Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood among school-aged children. It is characterized by behavior disinhibition, overactivity and/or difficulty in sustaining attention. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are reported ways of treating ADHD. Around 35% of individuals diagnosed with ADHD also met the criteria for anxiety disorders that commonly coexist with ADHD. If not treated up to 70% of children with ADHD continue to meet the diagnostic criteria into adolescence. Psychostimulants (Methylphenidate) are the first line of treatment in Turkey. The first aim of this present study was to introduce Spence Children&amp / #8217 / s Anxiety Scale Parent version (SCAS-P) by conducting Turkish translation, factor structure, and reliability-validity studies of the scale. Results of the principle component analysis extracted five factors for the Turkish version of SCAS-P. Inter-correlations among the factors (r=0.28 &amp / #8211 / 0.45) were found to be satisfactory indicating for convergent validity. Criterion validity of the scale was found to be significant as well. Analysis indicated that the top 27th percentile of the sample was significantly differenciated from the bottom 27th percentile of the sample (t(74)=9.63, p&lt / .05). Results revealed Cronbach alpha of .88, and the split half reliability of .79 for the total scale score. Internal consistency of the subscales of the SCAS-P ranged from 0.56 to 0.78. The second aim of this study was to examine the effects of Methylphenidate (MPH) on cognitive abilities, hyperactivity and anxiety level of children with ADHD since MPH is known to be a first line of treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thirty-six elementary school children, from age seven to twelve were gathered from the local Hospital for the Social Security Office Child Psychiatry Clinic in Ankara via using purposive sampling. Seventeen children who met the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for ADHD were assigned to the drug group, and nineteen children without ADHD were assigned to the comparison group. Bender Gestalt Visual Motor Perception Test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised subscales, and Vigilance Task developed by the researcher were administered to participant children, for measuring cognitive abilities. Hacettepe ADHD Scale and SCAS-P were administered to parents of the participants for measuring hyperactivity level and child anxiety. Measurements were repeated after a 12-week follow up both for the drug group (N=17) and the comparison group (N=19). In the 12-week period, drug group received MPH treatment, and the comparison group received no interventions regarding ADHD. 2 (Drug group vs. Comparison group) x 2 (Pretest vs. Posttest) mixed ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor was conducted for the results of each measurement scale separately. As expected, MPH treatment revealed improvement in cognitive abilities and hyperactivity level of children with ADHD. All participants were found to have high anxiety scores when first referred to the hospital, and were found to have lower scores of anxiety on posttest. The findings were discussed on the basis of literature and limitations of the present study.

Forty to sixty percent of all children having surgery experience preoperative anxiety. Preoperative anxiety is a risk factor for negative behavioural changes postoperative. It is of importance to find strategies in the interaction with the child to reduce anxiety. The overall aim was to describe CRNA's interaction with the child in relation to anxiety during anaesthesia induction and to describe the translation process of m-YPAS into Swedish and the testing of the psychometric properties in a Swedish context. In paper I an explorative qualitative approach with CIT was used and 32 CRNAs were interviewed. Experiences described were about the organisation which included effect of information, teamwork and time. Other experiences were grouped around interrelations such as, communication, meeting both anxious and calm children and experiences of use of physical restraint. Actions taken to reduce anxiety were optimizing the situation, as acting according to the situation, it could mean altering routines, though always without jeopardizing the safety of the child, preparing ahead and using distraction. Creating interpersonal interaction such as, creating contact, participation and using collaboration with the child, parents and colleagues. In paper II m-YPAS was translated into Swedish using cross cultural back translation. The psychometric properties of m-YPAS were tested in two phases. In phase I 52 children were assessed in real time by two SRNAs and one CRNA using m-YPAS and NAS. In phase II 98 video films of children were assessed by experienced CRNAs in the same way as in phase I. The psychometric properties of m-YPAS were good. Conclusion: In the interaction between CRNAs and the child, being flexible and sensitive to the child, taking the role of the child, and acting according to the need of the child were cornerstones in reducing preoperative anxiety and avoiding use of physical restraint. The m-YPAS can be used as an educational tool to enhance the anaesthetist's ability to interpret the child's anxiety. The m-YPAS is a valid and reliable assessment instrument to examine the efficiency of interventions and compare the result of research between cultures.

Objective. This article reports on the test–retest reliability and sensitivity to change of a set of brief dimensional self-rating questionnaires for social anxiety disorder (SAD-D), specific phobia (SP-D), agoraphobia (AG-D), panic disorder (PD-D), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-D), as well as a general cross-cutting anxiety scale (Cross-D), which were developed to supplement categorical diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). Methods. The German versions of the dimensional anxiety scales were administered to 218 students followed up approximately 2 weeks later (Study 1) and 55 outpatients (23 with anxiety diagnoses) followed-up 1 year later (Study 2). Probable diagnostic status in students was determined by the DIA-X/M-CIDI stem screening-questionnaire (SSQ). In the clinical sample, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) diagnoses were assessed at Time 1 using the DIA-X/M-CIDI. At Time 2, the patient-version of the Clinical Global Impression— Improvement scale (CGI-I) was applied to assess change. Results: Good psychometric properties, including high test–retest reliability, were found for the dimensional scales except for SP-D. In outpatients, improvement at Time 2 was associated with significant decrease in PD-D, GAD-D, and Cross-D scores. Discussion. Major advantages of the scales include that they are brief, concise, and based on a consistent template to measure the cognitive, physiological, and ehavioral symptoms of fear and anxiety. Further replication in larger samples is needed. Given its modest psychometric properties, SP-D needs refinement. Conclusion. Increasing evidence from diverse samples suggests clinical utility of the dimensional anxiety scales.