Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-10T14:30:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Alessandra de Lima Machado.pdf: 1487065 bytes, checksum: cd9c7f300bf5103dbe9de9f9244f7bbb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-10T14:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Alessandra de Lima Machado.pdf: 1487065 bytes, checksum: cd9c7f300bf5103dbe9de9f9244f7bbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The evaluation of toxicity caused by aluminum (Al) trees used in urban forestry is of great importance for the development of seedlings and plantings in appropriate conditions. The tree species Bauhinia variegata L. is commonly used in urban afforestation, requiring knowledge of their nutritional requirements and conflicts related to the presence of trees on the streets, for example, interference in the electricity distribution networks. Pruning is the main practice management done on trees planted in the streets. Optimizing the pruning process can generate benefits such as less frequent pruning, lower cost and higher efficiency, especially for the energy sector. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of Al in the development of Bauhinia variegata seedlings, and analyze the effectiveness of different types of pruning cut with or without the use of Al, in order to reduce shoots. This study was developed in two stages, resulting in two chapters. The first, directly related to mineral nutrition, with the study aimed to investigate the effects of Al toxicity on growth and root development. Experiments were performed in simple and complete nutrient solution and in acid soil substrate. The second chapter presents the study to assess the effectiveness of different types of pruning cut made in adult plants of Bauhinia variegata, with and without the use of Al as a growth inhibitor. The results indicated that this species is sensitive to the toxicity of Al from the concentration of 50 ?M, being observed decrease in root growth rate and relative root elongation. The critical dose to paralyze Al root growth were 151,48 ?M of Al in simple nutrient solution and 388,72 ?M of Al in complete nutrient solution. Al caused increase in the diameter of the roots of seedlings from the concentration at 400 ?M solution. The application of limestone in acid soil favored the growth of plants of Bauhinia variegata, resulting in higher dry matter weight values of root and shoot dry mass weight. When pruning was held close to the trunk and Al application shoots were not observed until the last evaluation at 210 days after pruning. In pruning held close to the trunk without Al application occurred shoots. In the cuttings leaving stump 20 and 40 cm, with or without the application of Al occurred shoots / A avalia??o da toxidez causada pelo alum?nio (Al) em ?rvores utilizadas na arboriza??o urbana ? de grande import?ncia para o desenvolvimento de mudas e plantios em condi??es adequadas. A esp?cie arb?rea Bauhinia variegata L., ? comumente utilizada na arboriza??o de urbana, sendo necess?rio o conhecimento das suas exig?ncias nutricionais e dos conflitos relacionados ? presen?a das ?rvores nas ruas, como, por exemplo, a interfer?ncia nas redes de distribui??o de energia el?trica. A poda ? a principal pr?tica de manejo realizada nas ?rvores plantadas nas ruas. A otimiza??o do processo de podas pode gerar benef?cios como menor frequ?ncia de podas, menor custo e maior efici?ncia, especialmente para o setor el?trico. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a influ?ncia do Al no desenvolvimento de mudas de Bauhinia variegata, e analisar a efici?ncia de diferentes tipos de corte em poda associado ou n?o ao uso de Al, de modo a diminuir brota??es. Estes estudos foram desenvolvidos em duas etapas, resultando assim em dois cap?tulos. O primeiro, relacionado diretamente ? nutri??o mineral, com o estudo direcionado ? investiga??o dos efeitos da toxidez do Al no crescimento e desenvolvimento de ra?zes. Foram realizados experimentos em solu??o nutritiva simples e completa e em substrato de solo ?cido. O segundo cap?tulo apresenta o estudo de avalia??o da efici?ncia de diferentes tipos de corte em podas realizadas em plantas adultas de Bauhinia variegata, com e sem a utiliza??o de Al como inibidor de crescimento. Os resultados indicaram que esta esp?cie ? sens?vel ? toxidez do Al a partir da concentra??o de 50 ?M, sendo observada diminui??o na taxa de crescimento radicular e na elonga??o radicular relativa. As doses cr?tica de Al que paralisaria o crescimento radicular foram de 151,48 ?M de Al em solu??o nutritiva simples e de 388,72 ?M de Al em solu??o nutritiva completa. O Al provocou aumento do di?metro das ra?zes de mudas a partir da concentra??o em solu??o de 400 ?M. A aplica??o de calc?rio em solo ?cido favoreceu o crescimento de plantas de Bauhinia variegata, resultando em maiores valores de peso de massa seca de raiz e peso de massa seca de parte a?rea. Quando a poda foi realizada rente ao tronco principal e com aplica??o de Al n?o foram observadas brota??es at? a ?ltima avalia??o, aos 210 dias ap?s a poda. Na poda realizada rente ao tronco principal sem aplica??o de Al ocorreram brota??es. Nas podas deixando toco de 20 e 40 cm, com ou sem aplica??o de Al, ocorreram brota??es.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-03T11:26:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Valeria Polese.pdf: 1777501 bytes, checksum: c11ce694e66877535a131581bb746469 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T11:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Valeria Polese.pdf: 1777501 bytes, checksum: c11ce694e66877535a131581bb746469 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-15 / AMPLA Energia e Servi?os S. A. / LIGHT Servi?os de Eletricidade S.A. / The present study looked for alternatives of growth handling and of pruning in plants used in the urban forestation, seeking to the decrease of conflicts of these with electric power spinnings. In the chapter I experiments were accomplished with Flamboyant in soil and simple nutritious solution containing Al, with objective of studying handling alternatives seeking to reduce the growth and development of plantules Flamboyant. The aluminum atrophies roots could affect the growth. Six experiments were accomplished with plantules (soil and simple nutritious solution) in conditions of growth camera and vegetation house, Department of Fitotecnia - UFRRJ. In the soil experiments they were used two sources of sulfate of aluminum, being a commercial one and a pure source analytically, in the concetrations 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha-1 in the soils Planossolo and Argissolo, with four repetitions. The experiments accomplished in simple nutritious solution just received calcium (0,001 mM) and they had as source AlCl3 with doses that varied from 0,075 to 5,0 mM. Through the results of the chapter I was ended that in same or superior conditions of soil concentrations to 0,4 Cmolc/dm3 of Al caused toxicity to the plantules of Flamboyant, with effects mainly in the length root, and in solution simple nutritious doses same or upper to 0,075 mM of AlCl3 paralyzed the growth root. Al can be used as inhibitor of vegetable growth in plantules of Flamboyant. The chapter II had as objective studies the effects of the pruning and association with growth inhibitors in arboreal species. Four experiments were accomplished with the plants Sabi?, Sombreiro, and Cucumber (phytotoxicity Evaluation the herbicides). The experiments were installed in the Department of Fitotecnia-UFRRJ, Serop?dica. In the experiment 1 (Sabi?) all the plants were cut off 2 m of height, and they were applied the treatments: control, 2.4-D+Picloram, and Picloram. In the experiment 2 (Sabi?) all the plants were pruned removing 1/3 of the cup and applying the treatments: control, HCl, AlCl3, Picloram and nearby Cut (Without pruning of 1/3 of the cup). The experiment 3 (Sombreiro) had as treatments cut types in relation to the main trunk: nearby, leaving stub of 20 cm and of 40 cm. The experiment 4 (Pepino) it was installed in the originating from soil the first experiment with Sabi?. In the experiment 1, the treatment with Picloram delayed the beginning of the regrowth, important factor for the present study, so that they delay to arrive to the electric power spinning. In the experiment 2, just the treatment Picloram presented length and diameter of sprouts a little smaller in relation to the other treatments. In the experiment 3 it was verified that the nearby cut didn't present new budding until the 145 days after the pruning. In the experiment 4 the cucumber presented more intense toxicity in the treatment with Picloram. Was ended that Picloram and 2,4-D+Picloram were efficient for budding handling in adult plants of Sabi?, because they presented budding with small lengths, delaying the accomplishment of new pruning. In plants of Sombreiro the nearby cut was efficient, not presenting budding. It happened toxicity for Picloram in plants of Pepino. / O presente estudo buscou alternativas de manejo de crescimento e de poda em plantas utilizadas na arboriza??o urbana, visando ? diminui??o de conflitos destas com fia??es de energia el?trica. No cap?tulo I foram realizados experimentos com Flamboyant em solo e solu??o nutritiva simples contendo Al, com objetivo de estudar alternativas de manejo visando diminuir o crescimento e desenvolvimento de pl?ntulas Flamboyant. O alum?nio atrofia ra?zes podendo afetar o crescimento. Foram realizados seis experimentos com pl?ntulas (Solo e solu??o nutritiva simples) em condi??es de c?mara de crescimento e casa de vegeta??o, Departamento de Fitotecnia - UFRRJ. Nos experimentos de solo foram utilizadas duas fontes de sulfato de alum?nio, sendo uma comercial e uma fonte pura analiticamente, nas concentra??es 0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 nos solos Planossolo e Argissolo, com quatro repeti??es. Os experimentos realizados em solu??o nutritiva simples receberam apenas c?lcio (0,001 mM) e tiveram como fonte AlCl3 com doses que variaram de 0,075 a 5,0 mM. Atrav?s dos resultados do cap?tulo I conclui-se que em condi??es de solo concentra??es iguais ou superiores a 0,4 Cmolc/dm3 de Al causaram toxicidade ?s pl?ntulas de Flamboyant, com efeitos principalmente no comprimento radicular, e em solu??o nutritiva simples doses iguais ou superiores a 0,075 mM de AlCl3 paralisaram o crescimento radicular. O Al pode ser utilizado como inibidor de crescimento vegetal em pl?ntulas de Flamboyant. O cap?tulo II teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos da poda e da sua associa??o com inibidores de crescimento em esp?cies arb?reas. Foram realizados quatro experimentos com as plantas Sabi?, Sombreiro, e Pepino (Avalia??o de fitotoxidade a herbicidas). Os experimentos foram instalados no Departamento de Fitotecnia-UFRRJ, Serop?dica-RJ. No experimento 1 (Sabi?) todas as plantas foram decepadas a 2 m de altura, e foram aplicados os tratamentos: Testemunha; 2,4-D+Picloram; e Picloram. No experimento 2 (Sabi?) todas as plantas foram podadas retirando 1/3 da copa e aplicando os tratamentos: Testemunha, HCl, AlCl3, Picloram e Corte rente (Sem poda de 1/3 da copa). O experimento 3 (Sombreiro) teve como tratamentos tipos de corte em rela??o ao tronco principal: rente, deixando toco de 20 cm e de 40 cm. O experimento 4 (Pepino) foi instalado no solo proveniente do primeiro experimento com Sabi?. No experimento 1, o tratamento com Picloram atrasou o in?cio da rebrota, fator importante para o presente estudo, a fim de que demorem chegar ? fia??o de energia el?trica. No experimento 2, apenas o tratamento Picloram apresentou comprimento e di?metro de brotos um pouco menores em rela??o aos demais tratamentos. No experimento 3 foi verificado que o corte rente n?o apresentou novas brota??es at? os 145 dias ap?s a poda. No experimento 4 o pepino apresentou toxidez mais intensa no tratamento com Picloram. Conclui-se que o Picloram e 2,4-D+Picloram foram eficientes para manejo de brota??es em plantas adultas de Sabi?, pois apresentaram brota??es com comprimentos pequenos, atrasando a realiza??o de nova poda. Em plantas de Sombreiro o corte rente foi eficiente, n?o apresentando brota??es. Ocorreu toxidez por Picloram em plantas de Pepino

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariluciSS.pdf: 2759550 bytes, checksum: fbdacf5e40d428485a9415374f1c8754 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The current paper aims to check the environmental population perception of the two east side districts of Natal / RN (Rocas and Petr?polis) on its afforestation. The issues related to the environmental perception and afforestation of cities are gaining prominence in the many different areas of knowledge. However, the approaches and methodologies that are following an analytical perspective that by the rule aimed an policy of spatial planning not always responds to the aspirations and needs of the urban population. The research has been consisted of a preliminary survey, collecting data through the representative population of the neighborhoods in Petr?polis and Rocas, which were applied 210 forms (with the households), 130 in the neighborhood of Rocas and 80 in Petr?polis, which corresponds to 5% of the total households of the two districts, using as indicators, among many others, the income, the level of education and the environmental characteristics of the neighborhood. Through analysis sample was possible to verify that Petr?polis neighborhood that, 68% of interviewee believes their lives in the neighborhood where good and only 2% consider bad, in Rocas neighborhood, 57% considered life in his neighborhood good and only 5% consider bad. When asked about the main characteristics that remind the neighborhood Petr?polis, 90% of residents mentioned that one of its main advantages are the means of transport available, followed by 82% who quoted the ventilation as one of the main benefits of the neighborhood. In Rocas neighborhood, items mentioned by residents, were the ventilation with 47% of all interviewee and 32% said that peace is one of the most positive point of the neighborhood. From the description of some of the environmental needs of the neighborhoods Petr?polis and Rocas, it is possible to infer that environmental issues in general, and afforestation are always present in the speech of the residents, even indirect way, it shows that regardless of the education degree or the income, environmental quality is present as one of the basic needs of urban areas with implications both in the personal and social life as of its inhabitants. / O Presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a percep??o ambiental da popula??o de dois bairros da zona leste de Natal/RN (Rocas e Petr?polis) em rela??o a sua arboriza??o. As quest?es relacionados ? percep??o ambiental e a arboriza??o das cidades v?m ganhando destaque nas mais diversas ?reas do conhecimento. Contudo, as abordagens e as metodologias que os acompanham est?o impregnadas de uma perspectiva anal?tica que ,via de regra, visa a uma pol?tica de ordenamento espacial que nem sempre vai ao encontro dos anseios e das necessidades da popula??o urbana. A pesquisa foi constitu?da de um levantamento preliminar atrav?s da coleta de dados junto ? popula??o representativa dos bairros Petr?polis e Rocas, onde foram aplicados 210 formul?rios (com o respons?vel pelos domic?lios), sendo 130 no bairro das Rocas e 80 no bairro Petr?polis, o que corresponde a 5% do total de resid?ncias desses dois bairros, tendo por indicadores, dentre outros, a renda, o grau de escolaridade e as caracter?sticas ambientais do bairro. Atrav?s da an?lise amostral foi poss?vel verificar, que no que se refere ao bairro Petr?polis, 68% dos entrevistados consideram a vida no bairro em que moram boa e apenas 2 % a consideram p?ssima. J? no bairro das Rocas, 57% consideram a vida no seu bairro boa e apenas 5% a consideram ruim. Quando questionados sobre as principais caracter?sticas que lembravam o bairro Petr?polis 90% dos moradores mencionaram que uma das suas principais vantagens s?o os meios de transportes dispon?vel, seguidos de 82 % que mencionaram a ventila??o como sendo um dos principais benef?cios do bairro. No bairro das Rocas, os itens mencionados pelos moradores com maior freq??ncia, foram a ventila??o, com 47 % do total de entrevistados e 32 % disseram que a tranq?ilidade ? um dos pontos mais positivos do bairro. A partir da descri??o de algumas das necessidades ambientais dos bairros Petr?polis e Rocas, ? poss?vel inferir que as quest?es ambientais, de maneira geral, e a arboriza??o est?o sempre presentes na fala dos moradores, mesmo de forma indireta, isso demonstra que independente do grau de escolaridade ou da renda a qualidade ambiental se faz presente como uma das necessidades b?sicas do meio urbano com implica??es tanto na vida pessoal quanto social dos seus habitantes.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-14T21:02:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoRafaelMoraisDeMacedo_DISSERT.pdf: 8414722 bytes, checksum: 0e3ab586f54c8fe45bacacea9d96ea99 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-19T22:10:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoRafaelMoraisDeMacedo_DISSERT.pdf: 8414722 bytes, checksum: 0e3ab586f54c8fe45bacacea9d96ea99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-19T22:10:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoRafaelMoraisDeMacedo_DISSERT.pdf: 8414722 bytes, checksum: 0e3ab586f54c8fe45bacacea9d96ea99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / A Caatinga e a Floresta Atl?ntica apresentam ampla riqueza de esp?cies, as quais podem atender ?s exig?ncias para diversos usos. Considerando o atual n?vel de degrada??o da vegeta??o do Rio Grande do Norte, e o crescente uso de esp?cies ex?ticas, torna-se urgente a execu??o de a??es que visem a conserva??o da biodiversidade desses biomas. Nessa perspectiva, utilizar esp?cies vegetais aut?ctones na arboriza??o das cidades acaba por se caracterizar em um instrumento de conserva??o e de valoriza??o da biodiversidade local. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho ? reunir e fornecer informa??es acerca das esp?cies arb?reas nativas ornamentais no estado com o intuito de fomentar e difundir o seu uso na arboriza??o urbana. Como objetivos espec?ficos o trabalho possui: (1) avaliar e verificar a demanda e os custos de manuten??o da arboriza??o urbana nativa e ex?tica, comparativamente, com base em dados obtidos no estado (Cap. 1); (2) Fornecer uma listagem de esp?cies arb?reas nativas ornamentais do estado, incluindo esp?cies com uso j? difundido e sugerindo novos elementos com potencial ornamental (Cap. 2); e (3) produzir um guia de esp?cies arb?reas da flora nativa como um meio de divulga??o dos resultados obtidos com conte?do acess?vel ? sociedade. A an?lise da manuten??o da arboriza??o urbana foi realizada no Campus Central da UFRN, para o levantamento das esp?cies nativas arb?reas ornamentais foram realizadas expedi??es a fragmentos vegetais no estado, al?m de levantamento da literatura especializada. Como resultado, verificou-se evidentes menores custos e menor demanda de servi?os para manuten??o da vegeta??o nativa, evidenciando a vis?vel vantagem no uso de uma arboriza??o de composi??o flor?stica regionalizada. O levantamento das esp?cies nativas arb?reas ornamentais levou ? sele??o de 95 esp?cies distribu?das em 30 fam?lias, sendo 17 esp?cies (17,35%) ocorrendo exclusivamente na Caatinga, 27 esp?cies (25,55%) na Mata Atl?ntica e mais da metade da riqueza considerada (55,10%) ocorrendo em ambos os biomas, o que proporciona uma diversidade dispon?vel para a composi??o da arboriza??o urbana, tanto para cidades situadas no dom?nio da Mata Atl?ntica (81 spp.) como da Caatinga (71 spp.). A partir desses resultados, elaborou-se uma proposta de manual de reconhecimento e cultivo de ?rvores nativas, consistindo na etapa inicial no processo de valoriza??o do potencial flor?stico existente com o intuito de auxiliar o desenvolvimento de uma perspectiva ambiental regionalizada da gest?o urbana no estado / The Caatinga and Atlantic Forest exhibit great species richness, which can attend requirements for various uses. Considering the current level of degradation of vegetation in Rio Grande do Norte, and the increasing use of exotic species, it is urgent to perform actions for the conservation of these biomes. From this perspective, using native plant species in the urban forestry becomes an instrument for the conservation and enhancement of local biodiversity. In this context, the general objective of this study is to gather and provide information about the ornamental native tree species in the state in order to promote and disseminate their use in urban areas. Specific aims of this work are: (1) evaluate and verify the demand and maintenance costs of native and exotic urban forestry, comparatively, with data obtained in the state (Cap. 1); (2) Provide a ornamental native tree species list in the state, including species already widespread use and suggesting new elements with ornamental potential (Cap. 2); and (3) produce a guide of native tree species as a means of disseminating the results obtained in a way accessible to the society. Analysis of maintenance of urban trees was performed at the UFRN's Central Campus, and the ornamental native tree species survey was carried out through literature survey combined with expeditions to forest fragments in the state. As a result, it was obvious that the maintenance of native vegetation resulted in lower costs and least demand for services highlighting the visible advantage in using a afforestation with regionalized floristic composition. The survey of ornamental native tree species led to the selection of 95 species belonging to 30 families, 17 species (17.35%) occurring exclusively in the Caatinga, 27 species (25.55%) in the Atlantic Forest and more than half (55.10%) occurring in both biomes, which provides a good selection available for the composition of urban forestry, both for cities located in the area of Atlantic Forest (81 spp.) or for those located in the Caatinga (71 spp.). From these results, a guide for the recognition and cultivation of native ornamental trees was prepared, consisting in the initial step in the enhancement of existing floristic potential value with the aim to assist in the development of a regionalized perspective of urban environmental management in the state

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EugenioMFM_cap1_ate_cap3.pdf: 4243028 bytes, checksum: 0824b5a3ad87d2c5552820ffd0431fe8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-11-18 / This study intends to establish a relation between environmental degradation, particularly the devastation of the green canopy, and public health. Utilizing a mapping of the trees included in the researched area, each individual tree was analyzed according to its age, taxonomic listing, architecture, shape and size (determined by aesthetic/convenience reasons or deformed by pruning). Initially investigated were the covert reasons lying underneath the constant aggression against trees (which many times seem to contain elements of hatred and contempt) within the urban environment. In addition to that, the aspects concerning environmental modifications and the consequent impact on public health were also assessed. Two main problems promptly emerged as a result of the removal of trees: a) without a canopy to protect the areas, they became subject to winds directly blown from SW Africa and impregnated with aerosol partic les, which are common causes for respiratory disorders and, b) direct UV solar radiation, which causes some types of skin cancers and eye disorders. To reach such results, we studied the origins and formation of UV radiation induced cancers and searched for the UV radiation spectra of action, e.g., usual intensity and quantity reaching clear and shadowed spaces in a certain area and its consequences. In a second instance, we also searched for pertinent data resources in order to confirm the increase of skin cancer cases due to exposure to UV radiation and the relation between the destruction of the green canopy and the above mentioned problems. We believe that a few significant results have been achieved by this study, namely: the relation between a culture based on medieval beliefs and its consequences on the environment; how this culture exploits and deforms nature in pursuit of financial and psychological interests to a point of transforming the landscape into a copy of something devoid of any relation to latitude and altitude; and above all, the indifference concerning the alarming results carried by these modifications / O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo, verificar o estado de conserva??o da coberta vegetal da cidade de Natal e sua rela??o com a qualidade de vida. No entanto, ao longo dessa ingl?ria trajet?ria de contar ?rvore a ?rvore em seus lugares e estado de conserva??o, nos deparamos com algo muito mais sinistro e preocupante do que somente a destrui??o do patrim?nio verde: a associa??o muito pr?xima entre o desaparecimento dessa coberta vegetal e o surgimento de aspecto degenerativos e m?rbidos da sa?de de humanos inseridos nessa paisagem, o que causou uma modifica??o na estrutura da pesquisa que terminou por estabelecer a rela??o entre modismos paisag?sticos, ignor?ncia e gan?ncia administrativas, suas mesquinhas causas e desastrosos efeitos, na sa?de p?blica. Para evitar que outros n?o tivessem as d?vidas que tivemos, adentramos os mist?rios da est?tica: dos cl?ssicos aos renovadores locais; do meio ambiente: do simples gr?o de areia ? forma??o da paisagem; das condicionantes ambientais: do sol ? radia??o ultravioleta; do c?ncer: do DNA ? Oncog?nese, e deste ? morbidade em Natal e no RN; terminado por esbo?ar um pequeno e pr?tico guia de sobreviv?ncia nessa que se proclama a cidade mais saud?vel do mundo, apesar dos ?ndices e evid?ncias contradit?rios