Th.--Phon.--Strasbourg 2, 1986.

L’objet de la thèse est de comprendre comment se structure la journée de travail et comment l’organisation quotidienne du temps de travail révèle de profondes inégalités sociales entre les travailleurs, notamment entre les hommes et les femmes. Les travaux qui se sont penchés sur le temps de travail ces dernières décennies ont généralement privilégié le cadre hebdomadaire comme angle d’analyse. Ces travaux ont également pu s’intéresser à certaines périodes spécifiques, comme le travail de nuit ou du dimanche. Alors que la tendance est à apprécier le temps de travail par rapport à un cadre de référence toujours plus large, la journée apparaît être un cadre plus fin et plus original pour évaluer les effets de la diversification des temps de travail. L'analyse des horaires de travail quotidiens permet d’appréhender les difficultés perçues par les individus, notamment en matière d’articulation des temps. Des investigations quantitatives menées à partir de l’enquête Conditions de Travail (DARES) et la construction d’outils statistiques variés permettent de décrire et d’analyser la journée de travail, mais également de faire apparaître les enjeux sociaux se nouant autour de celle-ci. Cette dernière est au cœur des inégalités entre les travailleurs (hommes et femmes ; parents et non-parents ; PCS). Sont questionnés les enjeux de la présence au travail, de la capacité des salariés à maîtriser leur temps et à se rendre disponible sur certains horaires ; ainsi que les enjeux de la valorisation du temps, de la capacité à faire rémunérer le temps passé à la disposition de l’employeur et à faire reconnaître la pénibilité des horaires qui s’écartent de la norme. / This thesis aims at understanding how the working day is organized and how this daily organization of working time reveals deep social inequalities between workers, particularly between men and women. The numerous works that have studied working time in recent decades have generally favored the weekly framework as analysis angle. These works have also studied specific periods, such as night work and Sunday work. Although the trend is to estimate the working time over a framework of ever wider reference, the day yet appears to be a more precise and more original framework to assess the effects of diversification of work habits observed during the last forty years. The analysis of daily work schedules enables us to understand the difficulties people experience, particularly in terms of articulation of time. Quantitative investigations from the Working Conditions survey (DARES), including the construction of indicators and different statistical tools allow us to describe and analyze the daily organization of working time but also show the social issues forming around the workday. This latter is at the heart of inequality between workers (men and women ; parents and non-parents ; professional categories). Indeed, the capacity to attend work, to control one’s time and to make oneself available certain hours is at stake. The valuation of the time given by the workers, the ability to recognize, in other words to pay, the time spent available to the employer, but also to recognize the difficulty of the temporal organization of work and schedules which deviate from the norm are also at stake.

No description available.

Un effort phonatoire intense ou prolongé peut causer des lésions des plis vocaux et une dysphonie. L’effort correspond à la perception, par un individu, de la force qu’il déploie pour réaliser une activité, ici la phonation visant à faire vibrer périodiquement les plis vocaux pour produire la voix dans la parole. L’évaluation de cet effort doit donc reposer, au moins, sur deux mesures, l’une perceptive et l’autre physique. Pour développer de telles mesures, il est nécessaire de dissocier l’effort phonatoire de la dysphonie, d’une part, et de l’effort articulatoire, d’autre part. Nous avons réalisé des expériences chez un grand nombre de sujets sains, en faisant varier l’effort phonatoire. Nous avons comparé les consonnes voisées et non voisées, ainsi que la parole vocale modale usuelle et non usuelle, c’est-à-dire différant par l’intensité, la hauteur et la qualité de la voix. Nous avons testé une mesure d’auto-perception de l’effort dans des comparaisons de syllabes par paires : le taux de difficulté ressenti pendant la production des consonnes voisées, par rapport aux non voisées. Le score moyen s’élevait à 22 sur 36, soit 61 pourcents. Nous avons aussi adapté une mesure acoustique de l’effort phonatoire : la fréquence fondamentale relative (RFFa). Les valeurs de RFFa, notamment à l’initiation de la voyelle post-consonantique, étaient plus basses, indiquant un effort plus important, pour les consonnes voisées que pour les non voisées et pour la voix forte-aigüe-pressée que pour la voix usuelle. Ces valeurs étaient cohérentes avec les mesures aérodynamiques réalisées. Nous avons également appliqué les deux mesures développées à des patients, dont nous présentons les cas. / An intense or prolonged phonatory effort can induce vocal fold lesions and dysphonia. The effort corresponds to the perception, by an individual, of the exertion to perform an activity, here the phonation aiming to create a periodic vibration the vocal folds in order to produce the voice during speech. Therefore, the evaluation of phonatory effort must rely, at least, on two measures, one perceptive and another physical. To develop such measures, it is necessary to dissociate phonatory effort from dysphonia, on the one hand, and from articulatory effort, on the other hand. We have conducted experiments in a large number of healthy subjects, by varying the phonatory effort. We compared voiced and voiceless consonants, as well as usual and unusual modal vocal speech, the last one differing in intensity, pitch, and voice quality. We tested a self-perception measurement in pair comparisons of syllables: the rate of difficulty felt during the production of the voiced consonants, compared to voiceless ones. The average score was 22 out of 36, or 61 percents. We also adapted an acoustic measure of phonatory effort: the relative fundamental frequency (RFFa). The values of RFFa, especially at the initiation of post-consonantal vowels, were lower, indicating a greater effort, for the voiced consonants than for the voiceless ones, and for the loud-high-pressed voice than for the usual voice. These values were consistent with the aerodynamic measurements we made. We also applied the two developed measures to patients and we presented their cases.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-146).

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2000. / Bibliography: leaves 103-107.

Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2000. / Bibliography: leaves 64-68.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

Traditionally, psychologists and linguists have assumed that phonological speech errors result from the substitution of well-formed segments. However, there is growing evidence from acoustic and articulatory analyses of these errors which suggests ac- tivation from competing phonological representations can cascade to articulation. This thesis assumes a cascading model, and investigates further constraints for psy- cholinguistic models of speech production. Two major questions are addressed: whether such a cascading model should include feedback; and whether phonologi- cal representations are still required if articulation is not well-formed. In order to investigate these questions a new method is introduced for the analysis of artic- ulatory data, and its application for analysing EPG and ultrasound recordings is demonstrated. A speech error elicitation experiment is presented in which acoustic and elec- tropalatography (EPG) signals were recorded. A transcription analysis of both data sets tentatively supports a feedback account for the lexical bias effect. Cru- cially, however, the EPG data in conjunction with a perceptual experiment highlight that categorising speech errors is problematic for a cascaded view of production. Therefore, the new analysis technique is used for a reanalysis of the EPG data. This allows us to abandon a view in which each utterance is an error or not. We demon- strate that articulation is more similar to a competing phonological representation when the competitor yields a real word. This pattern firmly establishes evidence for feedback in speech production. Two additional experiments investigate whether phonological representations, in addition to lower-level representations (e.g., features), are required to account for ill-formed speech. In two tongue-twister experiments we demonstrate with both EPG and ultrasound, that articulation is most variable when there is one compet- ing feature, but not when there are two competing features. This pattern is best accounted for in a feedback framework in which feature representations feedback to reinforce phonological representations. Analysing articulation using a technique which does not require the categorisation of responses allows us to investigate the consequences of cascading. It demonstrates that a cascading model of speech production requires feedback between levels of representation and that phonemes should still be represented even if articulation is malformed.