Orientador: Vicente Luiz Scalon / Banca: Geraldo Luiz Palma / Banca: José Ricardo Figueiredo / Resumo: O desenvolvimento de modelos numéricos para simulação de escoamentos tem se dado em diversos aspectos: desde os métodos de acoplamento entre pressões e velocidades até as técnicas de estabilização da solução. Neste contexto, este trabalho se propõe a implementar e avaliar o comportamento de um destes algoritmos, o CBS, utilizando-o na simulação de um escoamento isotérmico de fluido incompressível. Para tanto, foram utilizados variantes do esquema de solução com relação à discretização no tempo, com os métodos explícito e semi-implícito, além de algumas outras alterações na discretização no espaço e nos termos de estabilização. A discretização geral do problema foi feita com o método dos elementos finitos utilizando-se uma malha formada por elementos bilineares. O algoritmo e suas variações foram avaliados através de uma série de resultados, para diversos valores do número de Reynolds, de um problema clássico: a cavidade recirculante. Desta forma, foi possível mostrar que todas as variações da solução usando a malha estabelecida apresentaram concordância satisfatória com os resultados da literatura. Além disto, verificou-se que a omissão do termo característico não apresentou diferenças significativas nos resultados para os valores de número de Reynolds testados. Os resultados mostraram também que o método semi-implícito converge com um menor número de incrementos de tempo que o método explícito. / Abstract: The development of numerical models for fluid flow simulation occurred at many aspects: since coupling methods between pressures and velocities until stabilization techniques. In this context, this work intends to implement and evaluate one algorithm behavior, the CBS, used in a simulation of incompressible and isothermal flows. This work also uses the explicit and semi-implicit methods of the time discretization scheme and some others changes in space discretization and stabilization terms for tests with algorithm. The discretization technique used is the finite element method with the mesh formed by bilinear elements. The algorithm's changes were evaluated using results for several Reynold's number in a classic problem: the lid-driven cavity. All the changes in solution algorithm with the used mesh show good agreement with other results from bibliography. It was verified too, that the omission of characteristics term didn't present significant differences in results with Reynold's number tested. It was observed yet that the solution code using the semi-implicit method converges with less time steps than the explicit one. / Mestre

In this research, the Alternating Cell Direction Implicit method is used in temporal discretisation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and compared with the well known and widely used Point Gauss Seidel scheme on structured and quadrilateral unstructured meshes. A two dimensional, laminar and incompressible Navier-Stokes solver is developed for this purpose using the artificial compressibility formulation. The developed solver is used to obtain steady-state solutions with implicit time stepping methods and a third order data reconstruction scheme (U-MUSCL) is added to obtain high order spatial accuracy. The Alternating Cell Directions Implicit method and Point Gauss Seidel scheme is compared in terms of convergence iteration number and total computation time using test cases with growing complexity, including laminar flat plate, single and multi-element airfoil calculations. Both structured and quadrilateral unstructured grids are used in single element airfoil calculations. In these test cases, it is seen that a reduction between 13% and 20% is obtained in total computation time by usage of Alternating Cell Directions Implicit method when compared with the Point Gauss Seidel method.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-01T17:54:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-08-31. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-04-01T18:00:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000505957.pdf: 1448129 bytes, checksum: ef6c3d75951b3a630e2efdba48bcb784 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O desenvolvimento de modelos numéricos para simulação de escoamentos tem se dado em diversos aspectos: desde os métodos de acoplamento entre pressões e velocidades até as técnicas de estabilização da solução. Neste contexto, este trabalho se propõe a implementar e avaliar o comportamento de um destes algoritmos, o CBS, utilizando-o na simulação de um escoamento isotérmico de fluido incompressível. Para tanto, foram utilizados variantes do esquema de solução com relação à discretização no tempo, com os métodos explícito e semi-implícito, além de algumas outras alterações na discretização no espaço e nos termos de estabilização. A discretização geral do problema foi feita com o método dos elementos finitos utilizando-se uma malha formada por elementos bilineares. O algoritmo e suas variações foram avaliados através de uma série de resultados, para diversos valores do número de Reynolds, de um problema clássico: a cavidade recirculante. Desta forma, foi possível mostrar que todas as variações da solução usando a malha estabelecida apresentaram concordância satisfatória com os resultados da literatura. Além disto, verificou-se que a omissão do termo característico não apresentou diferenças significativas nos resultados para os valores de número de Reynolds testados. Os resultados mostraram também que o método semi-implícito converge com um menor número de incrementos de tempo que o método explícito. / The development of numerical models for fluid flow simulation occurred at many aspects: since coupling methods between pressures and velocities until stabilization techniques. In this context, this work intends to implement and evaluate one algorithm behavior, the CBS, used in a simulation of incompressible and isothermal flows. This work also uses the explicit and semi-implicit methods of the time discretization scheme and some others changes in space discretization and stabilization terms for tests with algorithm. The discretization technique used is the finite element method with the mesh formed by bilinear elements. The algorithm's changes were evaluated using results for several Reynold's number in a classic problem: the lid-driven cavity. All the changes in solution algorithm with the used mesh show good agreement with other results from bibliography. It was verified too, that the omission of characteristics term didn't present significant differences in results with Reynold's number tested. It was observed yet that the solution code using the semi-implicit method converges with less time steps than the explicit one.

In this thesis is presented mathematical model of stratified 2D flow of viscous incopressible fluid and its program realization. Basic equations of fluid flow in Boussinesq approximation were solved by finite volume method on structured nonortogonal grid. Discretization was done by the principle of semi-discretisation. The space derivative was solved by AUSM me- thod with MUSCL velocity reconstruction. The viscid terms were solved through auxiliary grids. During time discretization artificial compressibility method was used in dual time. The resulting system of ODEs is integrated in time by a suitable Runge-Kutta multistage scheme. Numerical experiments were calculated for flow with Reynolds number equals 1000. Further 3 numerical experiments are presented with different boundary conditions. 1

Ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations are known to have problems in satisfying the solenoidal constraint (i.e. the divergence of magnetic field should be equal to zero, $ ablacdotvec{B} = 0$). The simulations become unstable unless specific measures have been taken. In this thesis, a solenoidal constraint satisfying technique that allows discrete satisfaction of the solenoidal constraint up to the machine accuracy is presented and validated with a variety of test cases. Due to its inspiration from Chorin's artificial compressibility method developed for incompressible CFD applications, the technique was named as extit{artificial compressibility analogy (ACA)} approach. It is demonstrated that ACA is a purely hyperbolic, stable and consistent technique, which is moreover easy to implement. Unlike some other techniques, it does not pose any problems of the sort that $ ablacdotvec{B}$ errors accumulate in the vicinity of the stagnant regions of flow. With these crucial properties, ACA is thought to be a remedy to the drawbacks of the most commonly used solenoidal constraint satisfying techniques in the literature namely: Incorrect shock capturing and poor performance of the convective stabilization mechanism in regions of stagnant flow for Powell's source term method; exceedingly complex implementation for constrained transport technique due to the staggered grid representation; computationally expensive nature due to the necessity of a Poisson solver combined with hyperbolic/elliptic numerical methods for classical projection schemes. In the first chapter of the thesis, general background knowledge is given about plasmas, MHD and its history, a certain class of upwind finite volume methods, namely Riemann solvers, and their applications in MHD, the definition, constituents, formation mechanisms and effects of space weather and some of the space missions that are and will be performed in its prediction. Secondly, detailed analysis of the compressible ideal MHD equations is given in the form of the derivation of the equations, their dimensionless numbers which will be of use to specify the flows in the following chapters, and finally, the presentation of the MHD waves and discontinuities, which indicates the complexity of the system of ideal MHD equations and therefore their further numerical analysis. The next discussion is about the main subject of the thesis, namely the solenoidal constraint satisfying techniques. First of all, the definition and significance of the solenoidal constraint is given. Afterwards, the most common solenoidal constraint satisfying techniques in the literature are reviewed along with their abovementioned drawbacks. Moreover, particular emphasis is given to the Powell's source term approach which was also implemented in the upwind finite volume MHD solver developed. In addition, the hyperbolic divergence cleaning technique is presented in detail together with the resemblance and differences between it and ACA. Some other solenoidal constraint satisfying techniques are briefly mentioned at this stage. After these, ACA is presented in the following way: The point of inspiration, which is the analogy made with Chorin's artificial compressibility method developed for incompressible CFD, the introduction of the modified system of ideal MHD equations due to ACA, the derivation of the wave equation governing the propagation of $ ablacdotvec{B}$ errors and the analytical consistency proof. Having finished the core discussion of the thesis, the solver developed and its constituents are given in the fourth chapter. Furthermore, a brief overview of the platform into which this solver was implemented, namely COOLFluiD, is also given at this point. Afterwards, a thorough numerical verification of the ACA approach has been made on an increasingly complex suite of test cases. The results obtained with ACA and Powell's source term implementations are given in order to numerically analyse and verify ACA and compare the two methods and validate them with the results from literature. The sixth chapter is devoted to further validation of ACA performed with a variety of more advanced space weather-related simulations. In this chapter, also the $vec{B}_{ extrm{0}} + vec{B}_{ extrm{1}}$ splitting technique used to treat planetary magnetosphere is presented along with its application to ACA and Powell's source term approaches. This technique is utilized in obtaining the solar wind/Earth's magnetosphere interaction results and is based on suppressing the direct inclusion of the Earth's magnetic field, which is a dipole field, in the solution variables. In this way, problems are avoided with the energy equation that could arise from the drastic change of the ratio of the dipole field and the variable field computed by the solver (i.e. $frac{lvertvec{B}_{ extrm{0}}lvert}{lvertvec{B}_{ extrm{1}}lvert}$) in the computational domain. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives related to the material presented in the thesis are put forward.

The development of numerical methods for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations received much attention in the past 50 years. Finite element methods emerged given their robustness and reliability. In our work, we choose the P2-P1 finite element for space approximation which gives 2nd-order accuracy for velocity and 1st-order accuracy for pressure. Our research focuses on the development of several high-order semi-implicit time-stepping methods to compute unsteady flows. The methods investigated include backward difference formulae (SBDF) and defect correction strategy (DC). Using the defect correction strategy, we investigate two variants, the first one being based on high-order artificial compressibility and bootstrapping strategy proposed by Guermond and Minev (GM) and the other being a combination of GM methods with sequential regularization method (GM-SRM). Both GM and GM-SRM methods avoid solving saddle point problems as for SBDF and DC methods. This approach reduces the complexity of the linear systems at the expense that many smaller linear systems need to be solved. Next, we proposed several numerical improvements in terms of better approximations of the nonlinear advection term and high-order initialization for all methods. To further minimize the complexity of the resulting linear systems, we developed several new variants of grad-div splitting algorithms besides the one studied by Guermond and Minev. Splitting algorithm allows us to handle larger flow problems. We showed that our new methods are capable of reproducing flow characteristics (e.g., lift and drag parameters and Strouhal numbers) published in the literature for 2D lid-driven cavity and 2D flow around the cylinder. SBDF methods with grad-div stabilization terms are found to be very stable, accurate and efficient when computing flows with high Reynolds numbers. Lastly, we showcased the robustness of our methods to carry 3D computations.

Ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations are known to have problems in satisfying the solenoidal constraint (i.e. the divergence of magnetic field should be equal to zero, $<p>ablacdotvec{B} = 0$). The simulations become unstable unless specific measures have been taken.<p><p>In this thesis, a solenoidal constraint satisfying technique that allows discrete satisfaction of the solenoidal constraint up to the machine accuracy is presented and validated with a variety of test cases. Due to its inspiration from Chorin's artificial compressibility method developed for incompressible CFD applications, the technique was named as \ / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished