Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Lisa Eckel, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 15, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 34 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Proefschrift Maastricht. / Lit.opg. - Met een samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-140).

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T15:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 239604.pdf: 1312685 bytes, checksum: 1368980bb8e6940ac9d5d906403050be (MD5) / Esta pesquisa propõe-se, a partir da perspectiva foucaultiana, a investigar a corporeidade e o corpo anoréxicos, através da arqueologia dos discursos disponibilizados na Internet por sujeitos que se declaram e se vinculam ao movimento virtual denominado Pró-Ana, rede de atuações que se constitui e se coloca a favor da anorexia e a outorga enquanto um estilo de vida. Tais sujeitos em seus weblogs pessoais, constroem diários confessionais de práticas e vigilâncias dietéticas e estéticas, proclamando determinadas formas de relacionarem-se consigos mesmos, tendo como exercícios centrais de si a negação da alimentação e a busca infindável pelo decréscimo de peso. Elaborou-se a arqueologia destes discursos através da análise comparativa de três weblogs (pertencentes a uma adolescente, a uma jovem e a uma adulta), buscando dar visibilidade às tecnologias de si que se dissipam e estruturam a subjetividade anoréxica, e delineou-se, através da leitura de cem weblogs catalogados pela pesquisadora, selecionados aleatoriamente, a genealogia dos poderes que visam estabelecer os regimentos e as características do movimento Pró-Ana (pró-anorexia), objetivando localizar as regularidades do mesmo. O exame do material em questão possibilitou uma contextualização histórica-política do transtorno alimentar #anorexia nervosa#, bem como a reflexão acerca da construção midiática e estética dos corpos extremamente magros da contemporaneidade. Proporcionou, outrossim, constatar que muitos dispositivos e práticas se instituem neste tecido virtual e rizomático, moldando condutas que aproximam a magreza corporal à promessa e à garantia de felicidade futura. Da mesma forma, favoreceu a discussão sobre a insustentável leveza dos exercícios de si, quando vinculados a busca de ideais padronizados de beleza.

CITÓ, Maria do Carmo Oliveira. Alterações comportamentais, neuroquimicas e metabólicas causadas pelo uso agudo e de doses repetidas de Hoodia Gordonii em roedores. 2014. 178 f. Tese (Doutorado em Farmacologia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by denise santos (denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2015-01-28T12:18:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_mcocitó.pdf: 1964278 bytes, checksum: b42b2c14ee62e452b7a0a37b0c55246f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by denise santos(denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2015-01-28T12:19:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_mcocitó.pdf: 1964278 bytes, checksum: b42b2c14ee62e452b7a0a37b0c55246f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-28T12:19:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_mcocitó.pdf: 1964278 bytes, checksum: b42b2c14ee62e452b7a0a37b0c55246f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Hoodia gordonii has become consumed centuries, in order to promote a reduction in appetite, due to reduced food and water intake. Even today it is consumed in many countries. The present study investigated possible behavioral and metabolic alterations in rodents treated with Hoodia gordonii in different treatment periods. To evaluate body weight, the rats was weighted daily during the period of treatment and measured water and food intake. To investigate the behavioral (anxiety and depression) and neurochemical changes, the mice were tested for 1,8 and 15 days of treatment with Hoodia gordonii (25 and 50mg/kg, oral), the experimental models being performed in the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), Open Field (OP) test and other group mice submitted the Forced Swimming (FN) test. In order, to investigate the involvement with the monoaminergic system, the mice were pretreated with specific dopamine D1 and D2; α1 and α2 of noradrenaline, serotonin 5HT1A, 5HT2A/2C, 5HT3A receptor antagonists in the forced swimming test. In addition, other groups of animals were pretreated with H. gordonii for 1,8 and 15 days and after one hour, the striatum were removed for HPLC analysis of monoamines and hippocampus for the experiments of oxidative stress, such as enzymatic activity quantification of low levels of glutathione, catalase enzime, nitrite/nitrate and malondialdehyde levels. The citotoxicity (MTT) and genotoxicity (DNA) test was conducted in human lymphocytes. The results showed that, the extract reduced the body weight of the animals, as well as, food and water intake. In the behavioral testing, Hoodia gordonii presented anxiogenic effect in the EPM, reduced locomotor activity on day 1, 8 and 15 of treatment and antidepressant-like effect after the first dose administration, with reduced immobility time. It was interacted with noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors used in this study. The extract promoted an increase in levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the striatum of mice after 1 day, and increased monoamines dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin after 15 days. The oxidative stress was not able to alter the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, reduced glutathione in the hippocampus of mice, reduced the concentration of nitrite in both doses used in the three treatment times. The cellular DNA of human lymphocytes was not changed. H. gordonii did not cause liver and kidney after administration of doses 550 and 2000 mg/kg histopathology changes. Concentrations of 50 at 200µg/mL did not develop citotoxicity and genotoxicity test, was not able to change the cellular DNA of human lymphocytes. It can be concluded that, Hoodia gordonii showed great results in rodents. However, other studies it´s necessary to ensure the safe use of the extract, and it can be approved or not in our country. / Hoodia gordonii passou a ser consumida há séculos, com o intuito de promover uma redução do apetite e da ingestão de água e comida, e até os dias atuais é utilizada para este fim, em diversos países. O presente estudo buscou investigar possíveis alterações comportamentais e metabólicas em roedores tratados com Hoodia gordonii, em diferentes períodos de tratamento. Para avaliar o peso corporal do animal, ratos foram pesados diariamente, no período do tratamento e mensurado o peso, a ingestão de água e comida. Para investigar as alterações comportamentais (ansiedade e depressão) e neuroquímicas, os camundongos foram submetidos aos tratamentos de 1, 8 e 15 dias com Hoodia gordonii por via oral (25 e 50mg/kg), e em seguida realizados os testes comportamentais de Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE), Campo Aberto (CA) e outros grupos de camundongos foram submetidos ao teste do Nado Forçado (NF). Com intuito de investigar o envolvimento com o sistema monoaminérgico, no efeito de H. gordonii sobre a depressão, os camundongos foram pré-tratados com antagonistas específicos para receptores de dopamina D1 e D2, de noradrenalina α1 e α2, de serotonina 5HT1A, 5HT2A/2C, 5HT3A no teste do nado forçado. Além disso, outros grupos de camundongos foram pré-tratados com Hoodia gordonii por 1,8 e 15 dias e uma hora após tiveram o corpo estriado removido para análise da concentração de monoaminas, através da técnica de HPLC e o hipocampo para realização de experimentos de estresse oxidativo, por quantificação dos níveis de glutationa reduzida, atividade da enzima catalase, níveis de nitrito/nitrato e malonildialdeído. Foi realizado também teste de citotoxicidade pelo método colorimétrico do MTT e estudo de genotoxicidade (DNA) em linfócitos humanos. Os resultados revelaram que o extrato reduziu o peso corporal dos animais, bem como a ingestão de água e comida. Nos testes comportamentais, observou-se um possível efeito ansiogênico no LCE. No teste do campo aberto ocorreu uma redução da atividade locomotora no 15° dia de tratamento e no teste do nado forçado um efeito antidepressivo-símile nos três tempos de tratamento, observado pela redução do tempo de imobilidade. Este efeito antidepressivo foi revertido com o pré-tratamento de antagonistas noradrenérgicos, serotonérgicos e dopaminérgicos utilizados no estudo. O extrato promoveu um aumento na concentração de noradrenalina e serotonina em corpo estriado de camundongos após 1 dia, e aumento de dopamina, noradrenalina e serotonina após 15 dias. Na avaliação do estresse oxidativo, não se observou alterações nos níveis de malonildialdeído (MDA), na concentração da enzima catalase, e da glutationa reduzida, e foi possível verificar uma redução na concentração de nitrito em ambas as doses utilizadas, em hipocampo de camundongos nos três tempos de tratamento. Não causou alterações histopatológicas hepáticas e renais em camundongos, após administração aguda nas doses de 550 e 2000 mg/kg. Nas concentrações de 50 a 200µg/mL não desenvolveu citotoxicidade e no teste de genotoxicidade não foi capaz de alterar o DNA celular de linfócitos humanos. Pode-se concluir que Hoodia gordonii mostrou resultados satisfatórios em roedores. Entretanto, é necessária a realização de outros estudos para garantir a segurança no uso do extrato e futuramente possa trazer benefícios à população.

Trypanosoma brucei is the vector of African trypanosomiasis in both domestic animals (nagana) and sleeping sickness in humans (Human African Trypanosomiasis). These protozoan parasites are transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (Glossina sp.). African trypanosome infections cause parasite-induced anorexia (PIA) and cachexia in livestock, experimental animals and in humans, and are of economic, veterinary and medical importance in sub-Saharan Africa. The overall aim of this project was to characterise the phenomenon of inappetence in relation to overall energy budget in African trypanosome infection and to then identify potential causal factors and mechanisms. A mouse model of T.b. brucei infection was established with a reproducible time course for the development of inappetence and bodyweight loss. Following an initial parasitaemic peak on day 6 post-infection, a profound period of inappetence was observed from days 7 to 11, accompanied by a 10% loss of body mass. Metabolisable energy intake was reduced, while assimilation efficiency increased significantly but not enough to compensate for the severe reduction in food intake. During the course of T.b. brucei infection, both total energy expenditure and physical activity were reduced. Although physical activity was markedly declined in both light and dark phases, trypanosome infected mice maintained their circadian rhythm albeit at a lower amplitude, with most of the activity occurring at the start of the dark phase. Resting metabolic rate was unchanged in infection. Plasma concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α were increased in infected mice and were associated with inappetence. Reductions of leptin and insulin concentration corresponded to a loss in fat mass. The hypothalamic control of appetite appeared to be normal with increases in appetite stimulating AgRP, decreases in the appetite inhibiting POMC and MC4R. There has been no previous data published on the control of appetite and energy expenditure in African trypanosome infections thus the data presented here provides a novel insight into the pathophysiology of this serious disease, and may lead to new therapies to manage the clinical and veterinary consequences of trypanosome infection.

The thesis has been prepared in paper based format and includes three papers: paper 1 is a literature review, paper 2 is an empirical study and paper 3 is a critical reflection. Paper 1 has been prepared for submission to Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy and systematically reviews the qualitative literature pertaining to the process of recovery from anorexia nervosa (AN). A metasynthesis of 12 studies was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) principles. The metasynthesis identified factors that helped and factors that hindered recovery from AN, in addition to offering an interpretation of how these factors underpin the process of recovery. The strengths and limitations of the review are discussed, as are the implications of the findings for clinical practice. Paper 2 has been prepared for submission to the British Journal of Clinical Psychology and is a qualitative exploration of the nature of the relationship between the self and the eating disorder in individuals with a lifetime history of AN. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 women and the interview transcripts analysed using constructivist grounded theory methodology. The results suggested that the self is shared with AN and separating the self from AN has an important role to play in recovery from the disorder. A theoretical framework explaining the nature of the relationship between the self and AN is presented and discussed. The strengths and limitations of the study are considered, as are the implications of the findings on the content of therapeutic interventions. Paper 3 is not intended for publication and is a critical reflection of the research process as a whole. It evaluates the strengths and limitations of both paper 1 and paper 2, in addition to offering a critical review of completing a qualitative research project. Paper 3 also discusses issues surrounding reflexivity, implications of the research for clinical practice/working as a clinical psychologist and draws overall conclusions.

Bakgrund: anorexia nervosa har under de senaste decennierna ökat i Sverige och liknande trend ses även i andra länder. Sjukdomens mångfacetterade och ibland svårförstådda natur baseras på dess upplevda för- och nackdelar. Behandling mot ätstörningar har förhållandevis hög andel som avslutar den i förtid och det påvisas att många uppvisar motvilja till att delta. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa erfarenheter av att leva med anorexia nervosa. Metod: En litteraturbaserad studie baserad på nio kvalitativa forskningsartiklar. Resultat: Ur analysen av datamaterialet framträdde tre kategorier; Ambivalens mellan gott och ont, Ett pendlande känsloliv samt Att andra människor påverkas och påverkar med fyra underkategorier. Slutsats: Att få kunskap om erfarenheter från de som lever med sjukdomen kan öka förståelsen om dess komplexitet. Därmed kan sjuksköterskor förmedla det stöd som behövs för att ge patienten ökad motivation till att bli frisk. / Background: during the last decades anorexia nervosa has had a rising incidence in Sweden as well as in other countries. The disorder may sometimes be difficult to understand due to its multifaceted nature of experienced pros and cons. Furthermore, reluctance toward treatment is frequent among people suffering from anorexia nervosa and treatment for eating disorders have rather high drop-out rates. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight experiences of living with anorexia nervosa. Method: A literature based study consisting of nine qualitative research articles. Results: Three categories emerged from the analysis; the ambivalence between good and evil, varying emotions and other people are influenced and influences the person with four subcategories. Conclusion: Emphasis on achieving increased knowledge of the lived experiences of anorexia nervosa to enhance understanding for its complexity, might enable nurses’ support-providing to enlarge the patient’s motivation to recovery.

Research has described and many clinicians have reported the anorectic patient as socially disconnected, having a disembodied sense of self, perfectionist expectations, and inadequate and shameful feelings. The more intense the internal war, the more food-focused and self-defeating behavior ensues, thwarting one's ability to receive value, self-acceptance, and love. Addressing the anorexia phenomenon, this study considered, from a sociological perspective, the dynamics of attachment and shame. On the basis of 4 propositions and using a multi-method, case-replication design, attachment and shame patterns for 5 restrictive and 5 normal eaters were compared, as determined by scores from the Parental Bonding Instrument, Inventory of Parental and Peer Attachment, Internalized Shame Scale, and personal interviews. Analysis was progressive, as propositions were tested by pattern-matching steps of rating, comparing, and interpreting recurring responses to self-report and interview questions. All anorectics reported a dominant mother, with whom 4 were over attached and struggled ambivalently for autonomy, and a quiet, inexpressive father, whom 4 considered frequently absent or unavailable. As compared to normal eaters, anorectics' trust and communication scores were lower for both parents and peers. Generally, anorectics showed markedly higher internalized shame. Findings indicated that nonoptimal parental bonding patterns were related to shame. The maternal bonding pattern of affectionless control (high protection, low care) showed the highest shame score, although affectionate constraint (high protection, high care), the most frequently found pattern, also showed a high shame level. There were polarized differences between restrictive and normal eaters, especially in regards to self-hatred, low self-esteem, and suicide ideation. Anorectics also reported more inferiority and peer alienation. Other emergent findings were noted. A modification of a self-definition/relatedness illustration was suggested, as well as a model for the development of anorexia. Social implications, treatment suggestions, and future research recommendations were also presented.

Bakgrund: I grund och botten är människan utseendefixerad och med ett ständigt informationsflöde utsätts den, medvetet eller omedvetet, dagligen för information som förmedlar signaler och budskap om hur man ska se ut och vara. Syfte: Att beskriva vuxna människors upplevelser av att leva med Anorexia Nervosa och hur undersökningsgrupperna i inkluderade studier beskrivs. Metod: Tio kvalitativa studier har granskats, analyserats och sammanställts till litteraturstudiens resultat. De databaser som använts är Cinahl och PubMed. Huvudresultat: Ett av det starkaste inslaget i sjukdomen är känslan av ambivalens, känslan av att sjukdomen är ens bästa vän som man vill vårda och behålla för att inte mista den trygghet den ger. En trygghet att gömma sig bakom, en tröst och en identitet som är väldigt stark. Samtidigt tampas patienterna med viljan att bli frisk som resulterar i känslor som oro, ångest och depression. Metodologisk aspekt: Alla artiklar presenterade sin undersökningsgrupp. Slutsats: Medvetenheten om AN ökar och dessa patienter kan förekomma överallt inom sjukvården. Som grundutbildad sjuksköterska är det troligt att man kommer att möta denna patientgrupp varför det är av största vikt med kunskap om hur människor med AN upplever sin sjukdom. / Background: People are in general obsessed with their looks. With constant influences from the society, people are always vulnerable for daily information which passes signals and messages about how you should look and be. Aim: To describe the adult experience of living with Anorexia Nervosa and the study groups. Method: A quality review with ten qualitative articles which has been analysed and compiled in the result Result: Ambivalence is one of the strongest characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa. The feeling that the disease is your best friend which you want to nurture and keep to feel safe. A security to hide behind, a comfort and identity which is strong. Meanwhile people with AN have to fight with the desire to be healthy which gives them feelings of worry, anxiety and depression. Methodological aspect: All articles presented their study group. Conclusion: The awareness about AN is increasing and these patients can occur everywhere within health-care institutions. A general nurse will probably meet these patients and it’s important to have knowledge about how people with AN experience their disease.