Universiẗat, Diss., 2003--Kiel.

Zugl.: Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2008.

Techn. University, Diss., 2006--Darmstadt.

III Summary This thesis is focused on crystal chemistry and crystal structure of apatites from alkaline rock of the Bohemian Massif. Fifteen samples of volcanic rocks, mostly of the Cenozoic age was selected for the study. Sample No. 5 is of the Silurian age. Sample No. 15 originates from volcanic rock of the Cenozoic age from the Slovak Western Carpathians. This sample was chosen for this study due to its substantially different chemical composition. The contents of major and minor elements in apatites were measured on an electron microprobe, the contents of some minor and trace elements were determined by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Selected samples were investigated by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrometry. Crystal structure of studied apatites was characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that dominant anion at position X is fluorine. The OH content calculated on the basis of the fully occupied position X is significant in some samples. The amount of Cl is generally low. The exception is the sample No. 15 where Cl reached up to 0.6 apfu (Z = 2). Studied apatites contain many substitutions but they are generally of minor extent. Strontium, iron and REE at position M belong to the most common and most important substituents for calcium in...

Für die Behandlung von Knochendefekten unterschiedlicher Defektgeometrien besteht ein zunehmender Bedarf an geeigneten in-situ aushärtbaren Knochenersatzmaterialien, die nach Auffüllung des Defektes formstabil, biokompatibel, mechanisch hinreichend belastbar und biodegradierbar sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden kompakte und poröse, in-situ härtende Polymer/Apatit-Kompositmaterialien auf Basis eines hydrolytisch degradierbaren Methacrylatmakromers und nanokristallinen Apatiten hergestellt. Die entwickelten Makromer/Apatit-Gemische sind bis zur vollständigen Polymerisation des Makromers von pastöser Konsistenz und können in variable Geometrien verarbeitet werden. Durch Variation der Gemischzusammensetzung können die Verarbeitungszeiten und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Komposite gezielt eingestellt werden. Die In-vitro-Kultivierungen von MC3T3-E1-Zellen auf den Kompositen zeigen, dass die Komposite nach geeigneten Nachbehandlungsschritten cytokompatibel und vielversprechende Materialien zur Auffüllung von Knochendefekten sind.

Bochum, Univ., Diss., 2003.

The Caledonian alum shales of Sweden host a vast number of economically interesting metals. In Fetsjön, Västerbotten, the shales contain significant amounts of rare-earth elements, vanadium, molybdenum and uranium. As metals with a multitude of high-technological applications, the former rare-earth elements (REEs) are particularly attractive in a world where the supply may be exhausted as the demand continuously increase while new deposits are not being discovered fast enough. Meanwhile, the latter uranium notably constitutes as an unwanted secondary product during the extraction of rare-earth elements. As the mineral association of the REEs in Fetsjön is unknown, the intent of this study is to analyze and thus determine their mineralogical expression. The assumed REE-bearing mineral apatite was confirmed to host the rare-earths in the Fetsjön shales after microscopy and spectrometry analyses.

This work presents new method for determination of geological provenance based on the statistical analysis of cathodoluminescence spectra of marbles and carbonate rocks from various localities in the Bohemian Massif. Analysis is based on the combination of data from seven different measures of spectral similarity and provides results that are more robust than those obtained by approach based only on a single measure of similarity. These results may be further improved by employing meta-analysis that evaluates behaviour of spectra during the individual steps of analysis. Analysis was performed on the original cathodoluminescence spectra, as well as on the residual spectra in which relative variability was amplified by the subtraction of Gaussian trend present in all spectra of carbonates. By combining results from analysis and meta-analysis of both original and residual spectra it was possible to almost unambiguously determine provenance of samples from all studied localities. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was employed as a supplementary method for classification of spectra. Out of 72 different methods for clustering, one was selected for both original and residual data based on the number of correctly classified spectra. Second part of this work presents analysis of cathodoluminescence...

Carbonatites are unique and enigmatic magmatic rocks of unclear origin, with very specific mineralogy and geochemical properties. They are predominantly composed of magmatic calcite or other carbonate minerals (Le Bas 1987) and have low content of SiO2 (Le Maitre 2002). Origin of these peculiar magmas is still not clear but they appear to represent an important "window" into processes in Earth's mantle. They are considered either as residual melts from a fractionated carbonated nephelinite or melilitite (Gittins 1989; Gittins and Jago 1998), as immiscible fractions of CO2-saturated silicate melts (Freestone and Hamilton 1980; Amundsen 1987; Kjarsgaard and Hamilton 1988, 1989; Brooker and Hamilton 1990; Kjarsgaard and Peterson 1991; Church and Jones 1995; Lee and Wyllie 1997; Dawson 1998; Halama et al. 2005; Brooker and Kjarsgaard 2011), or as primary melts which are were generated from CO2-bearing peridotite through partial melting (Wallace and Green 1988; Sweeney 1994; Harmer and Gittins 1998; Harmer et al. 1998; Ying et al. 2004). Abundances of rare earth elements (REE) are often high in carbonatites because carbonatitic magmas can dissolve these elements much easily than silicate magmas (Nelson et al. 1988). Carbonatitic magma can also dissolve large quantities of Sr, Ba, P and mainly Zr and Nb,...

Für die Behandlung von Knochendefekten unterschiedlicher Defektgeometrien besteht ein zunehmender Bedarf an geeigneten in-situ aushärtbaren Knochenersatzmaterialien, die nach Auffüllung des Defektes formstabil, biokompatibel, mechanisch hinreichend belastbar und biodegradierbar sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden kompakte und poröse, in-situ härtende Polymer/Apatit-Kompositmaterialien auf Basis eines hydrolytisch degradierbaren Methacrylatmakromers und nanokristallinen Apatiten hergestellt. Die entwickelten Makromer/Apatit-Gemische sind bis zur vollständigen Polymerisation des Makromers von pastöser Konsistenz und können in variable Geometrien verarbeitet werden. Durch Variation der Gemischzusammensetzung können die Verarbeitungszeiten und mechanischen Eigenschaften der Komposite gezielt eingestellt werden. Die In-vitro-Kultivierungen von MC3T3-E1-Zellen auf den Kompositen zeigen, dass die Komposite nach geeigneten Nachbehandlungsschritten cytokompatibel und vielversprechende Materialien zur Auffüllung von Knochendefekten sind.