A presença de ovos de helmintos é um dos principais problemas do reúso de esgotos tratados na irrigação agrícola e no reúso urbano não potável. Isso porque pode haver contaminação dos trabalhadores que manipulam a água de reúso e da população consumidora. Os ovos de helmintos não são removidos com eficiência por meio de operações e processos unitários convencionais. Esses processos não possibilitam a remoção de ovos de helmintos a níveis estabelecidos pelas diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para o reúso. Avaliar a filtração até a gravidade, como unidade complementar de tratamento, para a remoção de ovos de helmintos é o objetivo desta pesquisa. Como os efluentes de estações de tratamento de esgotos locais apresentam concentrações muito variáveis de ovos de helmintos, foi utilizada uma solução sintética de ovos padronizados Ascaris suum. A solução sintética preparada com o uso dos ovos padronizados foi usada na determinação dos parâmetros de operação do processo de filtração. Após esses ensaios, foram realizados testes em escala piloto com esgoto tratado, objetivando o estudo da influência da matéria orgânica, dos sólidos e de outros interferentes do processo. Os experimentos com solução sintética foram desenvolvidos nos laboratórios do Centro Internacional de Referência em Reúso de Água (CIRRA), da Escola Politécnica da USP. As experiências com esgoto tratado foram realizadas na ETE do ABC, da SABESP. Os resultados mostraram que as três colunas de filtração foram muito eficientes na remoção dos ovos de helmintos, produzindo um efluente com concentração final inferior a 1 ovo/l. Além disso, a filtração possibilitou a remoção de sólidos suspensos totais, turbidez, cor e material orgânico particulado, resultando em um efluente com grande potencial para ser reusado na irrigação agrícola, bem como no reúso urbano não potável. / Helminth eggs are one of the major problems regarding the reuse of treated sewage in agriculture and non-potable urban irrigation since both workers who handle the effluent and the consumer population might become contaminated. Helminth eggs are not efficiently removed by conventional unit operations and processes, which do not allow the removal of helminth eggs at levels established by the World Health Organization guidelines. The objective of this research is to assess the gravity filtration as an additional unit of treatment for the removal of helminth eggs. Since local effluent sewage treatment stations have highly variable concentrations of helminth eggs, a synthetic solution of standardized Ascaris suum was used. The synthetic solution prepared with standardized eggs was used to determine the operating parameters of the filtration process. Following the trials, pilot scale tests with treated sewage were conducted aimed at evaluating the influence of organic materials, solids, among other materials which might interfere in the process. Experiments with synthetic solution were performed in the laboratory of the International Center of Water Reuse - CIRRA, at the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo. Experiments with treated sewage were performed at ETE - ABC, SABESP. The results showed that the three filtration columns were very efficient in removing helminth eggs, which resulted in an effluent with a final concentration of < 1 egg/L. In addition, the filtration allowed the removal of total suspended solids, turbidity, color, and particulate organic material, resulting in an effluent with great potential to be reused in irrigation as well as in non-potable urban reuse.

Prior to full-scale implementation of process modifications at the Brantford WTP, a pilot-scale treatability study was conducted to investigate intermediate ozonation/AOP and to determine the most suitable granular media (anthracite, GAC, and Filtralite®) for deep-bed biological filtration. The primary objectives of this research were to provide insight into the destruction of natural and synthetic organics and assess ozonated and halogenated DBP formation. Ozone alone was unable to achieve the 1-log removal target for geosmin or MCPA, unless disinfection-level dosages were applied. No improvement was observed when adding hydrogen peroxide. A major obstacle to the implementation of ozonation in bromide-laden source waters is the formation of bromate. There is a direct correlation between ozone dose and bromate formation and by applying ozone dosages at disinfection levels, bromate is likely to exceed regulatory limits. However, adding hydrogen peroxide reduced the amount of bromate formed, and in most cases levels fell below regulatory limits. A linear correlation was established between bromate inhibition and increasing H2O2/O3 ratio at constant ozone dose. Amongst the three filtration media investigated, only GAC achieved 1-log removal for geosmin and MCPA. The superiority of GAC over anthracite and Filtralite® was attributed to its adsorption affinity. Filtralite® and anthracite media were both ineffective for MCPA removal due to its non-biodegradable nature under conventional water treatment conditions. At a 1 mg/L-ozone dose, GAC and Filtralite® filters achieved a 1-log geosmin removal. In contrast, a 1.44 mg/L ozone dose was required to meet this target with anthracite. The tandem of ozone followed by biological filtration was very effective for the control of distribution system TTHM production regardless of filter media, with levels well below current and anticipated provincial regulatory limits. The combination of intermediate ozonation followed by deep-bed biological filtration is well suited for treating Grand River water. Scale-up considerations include pairing the proper filter media to the size of the ozone generator. The best two treatment scenarios were: Option 1: select GAC media and size the ozone generator to produce a 1 mg/L dose. Option 2: select anthracite media and size the ozone generator to deliver a 2 mg/L dose.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America, 1931. / "Biographical note." Bibliography: p. 195-199.

Neste projeto de pesquisa avaliou-se a etapa de filtração no processo de tratamento de água para abastecimento público. Para isto, foi utilizado um sistema de filtração piloto composto por quatro filtros rápidos por gravidade de camada profunda. Os filtros piloto foram alimentados com água decantada da Estação de Tratamento de Água Rio Grande, e operados com taxa de filtração de 500 m3/m2/dia. A concepção dos filtros variou em termos de material filtrante (areia e antracito), diâmetro dos grãos e altura do leito. Os filtros foram avaliados em termos de turbidez, contagem de partículas, evolução de perda de carga e velocidade ascensional de água de lavagem. Na Etapa 1, operando-se filtros de areia e antracito com diferentes diâmetros, o filtro de antracito com 1,3 mm de diâmetro e 120 cm de altura apresentou melhor comportamento no tocante aos parâmetros avaliados. Na etapa 2, comparando-se filtros de areia e de antracito com mesmo diâmetro (1,3 mm) e altura de leito (120 cm), mais uma vez o filtro de antracito foi superior. Acredita-se que os índices físicos justifiquem esse comportamento. Na Etapa 3, conclui-se que o aumento de altura de leito dos filtros de areia (1,3 mm) e antracito (1,3 mm) de 120 cm para 160 cm foi benéfico para ambos os materiais filtrantes em termos de qualidade do efluente, mas muito mais significativo para o antracito, e não se observou alteração de comportamento no tocante à evolução de perda de carga. Com o ensaio de fluidificação e expansão do leito filtrante, conclui-se que, considerando-se o mesmo tempo de duração da lavagem e a mesma expansão do leito, o filtro de antracito possibilitou a utilização de menor velocidade ascensional de água de lavagem, que representa grande economia com relação aos custos do sistema de lavagem. Assim, em todos os aspectos estudados, o uso de antracito (1,3 mm) como material filtrante para filtros rápidos por gravidade de camada profunda se mostrou mais vantajoso. / This project researched the filtration stage in the water treatment process for public use. The research used a pilot filtration system based on four rapid gravity depth bed filters, with a filtration rate of 500m3/m2/dia. The water used in the experiment came from sedimentation tank of the Rio Grande water treatment facility. During the experimental phase the filters were loaded with different depth, used different filter media (sand and anthracite) and used grain with different effective size. The filters were evaluated in terms of turbidity, particle count, head loss and superficial velocity of backwashing water. In the first part of the study, when analyzing the results of filters loaded to a depth of 120 cm using both sand and anthracite with different size, the anthracite filter with effective size of 1.3 mm was the one with the best results. In the second part of the study, when comparing anthracite and sand with same the effective size, the anthracite also presented better results. Finally when increasing the depth of the filter, both sand and anthracite filters showed improved performance in terms of effluent quality, but anthracite filters kept outperforming sand filters. In both case, there were no evidences of changing in the head loss development. When performing fluidization and expansion experiments, considering the same backwashing cycle time and expansion of filter media, the anthracite filter allowed lower superficial velocity which represents relevant economies in the washing system costs. Therefore the use of anthracite (1.3mm) as a filter medium for rapid gravity depth bed filters is recommended.

Teve como objetivo verificar e comparar a alteração das características do carvão antracitoso e do carvão betuminoso utilizados em meio filtrante, devido ao efeito abrasivo causado entre os grãos decorrentes de lavagens exclusivamente com água e lavagens independentes com ar e água. Foram estudados dois tipos de carvão antracitoso e um tipo de carvão betuminoso, para os quais foram determinadas suas características químicas e físicas. Os ensaios foram realizados em uma instalação ao piloto montada na escola de engenharia de São Carlos-EESC, USP, na qual foram feitas simulações de lavagens admitindo-se uma lavagem diária durante um ano para cada método, de modo intermitente, em que o meio granular era compactado ao final de cada lavagem, e continuo, sem compactação do meio granular. A velocidade ascensional utilizada para cada simulação de lavagem foi de 0,9 m/min, promovendo expansão no meio granular de 35 a 40%. A taxa de ar utilizada para as simulações de lavagens com aplicação de ar foi de 15 l/sm2. Após o término das 365 lavagens, foram determinados os valores médios do coeficiente de esfericidade e da porosidade do meio granular estratificado e construída a curva de distribuição granulométrica das amostras utilizadas nos ensaios. Conclui-se que o carvão betuminoso apresentou comportamento semelhante ao dos carvões antracitosos e que a metodologia de lavagem continua produz praticamente o mesmo efeito abrasivo comparada a de lavagem intermitente. / This work had the objetive to verify and to compare the alterations on the properties of Anthracite coal and Betuminous coal, due to the abrasive effect caused between the grains resulted from washing exclusively with water and independent washing with air and water. There were studied two types of Anthracite coal and one type of Betuminous coal, their chemical and physical properties were determined. The tests were performed at a pilot instalation setted at the School of Engineering of São Carlos - EESC,USP; where, were done simulations of washing, it was admitted one washing a day during one year (365 washing) for each method, in an intermitent way, in which the granular medium was compacted at the end of each washing, and continous without compactation of the granular medium. The ascending speed used for each simulation of washing was 0,9 m/min, promoting an expansion in the granular medium of 35 to 40%. The rate of air used for the simulations of washing with the aplication of air was 15 I/sm2. After the last of the 365 washing, were determined the average values of the coefficient of sphericity and porosity of the granular estratified medium and was constructed a curve of the granulometric distribution of the samples used during the tests. It was conclued that Betuminous coal shows similar behaviour as Anthracite coaI and the continous method produce the same effect abrasive compared intermitent method.

No description available.

One or the characteristics of all anthracite coal, with its low volatile content, is its ability to burn completely in a small volume. Another characteristic and disadvantage of local, semi-anthracite coal is its high ash content. It is the authors' belief that local, semi-anthracite coal can be burned most effectively for domestic heating if the furnace design allows for these characteristics. With these facts in mind, it was decided that the Anthratube had excellent possibilities as a domestic unit for burning local coal. The Anthratube, by its compactness, takes full advantage of the first characteristic; with its ash-removing grate, it overcomes to a great extent the disadvantage of the second characteristic. The purpose of this thesis was, then, to determine whether or not various sizes of local, semi-anthracite coal from the Merrimac seam could be successfully burned in the Anthratube. The coal used for this investigation was obtained from the Great Valley Anthracite Corporation located at McCoy, Virginia. 1. Pea size, local coal can be burned very successfully in the Anthratube. Overall boiler efficiencies of the unit with this size coal are high over a wide range of loads. Of the sizes of coal burned, pea size is most suitable for the Anthratube. 2. Buckwheat size, local coal canoe burned in the Anthratube with good results. The overall boiler efficiencies obtained with this size of coal are good, although not as high as those obtained with the pea coal. 3. The performance of the Anthratube with rice size, local coal is inferior to that achieved with pea and buckwheat sizes. The output of the unit is seriously limited when using this size. 4. Culm size, local coal cannot be burned in the Anthratube. / M.S.

Korean coals are typically high rank anthracite characterized by high ash content and difficult cleaning characteristics. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the feasibility of treating various size fractions within the coal using an assortment of physical coal cleaning technologies. Dry cleaning is preferred due to the friability of the coal. As such, three pneumatic processes were tested including Ore Sorting for the plus 10 mm material, Air Table Separation for 10 x 1 mm fraction and Tribo-electric Separator for - 1 mm fraction. The Dense Medium Cyclone is known to be one of the most efficient separation processes and thus was evaluated for the cleaning of 10 x 1 mm coal. To realize the optimum performances from the Air Table and Rotary Tribo-electric Separator, their operational variables were systematically studied using a parametric experimental design. In addition, the dense medium cyclone and X-ray Transmission Sorting trials were performed under various medium densities and separation settings, respectively. A comparison of the cleaning performance revealed that the Dense Medium Cyclone and X-ray Transmission Sorting proved to provide the most effective results with maximum ash rejection and combustible recovery. The tribo-electric separation process was ineffective while the air table provided modest ash reduction potential.

Un suivi de deux filtres granulaires pleine échelle a été fait à une des usines de production d’eau potable de la Ville de Québec qui a une capacité de production de plus de 220 000 m3/jour. Un des filtres contient du sable et de l’anthracite, et l’autre du sable et du charbon activé en grains (CAG). Les deux filtres, qui sont précédés d’une inter-ozonation, ont été opérés dans les mêmes conditions pendant l’étude. Les qualités de l’eau brute, décantée, ozonée et filtrée ont été suivies pendant 32 semaines, de mai à décembre 2011, à raison de 2 échantillonnages dans un cycle de filtration à chaque deux semaines. Cette période correspond à peu près à la deuxième année d’opération après le changement des milieux filtrants dans cette usine. Le filtre avec CAG s’est avéré plus performant pour presque tous les paramètres de qualité d’eau considérés, en particulier en termes d’enlèvement de la matière organique biodégradable et non-biodégradable. Par contre, et contrairement à ce qui a été observé antérieurement, la réduction de la turbidité a été plus forte dans le filtre avec anthracite. Une analyse économique préliminaire et partielle montre que le meilleur enlèvement de la matière organique réalisé par le filtre avec CAG pourrait amener une économie significative due à une réduction de la demande en chlore mais que celle-ci serait masquée par le coût d’achat très élevé du CAG par rapport à l’anthracite. / A water quality monitoring was conducted on two full scale granular filters of the biggest water treatment plant of Québec City. One of the filters contains anthracite and sand layers, while the other contains granular activated carbon (GAC) and sand layers. Both filters, which are preceded by an inter-ozonation step, were operated in the same conditions during the study which happened during the second year of operation of these filters. The qualities of raw water, settled water, ozonated water and filtered water were monitored for 32 weeks, from May to December 2011, two times in a filtration cycle every two weeks. Globally, the GAC filter exhibited better organic matter removal performances but a lower turbidity removal performance than the anthracite filter. This allows a potential reduction in chlorine consumption for the GAC filter but this economy is shadowed by the very high cost of this filter media.

Lightweight chamotte products are popular building material. There are many types of lightweight chamotte on the market, but the most popular lightening options are organic ingredients. This brings some problems to the production of these products. This thesis deals with the burning of various types of lighters from shards of fireclay materials. In the theoretical part are summarized raw materials, which are necessary for production of lightweight chamotte. The results of the published research studies on the topic of lightening of organic lightening products are being described here. The practical part deals with properties of products made of clay or kaolin with the addition of a certain amount of lighter. These added lighters are spruce sawdust, beech sawdust, peat, bran, paper slurry and anthracite. All these lighters are direct. For comparison, the cenospheres, which represent indirect lightweights, were also included in the research. For all specimens, the temperature interval of burnout of specimens, refractoriness, classification temperature, bulk density, thermal conductivity coefficient and other properties were defined.