Ce mémoire de doctorat rassemble les travaux réalisés dans le cadre d’une étude analytique approfondie et systématique des substances à odeur boisée. Ces substances définissent une famille d’ingrédients unanimement appréciés pour leurs notes puissantes et recherchés par les parfumeurs pour composer les accords parmi les plus emblématiques de la profession. Les matières premières inscrites au programme de cette étude sont les essences de Gaïac, d’Araucaria, de Patchouli, de Cyprès Jaune d’Alaska, de Vétiver et d’Agarwood, ainsi que certains de leurs produits dérivés. La plupart de ces matières premières sont couramment utilisées par l’industrie du parfum. Leur spécificité provient de leur composition chimique très largement dominée par les dérivés sesquiterpéniques, conférant ainsi à ces extraits une complexité moléculaire indéniable. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse de doctorat ont consisté à améliorer la connaissance de ces matières premières en termes de composition chimique, à déterminer autant que possible les composés odorants contribuant à leur odeur, et enfin d’explorer d’éventuelles voies de valorisation pour ces mêmes ingrédients à l’échelle industrielle.La méthodologie analytique développée tout au long de l’étude a nécessité l’utilisation combinée d’un large éventail de techniques chromatographiques, spectrométriques et spectroscopiques pour parvenir à caractériser ces matières premières au plus près et à réaliser l’isolement de leurs constituants inconnus. Ainsi, ces travaux s’articulent autour de quatre outils centraux : la chromatographie gazeuse bidimensionnelle intégrale couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC × GC–MS), la chromatographie gazeuse couplée à l’olfactométrie (GC–O), la chromatographie gazeuse semi-préparative (GC prép.) et la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN). Près de 190 composés ont été isolés et caractérisés dont 107 sont décrits pour la première fois comme constituants d’extraits naturels. / This Ph.D. dissertation sums up the work carried out as part of a thorough and systematic analytical study of woody-scented substances. These substances define a family of ingredients unanimously appreciated for their powerful notes, and sought by perfumers to compose some of the most emblematic accords in perfumery. The raw materials included in the frame of this study are the oils of Guaiac, Araucaria, Patchouli, Alaska Yellow Cypress, Vetiver, and Agarwood, as well as some of their by-products. Most of these raw materials are ingredients commonly used by the perfume industry. Their chemical specificity comes from their composition largely dominated by sesquiterpene derivatives, giving these extracts an undeniable molecular complexity. The main objectives of this Ph.D. thesis were to improve the knowledge of these raw materials in terms of chemical composition, to determine as much as possible the odorous compounds contributing to their odor, and finally to explore possible ways of valorization for these products on an industrial scale.The analytical methodology developed throughout this study required the combined use of a wide range of chromatographic, spectrometric, and spectroscopic techniques in order to characterize these raw materials as precisely as possible and achieve the isolation of their unknown constituents. Thus, our work revolved around four central tools: comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC–O), preparative capillary-gas chromatography (pc-GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Almost 190 compounds have been isolated and characterized, 107 of which are described for the first time as constituents of natural extracts.

Orientador: Mauro Galetti Rodrigues / Banca: Laurence Marianne Vincianne Culot / Banca: Marco Aurelio Pizo Ferreira / Banca: Clarissa Alves da Rosa / Banca: José Ignacio Fernandez de la Pradilla Villar / Resumo: A ação humana tem levado ao declínio nas áreas cobertas por habitats naturais em todo mundo, levando consigo a perda de espécies e de interações ecológicas. Nesse contexto, com um mundo dominado pela presença humana, torna-se fundamental compreender como as espécies respondem a essas alterações, quais mecanismos permitem sua persistência, e como as suas interações ecológicas são afetadas. Nessa tese, com dados coletados entre 2013 e 2017, abordei dois temas, o primeiro busca compreender como fragmentação florestal atua na extinção e persistência de mastofauna (Capítulo II: Large forest remnants and connectivity explain mammal resilience in a landscape dominated by commodity croplands), e segundo busca avaliar como as interações com a árvore dominante (Araucaria angustifolia) no ecossistema de estudo são afetadas pela redução de habitat (Capítulo III: Forest fragmentation and selective logging affect the seed survival and recruitment of a relictual conifer). Os dados do Capítulo II foram coletados com armadilhamento fotográfico que somou mais de 8.236 câmeras-trap/dia, e os resultados indicaram o tamanho dos remanescentes como principal responsável pela manutenção da riqueza e biomassa de mamíferos de médio e grande porte. Os dados do Capítulo III foram coletados com uma série de experimentos de remoção de sementes e amostragem de regeneração de A. angustifolia, com resultados indicando o tamanho do fragmento e abundância de A. angustifolia como principais variáveis ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Humans have been occupying almost all ecosystems in the world, directly causing loss of species and ecological interactions. In this context, with a world dominated by humans, it is fundamental understanding how species respond to this changes, what mechanisms allow their persistence and how ecological interactions are affected. In this thesis, with data collected between 2013 and 2017, I addressed two themes, in the first one I investigated the effects of forest fragmentation on extinction and persistence of mammals (Chapter II: Large forest remnants and connectivity explain mammal resilience in a landscape dominated by commodity croplands), and in second theme, I evaluated how interactions with the dominant tree (Araucaria angustifolia) are affected by habitat reduction (Chapter III: Forest fragmentation and selective logging affect seed survival and recruitment of relictual conifer). The data of Chapter II were collected with camera trap sampling that added more than 8,236 camera-traps / day, and the results indicated the size of the remnants as the main predictor of richness and biomass of large and medium-sized mammals. The data of Chapter III were collected with seed removal experiments and sampling of A. angustifolia regeneration. The results indicated the fragment size and A. angustifolia abundance as main explanatory variables for explaining the rates of seed removal, as well as the regeneration of this species / Doutor

Orientador: Karin Esemann de Quadros. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Florestal) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal, Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T16:19:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 12 / Nenhuma / Os mamíferos de médio e grande porte distribuem-se em todos ecossistemas mundiais, possuindo grande importância ecológica, pois contribuem para a manutenção do equilíbrio das comunidades. Sua diversidade atual na Mata Atlântica, e especificamente, na Floresta de Araucária (FO) do Sul é alta. Contudo, devido ao grande valor econômico da araucária, espécie dominante na FO, esse ambiente foi intensamente fragmentado e grandes áreas substituídas por plantações arbóreas, exóticas e nativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como a mastofauna de médio e grande porte utiliza um mosaico florestal, formado por Floresta Ombrófila Mista e plantações de pinus, eucalipto e araucária, em área de Floresta Nacional. Localizada em São Francisco de Paula, RS. Para a coleta de dados utilizei armadilhas de pegadas, dispostas em todos os hábitats formando grades de captura (9 armadilhas por grade, 0,64 ha de área total), com três grades (repetições) por hábitat. Nessas armadilhas utilizei atrativos do tipo, banan / Medium and large mammals occur in all world ecosystems. Their ecological role is very important, since they contribute for the maintenance of the equilibrium of their communities. The mammal diversity in the Atlantic forest and, specifically, in the Araucaria Forest (FO) of southern Brazil is very high. However, mainly due to the high value of Araucaria angustifolia (the dominant species of the FO) as timber, this forest formation has been intensely fragmented, with large areas being replaced by arboreal plantations of both introduced and native species. In this study we investigated how the medium and large-sized mammalian fauna uses a forest mosaic composed of patches of MOF and plantations of Pinus spp., Eucalyptus sp., and also A. angustifolia. For data collection I used trapping grids of sand track stations placed in all habitats (9 stations per grid, total area of 0.64 ha), with three grids (replicates) for each habitat. In this stations I used three bait types: banana, bacon and Pipdog. I es

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T16:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 31 / Bolsa para curso e programa de Pós Graduação / A Floresta com Araucária apresenta uma grande importância ecológica e econômica para a região sul do Brasil. Durante o último século ela foi intensamente explorada causando a sua conversão para pastagens, agricultura ou monoculturas de espécies arbóreas nativas e exóticas. Essa alteração de paisagem tem efeitos diretos sobre as condições físicas dos habitats, a abundância das populações, a diversidade e composição das comunidades e os processos ecossistêmicos. Dentre as diversas rotas de transferência de nutrientes no ecossistema, a deposição de serrapilheira é uma das principais via, influenciando fortemente o sistema solo-planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar como a substituição da Floresta com Araucária por monoculturas arbóreas afeta os processos de deposição da serrapilheira e suas conseqüências para a ciclagem de nutrientes. Na Floresta Nacional de São Francisco de Paula (RS) foram selecionadas três áreas de um hectare de cada um dos seguintes habitats: Floresta com Araucária (FO), plantação de A / The Araucaria Forest has a great ecologic and economic value for the southern region of Brazil. Along the last century it was intensely explored causing its conversion to grassland, agriculture or monoculture of exotic tree species. This alteration of the landscape had direct effects on physical conditions of the habitats, abundance of populations, diversity and composition of communities, and on ecosystem processes. Among the several routes of nutrient transfer on ecosystems, litter production is one of the most important ones, strongly influencing the soil-plant system. The aim of this paper was to test how the replacement of Araucaria Forest by tree monocultures affects the litter deposition process and its consequences to the nutrient cycle. In the São Francisco de Paula National Forest (RS), three one-hectare areas of each one of the following habitats were selected: Araucaria Forest (FO), Araucaria angustifolia plantation (PA), Pinus plantation (PP) and Eucalyptus plantation (PE). In each area, 12 litte

Araucaria cunninghamii is an ancient tropical conifer with substantial value as a forestry species in Australia and Papua New Guinea, and has been subject to a genetic improvement program for more than 50 years. This study was undertaken to demonstrate the utility of quantitative genetic analysis in describing the genetic architecture of commercial traits in A. cunninghamii. Linkage maps were prepared using the pseudotestcross strategy in what was believed to be a wide interprovenance cross using microsatellites and AFLP. A very low rate of marker polymorphism and limited differentiation between the parental provenances was identified, resulting in low mapping efficiency. The population genetic structure of A. cunninghamii was assessed to establish the underlying causes for the limited differentiation and low marker heterozygosity and assess the implications for future analysis of quantitative traits. Despite the limited mapping efficiency, genetic maps were generated for both parents. The maternal map for individual H15 contained 14 linkage groups comprising of 51 AFLP and one microsatellite. The map covered 1290 cM, representing 89% of the estimated genome size. The paternal map for individual Gil24 was 633 cM, consisting of eight linkage groups. Genetic architecture of quantitative traits was examined with putative QTL identified for height, DBH and stem straightness; one was highly significant (p<0.01), three significant (0.01<p<0.05) and 13 suggestive (p<0.10). Significant QTL each accounted for 7-11% of the phenotypic variance with a high allele substitution effect (0.63-0.81). These QTL were likely to be associated with genes of moderate effect. The suggestive QTL each accounted for 3-6% of the phenotypic variance with an allele substitution effect of 0.40-0.63. Three genomic regions contributed to the expression of multiple traits at multiple ages. Stable QTL had decreasing phenotypic effects with increasing age. The population genetic survey characterised low levels of allelic diversity across the geographic range. Three broad regions were characterised; Papua New Guinea, Cape York and northern Queensland to NSW. There was limited differentiation between provenances within these regions, and high diversity within provenances. Limited genetic differentiation between provenances seems to be the result of genetic stability due to long overlapping generations, limited founder effects and a very low mutation rate. The latter may also contribute the low heterozygosity. Limited marker polymorphism and limited differentiation between provenances within broad regions are common features in A. cunninghamii. Therefore careful parental selection and alternative experimental approaches will be required before undertaking further analysis of quantitative traits.

Araucaria cunninghamii is an ancient tropical conifer with substantial value as a forestry species in Australia and Papua New Guinea, and has been subject to a genetic improvement program for more than 50 years. This study was undertaken to demonstrate the utility of quantitative genetic analysis in describing the genetic architecture of commercial traits in A. cunninghamii. Linkage maps were prepared using the pseudotestcross strategy in what was believed to be a wide interprovenance cross using microsatellites and AFLP. A very low rate of marker polymorphism and limited differentiation between the parental provenances was identified, resulting in low mapping efficiency. The population genetic structure of A. cunninghamii was assessed to establish the underlying causes for the limited differentiation and low marker heterozygosity and assess the implications for future analysis of quantitative traits. Despite the limited mapping efficiency, genetic maps were generated for both parents. The maternal map for individual H15 contained 14 linkage groups comprising of 51 AFLP and one microsatellite. The map covered 1290 cM, representing 89% of the estimated genome size. The paternal map for individual Gil24 was 633 cM, consisting of eight linkage groups. Genetic architecture of quantitative traits was examined with putative QTL identified for height, DBH and stem straightness; one was highly significant (p<0.01), three significant (0.01<p<0.05) and 13 suggestive (p<0.10). Significant QTL each accounted for 7-11% of the phenotypic variance with a high allele substitution effect (0.63-0.81). These QTL were likely to be associated with genes of moderate effect. The suggestive QTL each accounted for 3-6% of the phenotypic variance with an allele substitution effect of 0.40-0.63. Three genomic regions contributed to the expression of multiple traits at multiple ages. Stable QTL had decreasing phenotypic effects with increasing age. The population genetic survey characterised low levels of allelic diversity across the geographic range. Three broad regions were characterised; Papua New Guinea, Cape York and northern Queensland to NSW. There was limited differentiation between provenances within these regions, and high diversity within provenances. Limited genetic differentiation between provenances seems to be the result of genetic stability due to long overlapping generations, limited founder effects and a very low mutation rate. The latter may also contribute the low heterozygosity. Limited marker polymorphism and limited differentiation between provenances within broad regions are common features in A. cunninghamii. Therefore careful parental selection and alternative experimental approaches will be required before undertaking further analysis of quantitative traits.

The influence of morphometric and dendrometric variables in periodic increase in basal increment area was measured on individual trees of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze in Lages, Santa Catarina having as objectives to select a model to estimate the total height, the diameter of the crown, to compare methods for the calculation of crown projection area, to model morphometric relations as a function of diameter and develop a model of periodic basal in area increment. Randomly was chosen 85 trees denominated goal, considering a lower center of class and a maximum diameter 10 cm 80 cm, with an amplitude of 10 cm, and at least eight trees per diameter class. Were measured in the object tree and its competitors, the dendrometric, and morphometric variables and these were classified according to their position in sociological dominant, codominant and dominated. The data processing was performed by SAS statistical software (Statistical Analysis System) version 9.1. For total height, was tested eight models, and for the five crown diameter,was selected the best for social status. It was decided to choose a model that best represent all sociological positions, and then there was the analysis of covariance and adjusting for regression with Dummy variables that described for single model, all social positions. Was evaluated methods for the calculation of crown area by social class, considering the measurement of eight, four and two radius crown. It was made the modeling of relationships for the following morphometric variables: the proportion of the crown, formal crown, degree of slenderness, index of range and index of salience. In the modeling of periodic increment in basal area were related the dendrometric and morphometric variables correlated more with that dummy variables stratified with social classes. Were found 193 dominant trees, 40 codominant and 61 dominated with a total of 294 trees. The total height was estimated by Backman model modified with dummy variables D1 and codominant trees D2 trees dominated by the equation: i i i i i i i ) 2 D ) d (ln( 1816 , 5 ) 1 D ) d (ln( 1863 , 3 2 D 7431 , 17 1 D 4939 , 11 ) d ²( ln 6557 , 2 ) d ln( 8011 , 26 1315 , 45 h = − + − + + − − with a R2 0,6608 aj. = e Syx% = 12,24%. The crown diameter was estimated by linear model with dependent variable transformed by square root and dummy variables to stratify the trees dominated D2 by the equation: dc i = 1,6199 + 0,0342 (d)i − 0,3004 D2i + 0,0113 ((d)D2)i Ù with a R2 0,8353 aj. = e Syx% = 15,47%.The crown projection area with the measurement of four rays can be used in symmetric crown as there is no loss of accuracy. The adjusted models of the morphometric relationships presented variation, however, were significant in the diameter. The growth model in basal area obtained as independent variables: formal crown (FC), the proportion of dominant crown trees for (D8PC), the length of crown to dominant trees (D8CC) and the degree of slenderness (GE), with adjustment of: R2 0,8038 aj. = e precisão de Syx% = 25,77%, being expressed in the equation: i i i i PC 8 D 0586 , 0 CC 8 D 2482 , 0 GE 0878 , 2 FC 2087 , 0 2859 , 1 %) g P LN(I = − + − + .The size of the crown represented by formal crown in different social positions, length and crown ratio of dominant crown trees accounted for 76,21% of the total variation of the model of growth in basal area. The morphometric variables, especially those that characterize the size of the crown, are efficient to describle the periodic basal area increment of araucaria. / A influência das variáveis dendrométricas e morfométricas no incremento periódico em área basal foi avaliado em árvores individuais de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze em Lages, Santa Catarina, tendo como objetivos selecionar um modelo para estimar a altura total, o diâmetro de copa, comparar métodos para o cálculo da área de projeção de copa, modelar relações morfométricas em função do diâmetro e desenvolver um modelo de incremento periódico em área basal. Aleatoriamente, escolheram-se 85 árvores denominadas objetivo, considerando com menor centro de classe de diâmetro 10 cm e máximo 80 cm, com amplitude de 10 cm, e, no mínimo, oito árvores por classe diamétrica. Mediram-se, nas árvores objetivo e nos seus competidores, as variáveis dendrométricas, morfométricas e estas foram classificadas segundo a sua posição sociológica em dominante, codominante e dominada. O processamento dos dados foi realizado pelo software estatístico SAS (Statistical Analysis System) versão 9.1. Para a altura total, testaram-se oito modelos e, para o diâmetro de copa cinco, selecionando-se o melhor por posição social. Optou-se escolher um modelo que melhor representasse todas as posições sociológicas e, em seguida, realizou-se a análise de covariância e o ajuste de regressão com variáveis Dummy que descreveu, por modelo único, todas as posições sociais. Avaliaram-se métodos para o cálculo de área de copa por classe social, considerando a medição de oito, quatro e dois raios de copa. Fez-se a modelagem das relações morfométricas para as seguintes variáveis: proporção de copa, formal de copa, grau de esbeltez, índice de abrangência e índice de saliência. Na modelagem do incremento periódico em área basal, relacionaram-se as variáveis dendrométrica e morfométrica mais correlacionadas com as variáveis Dummy que estratificaram as classes sociais. Foram encontradas 193 árvores dominantes, 40 codominantes e 61 dominadas com total de 294 árvores. A altura total foi estimada pelo modelo de Backman modificado com variáveis Dummy (D1) árvores codominantes e (D2) árvores dominadas pela equação: i i i i i i ) 1 D ) d (ln( 1863 , 3 2 D 7431 , 17 1 D 4939 , 11 ) d ²( ln 6557 , 2 ) d ln( 8011 , 26 1315 , 45 h = − + − + + − −5,1816 (ln(d)D2)i com um R2 0,6608 aj. = e Syx% = 12,24%. O diâmetro de copa foi estimado por modelo linear com variável dependente transformada pela raiz quadrada e variáveis Dummy para estratificar as árvores dominadas (D2) pela equação: dc i = 1,6199 + 0,0342 (d)i − 0,3004 D2i + 0,0113 ((d)D2)i Ù com um R2 0,8353 aj. = e Syx% = 15,47%. A área de projeção da copa com a medição de quatro raios pode ser empregada em copas simétricas por não haver perda de acurácia. Os modelos ajustados das relações morfométricas apresentaram variação, no entanto, foram significantes em função do diâmetro. O modelo de crescimento em área basal obteve como variáveis independentes: o formal de copa (FC), a proporção de copa para árvores dominantes (D8PC), o comprimento de copa para árvores dominantes (D8CC) e o grau de esbeltez (GE), com ajuste de R2 0,8038 aj. = e precisão de % 77 , 25 % Syx = , sendo expresso na equação: i i GE 0878 , 2 FC 2087 , 0 2859 , 1 %) g P LN(I = − + −0,2482D8CCi +0,0586D8PCi . A dimensão da copa representada por formal de copa nas diferentes posições sociais, comprimento de copa e proporção de copa para árvores dominantes explicaram 76,21% da variação total do modelo de crescimento em área basal. As variáveis morfométricas, principalmente as que caracterizam o tamanho da copa, são eficientes para descrever o incremento periódico em área basal de araucária.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-14T12:14:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF17MA076.pdf: 1708102 bytes, checksum: 322df030779727eab396b8c422e27499 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T12:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF17MA076.pdf: 1708102 bytes, checksum: 322df030779727eab396b8c422e27499 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / PROMOP / CAPES / Through the morphometric indices one can infer about the necessary space that the species needs to develop, maintain its growth and production rates. Allied to this, diametric growth information can portray competition in a stand, indicating the need for management practices. Objective of the proposed study to analyze the morphometry and behavior of the development and diametric increase of Araucária angustifolia through dendrochronology. In addition, data collected in the field were compared with information generated by cloud of points captured by the terrestrial Laser scanner equipment. For an analysis of the morphometry data were collected from 121 individual trees, for the purpose 127 samples and how to evaluate the information Laser 18 individuals sampled. Araucarias belong to two sites in the municipality of São José do Cerrito, in Santa Catarina. (Dc), height (h), crown height (Hc), crown radius (Rc), crown length (Cc), crown diameter (IS), the degree of slenderness (GE), the formal crown (Fc), crown ratio (Pc%), crown area (Ac) and sociological position (s) In addition to removal of increment rolls. For the morphometric relationships, 11 significant correlations were obtained and as 5 higher correlations (Dap, hic, Cc, Dc, Pc%, IA and GE) were adjusted for their determination, logarithmic E. A covariance analysis was found to exist in the morphometric relationships evaluated for each case sampled. (PS2) 0.223 m2 and dominated (PS3) 0.356 m2. For site 2, PS1 had a mean of 0.381 m2, PS2 0.360 m2 and PS3 0.300 m2. The study showed that IPAd is correlated with canopy characteristics, being a hic, Cc, Pc (%) and GE. A means of communication between variable, dendrometric and morphological means, by traditional methods of measurement and captured by Laser station, did not present significant difference between them. However, the methodologies proposed in literature are susceptible to failures, mainly, by the influence of points that do not correspond to the surface of the tree. However, the shape of the crown for each class of Dap showed that the species has different contours throughout its development stage, characterizing a conical cup in the juvenile phase, and with a maturity or shape tend to be configured in a flat way, or Then identifying a shape of umbel. For the methodologies to be comprehensive for a species, the case studies are as follows, the analyzes are welcome, the diametral amplitude is greater for the inferences, besides evaluating the viability of the images generated by the Scanning terrestrial laser scanner in the Forest mensuration / Através dos índices da morfometria pode-se inferir sobre o espaço necessário que determinada espécie necessita para se desenvolver, manter suas taxas de crescimento e produção. Aliado a isso, informações de crescimento diamétrico conseguem retratar quadro de competição em um povoamento, indicando a necessidade de práticas de manejo. O objetivo do estudo proposto foi analisar a morfometria e o comportamento do desenvolvimento e incremento diamétrico de Araucaria angustifolia através da dendrocronologia. Além disso, foram comparados dados coletados em campo com informações geradas pela nuvem de pontos captada pelo equipamento Laser scanner terrestre. Para a análise da morfometria foram coletados dados de 121 árvores individuais, para incremento foram utilizadas 127 árvores e para avaliar as informações Laser 18 indivíduos amostrados. As araucárias pertenciam a dois sítios no município de São José do Cerrito, em Santa Catarina. Foram mensuradas as variáveis: diâmetro a altura do peito (Dap), altura (h), altura de início de copa (hic), raio de copa (Rc), comprimento de copa (Cc), diâmetro de copa (Dc), índice de abrangência (IA), índice de saliência (IS), grau de esbeltez (GE), formal de copa (Fc), proporção de copa (Pc%), área de copa (Ac) e a posição sociológica (s) de cada indivíduo, além da retirada de rolos de incremento. Para as relações morfométricas obteve-se 11 correlações significativas e para as 5 maiores correlações (Dap, hic, Cc, Dc, Pc%, IA e GE) foram ajustados modelos para sua determinação, sendo caracterizados com distribuição gama e normal, e funções identidade e logarítmica. A análise de covariância demonstrou existir diferenças nas relações morfométricas avaliadas para cada sítio amostrado. Para a análise do incremento periódico anual em diâmetro (IPAd), o sítio 1, em árvores dominantes (PS1) teve média de 0,235 m2, codominantes (PS2) 0,223 m2 e dominadas (PS3) 0,356 m2. Para o sitio 2, PS1 teve média de 0,381 m2, PS2 0,360 m2 e PS3 0,300 m2. O estudo mostrou que IPAd está correlacionado com as características da copa, sendo elas, a hic, Cc, Pc(%) e o GE. A comparação entre as médias das variáveis dendrométricas e morfométricas, pelos métodos de mensuração, tradicional e captado pela estação Laser, não apresentaram diferença significativa entre si. Porém, as metodologias propostas em literatura estão suscetíveis a falhas, principalmente, pela influência de pontos que não correspondem a superfície da árvore. Já para o formato da copa para cada classe de Dap mostrou que a espécie possui diferentes contornos ao longo do seu estágio de desenvolvimento, caracterizando uma copa cônica na fase juvenil, e com a maturidade o formato tende a configurar-se de maneira plana, ou então identificando uma forma de umbela. Para que as metodologias sejam abrangentes a espécie, são necessários estudos que incluem diferentes sítios amostrais, bem como, uma amplitude diamétrica maior para gerar inferências, além de avaliar a viabilidade do uso de imagens geradas pela varredura Laser scanner terrestre na mensuração florestal

A silvicultura está em franco progresso na América do Sul e as áreas de plantio têm ocupado cada vez mais territórios. No Brasil o conhecimento dos efeitos desta atividade sobre a fauna e flora nativas ainda está em formação e poucos estudos tem sido realizados na Floresta Ombrófila Mista. Os capítulos 1 e 2 discorrem sobre aspectos teóricos envolvidos na elaboração do estudo e sobre a descrição da região/área estudada, respectivamente. No capítulo 3 foi efetuado estudo sobre como o estabelecimento de espécies em plantios comerciais de Pinus elliottii e Araucaria angustifolia afetam a riqueza, densidade e composição de plantas lenhosas nativas e quais características das espécies colonizadoras são selecionadas nestes ambientes. Não houve diferença na riqueza rarefeita encontrada entre os tratamentos amostrados, contudo a densidade e a composição de espécies foram diferentes. As características de dispersão dos frutos foram diferentes entre os tratamentos e entre os plantios exóticos e nativos, com maior frequência de zoocoria ocorrendo nos plantios de P. elliottii. No capítulo 4 foi desenvolvido um estudo para verificar se a riqueza, a densidade, a composição e parâmetros de diversidade da avifauna são afetados por variáveis ambientais estruturais de plantios nativos e exóticos de diferentes idades e com e sem sub-bosque. A riqueza rarefeita, a densidade e a diversidade de aves foi mais elevada em floresta nativa e plantios com sub-bosque do que em plantios sem sub-bosque. Conforme a análise de correlação canônica houve a formação de três grupos definidos pelos parâmetros fitossociológicos: (1) plantios de P. elliotti sem sub-bosque, (2) plantios de P. elliottii com sub-bosque e (3) plantios de A. angustifolia e floresta nativa. Nos capítulos 4 e 5 existe a indicação de que a distribuição das espécies de plantas lenhosas de sub-bosque e de aves dos plantios é aninhada, onde as assembleias encontradas nos plantios são subgrupos da assembleia observada em ambiente florestal nativo. O desenvolvimento do capítulo 5 foi baseado nas táticas de forrageamento empregadas para a captura de presas por Phylloscartes ventralis nos diferentes plantios trabalhados. O comportamento de forrageio de P. ventralis foi diferente entre as áreas amostradas, onde as principais alterações foram relacionadas a manobras de ataque a presas, ao ângulo e o substrato de forrageio, a altura e a localização horizontal onde as presas foram capturadas. Na ordenação os plantios de P. elliottii com sub-bosque e A. angustifolia aparecem junto com as áreas de floresta nativa indicando que houve poucas modificações no comportamento de forrageio entre estas áreas quando comparadas a plantios de P. elliottii sem sub-bosque. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi realizado o capítulo 6 onde se reúnem todas as considerações e conclusões obtidas. Os resultados indicam que existe alteração quanto aos parâmetros de vegetação, avifauna e comportamento quando se comparam a floresta nativa e os plantios de espécies nativas e exóticas. Fica evidente a importância de utilização de espécies nativas como alternativa a espécies exóticas em áreas de silvicultura. Outra característica importante para implementação de medidas de mitigação aos impactos desta atividade econômica é a possibilidade de manutenção do sub-bosque em áreas de plantios comerciais. / Silviculture has been in sheer progress in South America and the planting areas have increasingly taken up new territories. In Brazil knowledge of the effects of this activity on native flora and fauna is still being built and few studies have been conducted in the Araucaria Forest. Chapters 1 and 2 present theoretical aspects involved in preparing the study and the description of the region / area studied, respectively. In chapter 3 a study was conducted on how the establishment of species in Pinus elliottii and Araucaria angustifolia commercial plantations affects the richness, density and composition of native woody plants and which characteristics of the colonizing species are selected in such environments. No difference in rarefied richness was found between the treatments sampled, but the density and composition of the species were different. The characteristics of fruit dispersion were different between the treatments and between exotic and native plantations, with higher incidence of zoochory in P. elliottii plantations. Chapter 4 presents the study carried out to verify whether the avifauna’s richness, density, composition and parameters of diversity are affected by structural environmental variables of native and exotic plantations of different ages and with and without understory. The rarefied richness, density and diversity of birds were higher in native forest and in plantations with understory than in plantations without understory. According to canonical correlation analysis, there was the formation of three groups defined by phytosociological parameters: (1) P. elliotti plantations without understory, (2) P. elliottii plantations with understory and (3) A. angustifolia and native forest plantations. Chapters 4 and 5 indicate that the distribution of species of understory woody plants and of plantation birds is nested, the assemblies found in plantations being subsets of the assembly observed in native forest environment. The development of chapter 5 was based on the foraging tactics employed in prey capture by Phylloscartes ventralis in the different plantations in study. The foraging behavior of P. ventralis was different in the sampled areas, the chief alterations being related to prey attack maneuvers, foraging angle and substrate, height and horizontal location where prey was captured. In ordination, P. elliottii plantations with understory and A. angustifolia rank along with the native forest areas, which indicates that there were few modifications in foraging behavior between these areas as compared to P. elliottii plantations without understory. From the results obtained chapter 6 was created, gathering all the considerations and conclusions made. The results indicate that there is alteration regarding parameters of vegetation, avifauna and behavior when comparing native forest and plantations of native and exotic species. This evidences the importance of employing native species as an alternative to exotic ones in silviculture areas. Another important feature in implementing measures for mitigating the impacts of this economic activity is the possibility of maintaining the understory in commercial plantation areas.