Lorsqu’ils parlaient des diverses activités économiques, les auteurs anciensdistinguaient le plus souvent le secteur de l’agriculture, l’élevage et le commerce.L’Afrique est avant tout un pays agricole, réalité fort bien traduite par Pline l’Ancien :« elle apparaît consacrée à Cérès… »1. Depuis Caton l’Ancien, il y a un intérêt réel porté àla valorisation des terres, ce qui est aussi sensible chez Pline le Jeune (voir sacorrespondance et son intérêt pour le rapport de ses domaines). Mais en ce qui concerne lesactivités de transformation des produits de la terre ou des matières premières, il est detradition de considérer que les Romains méprisaient ce genre d’activités et que les métiersde l’artisanat étaient mal considérés. / Small craftsmen in the epigraphic and literary sources of Roman Africa: - Catalogues epigraphic, literary and iconographic - Identification of business. - Distribution to the provincial levels and in African cities - Places of practice of professions (the city: neighborhood, domus, basilicas, urban and rural market ...... - Legal status of artisans (free, emancipated, slaves,,,)

Family businesses are the backbone of the German economy (Otten-Pappas, 2015). The word ‘family’ makes these companies distinct and indicates their influence on other parts of life. My interest stems from the fact that I was the only child of a business family. For 15 years, I was in charge of the business, contributing to its strong performance. Nevertheless, having achieved all this, I am not proud of myself and feel somehow detached in not having lived my own life. The purpose of this analytic autoethnographic study is to explore, portray and deepen understanding of the situation of growing up in a business family and what influences this has on the business, the family and the individual. The research was carried out within an analytic autoethnographic framework, reflecting the desire to make sense of my experience and to give this phenomenon a name in an ‘academic way’. The abductive nature of this study is due to the fact that I draw on theories which have not previously been brought together under the umbrella of describing and portraying the situation in a family business. This research argues that the phenomenon of ‘subtle coerced succession', which is exercised by parents to groom the natural successor for taking over the family business, exists and has a strong influence on the generational interaction. Being aware of the fact of being born in a business family may imply while being the natural successor brings a lot of stress to the individuals involved. Realising this influence on succession might reduce the number of family businesses not making it to the third generation or beyond. My contribution to knowledge is that ‘subtle coerced succession’ has various impacts on the identity development of children born into family businesses and being the natural successor by birth. This study advances the development of theory by demonstrating how theoretical frames borrowed from other research fields – the total institution, the double-bind, gender and symbolic interactionism – fit together to explain the phenomenon of the ‘subtle coerced succession’ in family businesses.

Thesis. 1977. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 412-433. / Ph.D.

Durant l’hiver 1400, le chef turco-mongol Timur Lang/Tamerlan, occupe Damas. Quand ses troupes quittent la ville en mars 1401, elle est détruite et exsangue. Si les sources historiques et les études menées présentent cet événement comme un cataclysme, l’impact des troupes mongoles sur la ville doit être nuancé. En évaluant, grâce au croisement des éléments précis présentés par les textes,l’état de Damas avant et après son passage et il est possible de proposer une vision renouvelée des événements. Cette démarche permet d’aborder sous un angle nouveau l’étude de la renaissance de la ville, d’en appréhender le rythme, les mécanismes et les acteurs, à travers l’étude des textes historiques disponibles mais aussi grâce à la découverte de documents inédits apportant un éclairage neuf sur les enjeux de la reconstruction au début du XVe siècle. Dans l’optique d’une relativisation de l’impact de l’occupation de la ville, un nouvel examen des conséquences de la déportation des artisans de Damas vers Samarcande s’impose. Ce traumatisme est souvent présenté non seulement comme l'origine d'un déclin économique de la ville mais aussi comme la cause de la disparition de sa tradition architecturale. L’analyse des monuments permet de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques des constructions qui matérialisent la reprise tout au long du XVe siècle. Cherchant à évacuer le toposet le pathos inhérents aux récits des événements, ce travail combine donc l’examen des faits affectant le paysage urbain, l’analyse des aspects économiques de la reconstruction et l’étude des données architecturales afin de tenter de mesurer les conséquences réelles du passage de Tamerlan à Damas. / During winter 1400, the turco-mongolian conqueror Timur Lang/Tamerlane occupies Damascus. InMarch 1401, after the departure of his troops, the city is destroyed and forsaken. Historic sourcesand studies present this event as a cataclysm, however, the impact of the mongolian horde on thecity has to be examined. It is necessary to estimate the condition of Damascus, before and after thisepisode. The crossing of data presented by the historic sources leads us to offer a renewed vision ofthe events. Then, the study of the revival of the city, thanks to a new approach and a newperspective, permits to discern its rhythm, its mechanisms and its central characters. Thisinvestigation is possible through the examination of the available historic texts and the unpublisheddocuments, bringing the light on the stakes of the reconstruction at the beginning of the XVthcentury. In order to complete the evaluation of the real impact of the occupation of the city, a newexamination of the consequences the deportation of Damascus craftsmen towards Samarkand iscrucial. This trauma is actually seen as the origin of an economic decline of the city and also as thecause of the disappearance of its architectural tradition. The analysis of very monument conducts tobring to light the building’s characteristics throughout the reconstruction. Trying to differ from toposand pathos inherent to the narratives of the events, this work thus combines the examination of thedamage affecting the townscape, the analysis of the economic aspects of the reconstruction, and thestudy of the architectural data, in order to measure the real consequences of Tamerlane presence inDamascus.

O objetivo geral da dissertação é compreender a vida social na cidade de São Paulo ao longo do século XVIIII e inícios do XIX em suas dinâmicas históricas, tomando as fontes de cultura material como disparadoras das problematizações, especificamente o mobiliário doméstico. Para tanto usamos exames formais e da Arqueometria balizando suas potencialidades com outras categorias de documentos. Considerando o mobiliário como produto e vetor de relações sociais, buscamos informações sobre a sua produção, consumo e circulação, de maneira a compreender o status social de seus artífices, o perfil dos consumidores e as transformações dos espaços domésticos, das sociabilidades e das formas de distinção pelo uso social dos objetos. Desta maneira agregamos informações multidisciplinares à historiografia no esforço de reavaliar visões consolidadas sobre a cidade. / The general objective of this dissertation is to understand the social life in the city of São Paulo through the 18th and the beginnings of the 19th centuries by its historical dynamics, using the material culture resources as the trigger of the problematizations, more specifically the domestic furniture. Therefore we used formal examination and the Archaeometry balancing its potentialities together with other categories of sources. Considering the furniture as products and vectors of social relations, we searched for information about its production, consuming and 10 circulation, comprehending the social status of the artisans, the consumer profiles and the transformation of the domestic environments, of the sociabilities and the distinction by the social use of the objects. In this way we added multidisciplinary information to the historiography in our effort to reevaluate consolidated visions about the city.

University of Technology, Sydney. Institute of International Studies. / Within Borneo, the indigenous Iban pua kumbu cloth, historically associated with headhunting, is steeped in spirituality and mythology. The cloth, the female counterpart of headhunting, was known as women’s war (Linggi, 1999). The process of mordanting yarns in preparation for tying and dyeing was seen as a way of managing the spiritual realm (Heppell, Melak, & Usen, 2006). It required of the ‘women warriors’ psychological courage equivalent to the men when decapitating enemies. Headhunting is no longer a relevant cultural practice. However, the cloth that incited headhunting continues to be invested with significance in the modern world, albeit in the absence of its association with headhunting. This thesis uses the pua kumbu as a lens through which to explore the changing dynamics of social and economic life with regard to men’s and women’s roles in society, issues of identity and nationalism, people’s relationship to their environment and the changing meanings and roles of the textiles themselves with global market forces. By addressing these issues I aim to capture the fluid expressions of new social dynamics using a pua kumbu in a very different way from previous studies. Using the scholarship grounded in art and material culture studies, and with particular reference to theories of ‘articulation’ (Clifford, 2001), ‘circulation’ (Graburn & Glass, 2004) and ‘art and agency’ (Gell, 1998; MacClancy, 1997a), I analyse how the Dayak Iban use the pua kumbu textile to renegotiate their periphery position within the nation of Malaysia (and within the bumiputera indigenous group) and to access more enabling social and economic opportunities. I also draw on the theoretical framework of ‘friction’ and ‘contact zones’ as outlined by Tsing (2005), Karp (2006) and Clifford (1997) to contextualize my discussion of the of the exhibition and representation of pua kumbu in museums. Each of these theoretical frameworks is applied to my data to situate and illustrate my arguments. Whereas in the past, it was the culture that required the object be made, now the object is made to do cultural work. The cloth, instead of revealing hidden symbols and meanings in its motifs, is now made to carry the culture, having itself become a symbol or marker for Iban people. Using an exploration of material culture to understand the complex, dynamic and flowing nature of the relationship between objects and the identities of the producers and consumer is the key contribution of this thesis.

Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2005. / Bibliography: leaves 206-220.

The main purpose of this study is to identify the major driving factors that determine the environmental commitments and certification ownership of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Turkey. Turkey has been undergoing major economic and environmental developments since 1990ies. SMEs play a significant role in the Turkish economy, constituting 99.8% of total enterprises in number. Even though most managers overlook their firms&rsquo / particular impacts, SMEs&rsquo / cumulative effect on natural environment is significant. According to previous research, regulations, community, competitors, suppliers, consumers and media have been found to be the main external determinants that affect a manager&rsquo / s attitudes about the environment and therefore his or her firm&rsquo / s environmental commitments / whereas managers&rsquo / beliefs about the environment, their confidence in their firm&rsquo / s abilities and resources and their environmental governance principles are the internal determinants. In line with previous research findings, this study tries to examine the effects of these factors along with the demographic characteristics of the manager&rsquo / s. As the results of the questionnaire distributed to 80 SME managers in Ankara suggest, institutional and social pressures and manager&rsquo / s confidence in him/herself and his/her firm&rsquo / s abilities showed to have significant influence on the firm&rsquo / s environmental commitments, along with the size of the company and the education level of the manager. In addition to that, external pressures and size are also major factors driving SMEs to obtain environmental certifications.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-196). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-196). Also available on the Internet.