An assessment of the costs and benefits of antiterrorism policies has a number of challenges. Canada’s situation is particularly complex because of its asymmetric and integrative economic and geographic relationship with the United States. Few theoretical models of international antiterrorism policy exist and none fit well this asymmetric relationship. This thesis attempts to fill this void by understanding the motives behind Canadian antiterrorism policies and the related spending, and how these are affected by the relationship with the United States. We explore a two country theoretical model with strategic interactions, focusing on relative spending. What is found is that the economics and geography of the two countries play a large role in motivating spending and can drastically alter antiterrorism spending beyond that needed solely for public safety in Canada. / Graduate / 0511 / 0501 / 0616 / kyleburak@gmail.com

An assessment of the costs and benefits of antiterrorism policies has a number of challenges. Canada’s situation is particularly complex because of its asymmetric and integrative economic and geographic relationship with the United States. Few theoretical models of international antiterrorism policy exist and none fit well this asymmetric relationship. This thesis attempts to fill this void by understanding the motives behind Canadian antiterrorism policies and the related spending, and how these are affected by the relationship with the United States. We explore a two country theoretical model with strategic interactions, focusing on relative spending. What is found is that the economics and geography of the two countries play a large role in motivating spending and can drastically alter antiterrorism spending beyond that needed solely for public safety in Canada. / Graduate / 0511 / 0501 / 0616 / kyleburak@gmail.com

The Department of Defense (DoD) utilizes risk management to develop antiterrorism practices and policies on military installations. However, there is a gap in understanding the impact these practices have on the culture and relationship among military personnel and their civilians. Using Schneider and Ingram's conceptualization of social construction of target populations, the purpose of this ethnographic qualitative study was to understand the nature of the relationship between antiterrorism programs, culture, and risk management on a single military installation. Using a snowball sampling strategy, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 participants who were either a civilian or military person on base. Using inductive reasoning, the data were then organized using thematic analysis by pre-established codes, although some codes emerged based on participant responses. The key finding emerging from this study focused on the theme that there are differences in how civilian and military personnel are trained in terrorism mitigation. Civilians reported that they had annual training, while the military reported more ongoing training. One consistent finding among both was that if employees saw something they should say something. The results of this study could facilitate positive social change by encouraging DoD leaders to promote collegiality in cross-training the military and civilians, by improving antiterrorism programs that impact all stakeholders. Specifically, civilian leaders and base commanders can work together to create more uniform policies for training that benefit the entire DoD. Such collegiality could strengthen the work culture and relationship among civilians and the military, as they have a joint duty in promoting safety and the reduction of terrorism on the base.

Bien souvent les médias abordent la question de la lutte antiterroriste contre l’islamiste armé après un attentat ou lors des arrestations opérées par la police. Malgré ces interventions médiatisées pour rassurer la population, la véritable clé de la réussite d’une lutte antiterroriste demeure le renseignement au sens large (prévisionnel, offensif, …) en ne le réduisant pas seulement aux arrestations des terroristes ce qui serait réducteur. Cette recherche est d’autant plus nécessaire que le terrorisme islamiste est en perpétuel mutation autant pour échapper à la destruction que pour mener des attaques surprenantes qui déstabilisent les démocraties. Dans ce contexte les services de renseignement ont opéré une véritable métamorphose pour adapter leurs structures et leurs organisations de travail. En dehors de l’aspect fonctionnel et organisationnel le renseignement cherche sa place entre une justice organisée par un code de procédure pénal et une police qui se trouve écartelée entre un monde judiciaire et administratif. À ce carrefour le renseignement devient un sujet épineux entre des mondes qui ont des objectifs parfois inconciliables : arrêter les terroristes ou attendre pour connaître les réseaux. Cet équilibre est déjà bien instable est amplifié par nos décideurs politiques qui méconnaissent ce monde l’ombre et éprouvent une méfiance historique que ne ressentent pas les services alliés. Or cette méfiance a une réelle influence sur la politique antiterroriste puisque les débats portent sur les formes et les missions des services comme sur leur place dans l’architecture institutionnelle. Ce débat se prolonge dans le domaine des relations internationales puisque pour contrer efficacement ce terrorisme islamiste les services français coopèrent avec leurs homologues alliés qui disposent ou utilisent des méthodes qualifiées d’illégales dans l’Hexagone. Ainsi cette thèse mettra en relief les multiples aspects et spécificités du renseignement français pour s’opposer aux islamistes depuis la guerre du Golfe. / Western media usually focus on the issues of counter-terrorism in the aftermath of a terrorist attack or police raids against suspected terrorists. Foreign to such extensive media coverage designed to reassure the general public, real success in the antiterrorist struggle still rests on intelligence in the widest sense (preventive, defensive and offensive)—a quest which cannot be limited to arrests. Intelligence is all the more necessary as Islamist terrorism remains in constant mutation to escape annihilation as well as to preserve a capacity for surprise attacks planned to destabilize democratic states. In this context, French intelligence services have undergone a complete transformation to adapt their structures and operational practices. On top of functional/organizational efficiency requirements, intelligence must find a proper place between the justice system based on a Criminal Procedure Code and police services facing both judicial and administrative constraints. It must try to reconcile sometimes contradictory objectives, e.g. arresting terrorists vs. gaining further knowledge of their networks. This unstable balance is also affected by decision-making politicians with little understanding of this shadowy world and instinctive suspicions towards intelligence, a factor unknown to France’s allies. Historically, this lack of trust often hampers France’s anti-terrorism policies since the remit and means assigned to intelligence within the institutional framework remain controversial. It also impacts the field of international relations since efficient struggle against Islamist terrorism requires French services to cooperate with their allied counterparts using methods considered illegal in France. In accordance with these reference definitions, the intended doctorate thesis will highlight the multiple aspects and specificities of French intelligence in its fight against armed Islamists as it developed since the Gulf War.

Land of freedom or land of surveillance? Right to privacy in the U.S. after 9/11 Abstract The United States of America has been always perceived as a land of freedom. The U.S. citizens are very proud of their Constitution that became model for other constitutions in the world. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 not only brought a change in the U.S. foreign policy as the war on terror was launched, but also influenced the domestic political development and caused creation of a complex network of security legislative. These antiterrorism measures have been criticized, as the programs arising especially from the Patriot Act are controversial, challenging the civil rights and especially the right to privacy. In 2013, Edward Snowden revealed secret spying programs of the National Security Agency. This thesis examines the discrepancies between the proclaimed freedom and the reality, in which the United States is ranked among endemic surveillance societies. Keywords: USA, Patriot Act, Snowden, NSA, surveillance, antiterrorism legislative

Following the issuance of the National Preparedness Guidelines in 2009 by the Department of Homeland Security, it remains unknown whether homeland security programs have been consistently implemented in the nation's rural areas. Research findings have been inconsistent and inconclusive on the degree of implementation. Two problems may result from inadequate implementation of these programs: weakened national security from the failure to protect critical infrastructure in remote areas and a threat to public safety in rural towns. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore and describe the reasons for possible noncompliance through purposeful interviews with 10 law enforcement officials and emergency managers in selected Midwestern rural towns. The study's theoretical foundation was based on Putnam's theory of social capital, which holds that community cohesion develops in direct relation to the adaptation of social networks that promote mutual cooperation during times of need. The research centered on the question of how rural emergency managers and law enforcement officials justified noncompliance with the National Preparedness Guidelines of 2009. The interviews and materials were transcribed and analyzed with qualitative analytic software using open, axial, and selective coding to identify themes and patterns. The study's key findings disconfirmed conclusions reported in previous studies and confirmed compliance with the Guidelines in the studied rural towns. Implications for positive social change include informing policymakers, emergency managers, law enforcement officials, and researchers. Application of social capital principles in all the nation's remote areas may enhance national security and improve rural public safety.

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Enhancing antiterrorism force protection (ATFP) training at off-installation sites to allow employees to survive a life threatening situation is a necessity after recent events at such military installations. However, little is known about how service members perceive their current ATFP training experiences and how those experiences impact their self-confidence for responding to a threat. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore how current training experiences impact confidence levels in learning basic security fundamentals to respond to a threat, as well as possible training changes that might improve confidence levels. This study used social constructivism, andragogy theory, heutagogy, and problem-based learning as the conceptual frameworks. Participants were 15 sailors from 5 off-site locations. Data sources were semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed using provisional and open coding strategies to identify themes of supports and barriers to learning ATFP concepts. Results indicated that existing instruction resulted in sailors engaging in supplemental self-training activities to reach what they believed were strong preparedness levels. They also indicated that instruction that emphasizes authentic adult education practices such as learner-center instruction and hands-on drills under the framework of problem-based learning and heutagogy were necessary to increase self-reported levels of confidence in responding to a threat. This study impacts positive social change by providing guidelines for effective terrorist and threat preparedness instruction, regardless of organization, institution, or location that can be used by administrators to improve their confidence and ability to deal with terrorist actions.