. / Bibliography: p. 150-153.

Metal artifacts from the pirate Blackbeard's flagship, Queen Anne's Revenge (1718), were studied and a preliminary assessment of the corrosion products that have formed on them is presented. Artifacts made of iron, lead, tin, copper, mercury, gold, and silver were recovered from the site with only those made of precious metals displaying no corrosion products. Detailed analysis was conducted of the surfaces of pewter artifacts, made from a tin-rich alloy, revealing corrosion products composed of romarchite (SnO), hydroromarchite (5SnO.2H2O), and abhurite (Sn3O(OH)2Cl2). For comparison, corroded pewter artifacts originating from five other archaeological sites submerged in seawater, dating to between ~1550 and 1733, were analyzed. All of these samples also exhibit abhurite, romarchite, and hydroromarchite, however, some of the artifacts also display cassiterite (SnO2). Textural analysis indicates that abhurite is the first alteration product to arise, followed by romarchite and hydroromarchite and, in some cases, ending with the formation of cassiterite. The absence of cassiterite on many samples demonstrates that, while appearing to be stable under the conditions that were present, the phase has not yet had time to form. Because of the very limited stability field for romarchite, its presence on these artifacts seems to be the result of a kinetic effect, while its universal appearance suggests that it is a required step in the oxidation of pure tin to the final most stable phase of cassiterite. Knowledge of the stability of pewter corrosion products and their effectiveness as agents of passivation can provide insight into the processes of tin corrosion. / Master of Science

Dans l’optique de la gestion de population du puffin d’Audubon de Martinique, cette thèse a permis d’établir un diagnostic démographique et d’apporter des connaissances indispensables sur l’écologie marine de cette espèce. La population a connu une croissance assez marquée les dernières années, correspondant à une période où les rats ont été exterminés et le suivi de la colonie réduit pour limiter le dérangement. Cependant, le principal facteur ayant expliqué cette augmentation de la population, a été une amélioration des conditions marines favorisant une disponibilité des proies plus importante, particulièrement hors reproduction. L’augmentation de la survie des adultes a été alors expliquée en grande partie par un effet positif des variations de température d’eau de surface de l’océan (SST) hors reproduction et un effet positif du débit de l’Amazone avec un décalage d’un an. En mer, on remarque que le puffin d’Audubon de Martinique a un comportement sédentaire avec une distribution très régionale limitée aux Petites Antilles et proche des côtes du nord de l’Amérique du Sud. Sa niche alimentaire est sous la forte influence d’apports fluviaux de l’Amazone et de l’Orénoque, milieux à faible salinité et à SST élevée. De plus, les zones d’alimentation de la population de Martinique diffèrent de celle de Bahamas et cela suggère une double problématique de gestion de la sous-espèce de la Caraïbe. Ces nouvelles connaissances permettront de mieux orienter les mesures de conservation mais soulignent également le besoin de clarifier la taxonomie de cette espèce à l’échelle de la Caraïbe, la dynamique de la population et d’évaluer plus précisément les menaces en mer. / In the context of management of Audubon’s shearwater population from Martinique, this thesis has established a demographic diagnosis and provided essential knowledge on the marine ecology of this species. The population has experienced a fairly marked growth in recent years, corresponding to a period where the rats were exterminated and monitoring of colony was limited to reduce the disturbance. However, the main factor that explained the increase in population was improved marine conditions favoring greater availability of prey, especially outside reproduction. The increase in adult survival was then explained in large part by a positive effect of changes in ocean surface water temperature (SST) out of reproduction and a positive effect of the flow of the Amazon with a lag one year. At sea, we notice that the puffin Audubon Martinique has sedentary behavior with very limited regional distribution and the Lesser Antilles near the northern coast of South America. Its food niche is under the strong influence of riverine inputs of the Amazon and Orinoco, low salinity and high SST environments. In addition, foraging areas of Audubon's Shearwater from Martinique differ from that of the Bahamas and this suggests a double subspecies of the Caribbean management problematic. This new knowledge will help guide conservation measures but also underline the need to clarify the taxonomy of this species throughout the Caribbean, the dynamics of the population and to more accurately assess its threats at sea.

The purpose of this paper is to attempt to write a complete history of Saint Anne's Church in Columbia, California. Since Saint Anne's Church was the second Catholic Church in Columbia, the writer has felt it necessary to also include information regarding the first church.