Diss. Linköping : Univ.

<p>During the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century Sweden experienced social changes. The proceeding industrialization led to a process of urbanization where people were forced, more or less, in to the cities to find work. The traditional agricultural self-sufficiency society was successively replaced by salaried employment. This meant that family and home was no longer the major centre of production, nurturance and care. In order to support themselves and their families, even women applied for industrial work. This led to further changes to the family. The women now worked away from home, and the children were left without anyone to look after them and care for them.</p><p>These children tended to be regarded as a problem to the society, when they after school spent their time in the streets in the city, without any necessary forms of care or supervision. Through the ideas of the middle class or bourgeoisie, the philanthropic charity organizations came to act and solve the problems. Their work was based upon educational and moralizing aspects. A way of solving these problems for the society, as well as for mothers and children, was to establish child nursing institutions or activities.</p><p>This essay describes when and how the child nursing institutions or activities Arbetsstugan and Barnkrubban were established in Karlskrona, and the motives for the establishments.</p><p>As results of this study we can see that the motives and purposes of the establishments and the activities at the institutions, resemble with certain patterns of child nursing institutions during this special period.</p>

During the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century Sweden experienced social changes. The proceeding industrialization led to a process of urbanization where people were forced, more or less, in to the cities to find work. The traditional agricultural self-sufficiency society was successively replaced by salaried employment. This meant that family and home was no longer the major centre of production, nurturance and care. In order to support themselves and their families, even women applied for industrial work. This led to further changes to the family. The women now worked away from home, and the children were left without anyone to look after them and care for them. These children tended to be regarded as a problem to the society, when they after school spent their time in the streets in the city, without any necessary forms of care or supervision. Through the ideas of the middle class or bourgeoisie, the philanthropic charity organizations came to act and solve the problems. Their work was based upon educational and moralizing aspects. A way of solving these problems for the society, as well as for mothers and children, was to establish child nursing institutions or activities. This essay describes when and how the child nursing institutions or activities Arbetsstugan and Barnkrubban were established in Karlskrona, and the motives for the establishments. As results of this study we can see that the motives and purposes of the establishments and the activities at the institutions, resemble with certain patterns of child nursing institutions during this special period.

Diss. Umeå : Universitet, 2008.

This thesis examines the implementation of a philanthropically project called Norrbottens arbetsstugor which were launched during the famine of 1903. The project initially aimed to hinder starvation among children to poor families and was arranged in a similar way as boarding-out schools. Children to poor families were offered this temporary solution and during their stay they received board and lodging as well as schooling and work practice. However, the project continues until 1954 although the threat of famine is hindered fairly promptly which indicates that new policies were introduced. Therefore, the inquiry focuses on how actors on different levels in the implementation structure adapt and transform the philanthropically policy to suit their respective needs and goals. The study is divided into two phases, a so called initial phase and an expansion phase. The implementation is investigated via archive material from the philanthropically organisation itself, Stiftelsen Norrbottens Läns arbetsstugor, as well as from local governments (kommunala skolråd) and representatives of the Swedish government (folkskoleinspektörer). The study shows how policies of childcare becomes blurry or difficult to fulfil due to insufficient means, lack of control or because of absence of recognized tools to evaluate the activity. Commonly, implementation studies sought to show how well or misused the policy has been obeyed after its introduction. This study shows rather how a policy can work fruitfully even though, or thanks to, its intentions are reformulated by different actors. This of course, awakes questions of moral characters. The study also highlights the importance to investigate, in this case a philanthropically case, not only as such, but as a project that is ongoing on several levels. This gives us the opportunity to see what, for example, the conception of ‘good childcare’ means and how it is defined depending on the level studied. To put it short: when studied in different levels, we may unveil the different meanings of a concept. Keywords: Norrbotten, early 20th century, childcare, boarding-school, philanthropy, assimilation, implementation.