This research investigates the livelihoods of artisanal fishing families at Lake Malawi. The key research question that it addresses is how artisanal fishers adapt their behaviour to cope with fluctuations in fish availability that occur naturally, i. e. that do not occur primarily as the outcome of human fishing behaviour. In Lake Malawi two such fish species, usipa and utaka, exhibit considerable spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability. These species are also by far the most important for the artisanal fishery. Fluctuating fisheries pose special challenges for livelihoods and fisheries management. For livelihoods they imply big seasonal variations in the ability of families to rely on fishing as a primary livelihood component, and they make fishing-based livelihoods insecure and risky. For fisheries management, they pose the problem that the true status of the resource is almost impossible to measure, with apparent risks in both directions: that overly restrictive management will result in an unexploited resource that could have made a greater contribution to the livelihoods of poor people and to the nutritional status of the population of Malawi more generally; or that overly lax management will result in a depletion of the resource beyond its sustainable yield. The research shows that fishers adapt to the fluctuating fish stocks in two main ways. One way is to specialise mainly in fishing but to emphasise mobility, so that short and medium term movements around the lake are made in pursuit of the resource. The other way is to maintain diverse livelihoods, combining fishing with farming and other non-farm income generating activities. There are, of course, also intermediate cases between these two opposing poles. The research demonstrates that migration for fishing purposes brings benefits both to migrants and resident communities. While for the migrants it is important to be allowed to settle for varying periods at different lakeshore beaches and villages; for residents the presence of the mobile fishers brings an increase of cash into circulation, the arrival of fish traders, the ability to open shops and bars to service this increased activity, and more buoyant markets for locally produced commodities. There are thus important income and employment benefits for resident communities that result from the behaviour of fishing migrants. At Lake Malawi, migrant fishermen tend to be from the Tonga ethnic group from the north of the country, and they generally differ in ethnicity from the resident communities where they take up temporary settlement. Fisheries policy in Malawi has been moving away from a top-down regulation by the Fisheries Department towards the idea of community management of fisheries. The argument is that if fishing communities are given their own powers to enforce regulations, within a participatory framework, then community self-interest will ensure that regulations are properly policed. This idea involves establishing territoriality over areas of the lake, so that "beach village committees" (BVCs) have regulatory powers over the lake areasa djacentt o villages. The researchd emonstratesth at there are many flaws in this concept in the case of Lake Malawi: BVCs are dominated by part-time fishing or non-fishing residents, migrants are excluded, territoriality is nonsensical for a mobile resource, and previously successful reciprocal relationships and other complex adaptive strategies are weakened and disrupted. The artisanal fishery in Malawi is opportunistic; it adapts to fluctuations either by ceasing to fish or by moving to other fishing grounds. It is argued that this sort of fishing requires minimal management, in which mobility and diversity are recognised and encouraged. If indeed there is a threat to the resource, it is rather the large scale commercial sector comprising a few trawlers of immense capacity relative to the yield potential of the Lake that pose that threat. There is an unequivocal need to monitor and regulate the catch volumes of this sector. For the artisanal fishery, however, a low key, flexible and resilient management approach is suggested; one that builds on the strengths of existing patterns of behaviour rather than seeking to change and undermine them.

Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) are important sources of income for impoverished rural populations in many developing countries. Poor labor and environmental conditions often prevail because governments lack the capacity and sometimes the will to responsibly control ASM. At the other end of the supply chain, corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies increasingly require jeweler’s suppliers to control social and environmental aspects of mining. In a sense, jewelry and mining corporations are voluntarily taking the issue of governance into their own hands. A combination of CSR and revenue-centric development strategies has the potential to further marginalize poor, rural populations who depend on ASM. It is therefore important to examine how ASM has been affected by global social responsibility trends, why it is often left out and to find ways that ASM populations can be successfully integrated into planning for sustainable development and socially responsible business. Gemstones and gold are economically the most important global commodities for ASM populations and precious colored gemstones are rarely mined on a large-scale. Ethnographic research was undertaken to explore how global social responsibility strategies interact with local realities of ASM colored gemstone and gold production. Burma, Madagascar and Colombia each present cases with clear interaction between global CSR trends and ASM, and combined provide a range of public policies with regards to rural populations who depend on ASM. Informal interviews and industry observations were conducted with a range of stakeholders in the global precious mineral trade and mineral development sector. Semi-structured interviews were recorded with key informants for each case study and these were triangulated with internal documents, press releases and articles. Burma illustrates a case where global CSR is attempting to halt ASM because of poor governance and human rights violations. Madagascar illustrates a case where governance and education are improving but widespread poverty and a legacy of corruption has so far prevented the direct integration of ASM into CSR strategies. In the case of Colombia, one region has successfully connected ASM with the global CSR dialogue by designing and implementing a certification program to effectively valorize and govern ASM production. Major findings reveal that (1) CSR in the mineral sector is a contentious and political issue with a range of stakeholder viewpoints; (2) a bottom-up, process-oriented approach can successfully drive economic and social improvement in ASM commodity chains; and (3) community empowerment, education, youth leadership and social networking appear to be key factors for driving production of ASM minerals that can comply with social and environmental standards.

nÃo hà / A sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais, inclusive pesqueiros, tem sido pauta de discussÃo hà dÃcadas. A sensaÃÃo de infinito, que por vezes temos do mar, parece que se estende aos recursos ali encontrados. O saber cientÃfico e o saber popular convergem num sà alerta: sem medidas urgentes e realmente eficazes, a lagosta pode se acabar como atividade econÃmica. O Cearà ainda à o principal estado da federaÃÃo na exportaÃÃo do crustÃceo, mas o item, que por muito tempo esteve em primeiro lugar na pauta de exportaÃÃes do Estado, hoje està na quarta colocaÃÃo. Este estudo consiste em verificar junto aos pescadores artesanais da Praia das Frexeiras, BeberibeCe, a visÃo dos mesmos sobre a Sustentabilidade da pesca da Lagosta. Para alcanÃar esta finalidade, utilizou-se dados de origem primÃria, obtidos atravÃs de questionÃrios envolvendo as questÃes referentes aos aspectos pessoais e sociais da famÃlia, profissionais, bens de produÃÃo, defeso da lagosta e segurodesemprego,contemplando a populaÃÃo de 33 pescadores, todos beneficiÃrios do Programa de Seguro Desemprego ao Pescador Artesanal. Fez-se a gravaÃÃo de entrevistas, que relatavam o pensamento deles sobre o assunto e utilizou-se tambÃm a observaÃÃo cientÃfica. Conclui-se que os pescadores artesanais da Praia das Frexeiras em Beberibe-Ce, sÃo possuidores de um senso crÃtico formador de opiniÃo sobre a Sustentabilidade da pesca da Lagosta. Torna-se entÃo necessÃrio, que haja uma uniÃo de esforÃos para que num perÃodo de curto, mÃdio e longo prazo sejam definidas aÃÃes de cunho prÃtico, visando assim, a reestruturaÃÃo do setor lagosteiro e por conseqÃÃncia, a sustentabilidade da atividade

Hoy en día, el incremento de la tasa de obesidad en la población peruana ha generado una necesidad por consumir productos que sean saludables, nutritivos y con pocas calorías. Tal es el caso en la industria del helado, en la cual se ha ido incrementando el consumo por helados artesanales a nivel nacional, una tendencia que irá incrementando en los próximos. De esta forma, nuestra propuesta de valor se enfoca en ofrecer helados artesanales que son elaborados a base de frutas exóticas como la pitahaya y el aguaymanto, ya que estos presentan múltiples beneficios para la salud. Asimismo, están endulzados con panela, un edulcorante natural bajo en grasas. Por otro, como parte de nuestra propuesta de responsabilidad social tenemos el contacto directo con el asilo “Casa Hogar de la Piedad”, dado que ellos serán nuestros principales contactos. Bajo este concepto nace nuestra marca Exotic Ice, el cual pretende diferenciarse del mercado por su agradable sabor y textura de nuestros helados artesanales. Con respecto a nuestro producto este se comercializará por medio de bodegas que deseen diversificar su línea de productos a través de nuestras presentaciones de 1 litro, además por el comercio ambulatorio. El cual se dará en los alrededores de las playas con mayor frecuencia de nuestra zona mencionada. Por otro lado, se contará con nuestra presencia en ferias como El Retazo en Barranco, dado que en ese lugar la demanda de consumidores es muy alta debido a la variedad de opciones que se encuentran en dicho lugar. / Today, the increase in the obesity rate in the Peruvian population has generated a need to consume products that are healthy, nutritious and low in calories. Such is the case in the ice cream industry, in which consumption has been increased by artisanal ice creams nationwide, a trend that will increase in the coming. In this way, our value proposition focuses on offering artisanal ice creams that are made from exotic fruits such as pitahaya and aguaymanto, since these have multiple health benefits. They are also sweetened with panela, a low-fat natural sweetener. On the other, as part of our social responsibility proposal we have direct contact with the asylum "Casa Hogar de la Piedad", since they will be our main contacts. Under this concept, our Exotic Ice brand was born, which aims to differentiate itself from the market by its pleasant taste and texture of our artisanal ice creams. Regarding our product, it will be commercialized through wineries that wish to diversify their product line through our 1-liter presentations, in addition to outpatient commerce. Which will occur around the beaches most frequently in our mentioned area. On the other hand, we will have our presence in fairs such as El Retazo in Barranco, since in that place the demand for consumers is very high due to the variety of options found in that place. / Trabajo de investigación

Today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) ranks extremely low in terms of development indicators even by regional standards. Poverty in the country is exacerbated by the DRC's long-embedded culture of political rent-seeking and corruption, which has historically shaped the government's involvement in the mining sector. By the 1990s, the government's mismanagement of the industrial mining sector led to its decreased productivity and near decline. At the same time, the artisanal mining sector has expanded, and now employs a large amount of the country’s poor. However, many issues remain related to the legal structure governing the artisanal mining sector and opportunities for artisanal miners to sell their products. This thesis explores the potential for transforming mining practices and market structures in the DRC to better promote development and poverty alleviation.

A sustainable global program to reduce mercury use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) will require the demonstration of credible, continuous progress to secure political support and financing, and ultimately achieve success. Focused progress measurement has been lacking to date for ASGM at the global level. This research analyses information on appropriate options to measure mercury reduction progress in ASGM. Research methods included a case study of Mongolia, supplemented with information analyzed from semi-structured interviews related to ASGM and other applicable evaluation approaches. The study concludes by proposing the development of a framework approach for measuring progress and by offering guiding principles and recommendations. Recommendations for the framework approach include: on-going and enhanced support to an information database; simplified evaluation metrics for the ASGM Partnership; tracking the level of political commitment of national governments as an indicator of progress; and promoting common reporting metrics across global programming.

In recent years there have been reports on increase of illegal mining activities and several factors contribute to the influx. Although illegal mining to an extent is a source of job for the unemployed folks in Ghana, their activities have dire effects on crops production and environmental health. This study investigates effects of illegal mining of crop production in the Amansei Central district of Ghana. The major primary source data for the study were farm and galamsey household survey and interviews. The study revealed that 83% of males and 17% of females are engaged are engaged in galamsey operations whereas 45% of males and 55% of females are engaged in farming. The contribution of men and women in crop production were not significant (p>0.05). The contribution of men and women engaged in galamsey operation were also not significant (p>0.05). The portion of change in cultivated farm land size showed 53% of no change in farm size, 21% decrease in farm size and 26% increase in farm size. The difference between initial farm size acquired and current farm size under cultivation is significant (p< 0.05). Regarding pollution of water for food cropping, 84% of farmers indicated in-land water source is polluted whereas 16% of farmers have not had problems with illegal mining polluting their agricultural water sources. For the portion of natives and non-natives engaged in farming, the study revealed 68% of natives are engaged in galamsey activities whereas 32% are non- natives. Major crop produced in Ghana over ten years production appears differently. The study observed that maize, cassava and plantain production significantly change over every decade. Effective political and communal wills stemmed from policies need to be exercised to eradicate galamsey activities in rural communities of Ghana. And efforts to train and create jobs in rural communities of Ghana for the rising youth population should be prioritised.

Submitted by Josiane ribeiro (josiane.caic@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T19:40:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese alessio almada da costa final ppgea furg 2013.pdf: 2834102 bytes, checksum: cf84e1644519b6350a2f7a39cc18b248 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T19:40:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese alessio almada da costa final ppgea furg 2013.pdf: 2834102 bytes, checksum: cf84e1644519b6350a2f7a39cc18b248 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A Educação Ambiental na sua vertente crítica serve de guia desta tese na medida em que possibilita compreender os espaços existentes e nos quais estão inseridos os trabalhadores da pesca artesanal. Construímos o movimento desse estudo a partir do método utilizado por Karl Marx, apoiado nas categorias do Materialismo Dialético, do Materialismo Histórico e da Economia Política, tendo como objetivo analisar, interpretar e compreender que contradições existem na política pública para a pesca artesanal no extremo sul do Brasil, denominada de Projeto Rede, e propor criticamente práticas criativas a partir das perspectivas emancipatórias já desenvolvidas pelos pescadores artesanais organizados numa associação de trabalhadores da pesca, a Associação de Pescadores Artesanais da Vila São Miguel (APESMI), localizada no município de Rio Grande/RS. O Projeto Rede, que é proposta do estado brasileiro, inicia em 2006 e se estende até 2012. Seu movimento ocorreu em quatro fases com diferentes coordenações: ONG, cooperativa de pescadores, e finalizando com duas fases sob coordenação de um núcleo vinculado a atividades de extensão da Universidade local (FURG). A situação de crise ambiental que focamos nesse estudo é por nós entendida como uma crise estrutural da sociedade que vive sob a ordem do capital, produzindo e se reproduzindo a partir da fetichização da mercadoria, do homem, da natureza e do dinheiro. Essa crise se reflete também na pesca, com a singularidade de que esta atividade, que envolve o trabalho humano diretamente na natureza, é fornecedora do objeto para servir às necessidades humanas. Porém, com a especificidade de serem estes, objetos e produtos do trabalho, seres vivos que se reproduzem limitadamente enquanto natureza, fato desconsiderado pela lógica imediatista do lucro, que sobreexplora o objeto da pesca, assim como o humano que dela depende para sua vivência, o trabalhador/pescador artesanal. Embora a comercialização tenha sido o objetivo descrito nos editais que o financiaram, outras atividades organizacionais de cunho político também foram realizadas, nas quais se salientam a adoção dos princípios da Economia Solidária como proposta de trabalho do projeto, e assumida pela APESMI. A participação em programas federais vinculados ao Fome Zero representou um avanço para a organização destes trabalhadores que atribuem ao trabalho socializado a possibilidade de buscarem sua emancipação, enquanto humanos, mas não sem enfrentar novos desafios. Segundo o que conseguimos apreender até o momento, das experiências vivenciadas em conjunto com os trabalhadores da pesca artesanal, a luta de classes representa a essência das contradições que emergem das práticas do Projeto Rede, comopolítica pública que se materializa por meio de uma política de editais, as quais, por sua vez, produzem outras práticas e contradições. Procuramos demonstrar algumas destas contradições que nos foi possível apreender, nas quais citamos: ser pescador / ser empresário; estado que fomenta / estado que exige; estado do capital / estado social; pescador como categoria / pescador como classe; pesca individual / pesca socializada; pescador de peixe / pescador de dinheiro. / On its critical strand, Environmental Education suits as a guide for this thesis to the extent that enables to understand the areas where the artisanal fishermen are placed. We built up the movement of this study from the method used by Karl Marx, based on the categories of the Dialectical Materialism, Historical Materialism and Political Economy. The aim is to analyze, interpretand understand that contradictions do exist in public policies so called as Net Project [Projeto Rede], for the artisanal fishery in the extreme south of Brazil, and to critically propose creative practices from emancipating perspectives already developed by the artisanal fishermen arranged in an association of fishery workers, the Association of Artisanal Fishermen from São Miguel Village (APESMI), located in the city of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State. The Net Project, which is a proposal from the Brazilian State, starts in 2006 and goes up to 2012. Its movement happened in four stages with distinct coordination: NGO, fishermen cooperative, and in the end, with two stages under the coordination of a center bound to extension activities from the local University (FURG). We perceive the situation of environmental crisis, which we focused on this study, as a structural crisis of the society living under capital order, producing and reproducing from the fetishization of the merchandise, the man, the nature and the money. That crisis is also seen in fishery, with the singularity that, such activity, which involves direct human work on nature, is a provider of the ready object to serve human needs. However, with the specificity that these objects and work products are living beings that limitedly reproduce themselves as they are nature, and that fact is disregarded by the immediate logic of the profit, which over exploits the object of fishery, as well as the human being that depends on it for his experience, the artisanal fisherman/worker. Although the marketing has been the objective described in the announcements that funded them, other organizational activities from political nature were also done, from which stands out the adoption of principles of Solidarity Economy as a work proposal of the project, and assumed by APESMI. The participation in federal programs linked to the Zero Hunger represented an advance for the organization of these workers that attribute to the socialized work a possibility of seeking their emancipation, as human beings, but not without facing new challenges. According to what we could apprehend up to now, from the trials lived together with the workers of the artisanal fishery, the struggle of the classes represents the nature of the contradictions that come from the Net Project practices, as a public policy materializing through a policy of announcements, which on the other hand, produce other practices and contradictions. We sought to show some of those contradictions that were possible to apprehend, such as: being a fisherman / being a businessman; state that promotes / state that demands; capital state / social state; fisherman as category / fisherman as class; single fishery / socialized fishery; fish fisherman / money fisherman.

Orientador: Alpina Begossi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T20:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clauzet_Mariana_D.pdf: 5409647 bytes, checksum: e14b575d90ba6b706d9216550c3ea16e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta um estudo de etnoictiologia de pescadores artesanais em Guaibim/BA, nordeste do Brasil e Bonete/SP e Mar Virado/SP, sudeste do Brasil. O objetivo geral foi analisar o sistema local de classificação popular de diferentes comunidades de pescadores artesanais verificando os critérios locais de classificação popular de peixes e investigar as regras locais de uso do espaço de pesca por diferentes pescadores na comunidade do Mar Virado/SP. Os dados etnoictiológicos foram coletados através de entrevistas com uso de questionários e o auxílio de fotos de 62 espécies de peixes de ocorrência nas diferentes regiões. Os pescadores identificaram as espécies de peixes com 316 nomes genéricos e 82 binomiais e formaram 21 agrupamentos de peixes ("folk families") com 95% de correspondência com as famílias de peixes da taxonomia científica. O sistema local de classificação é baseado no reconhecimento das semelhanças e diferenças dos caracteres morfológicos, aspectos ecológicos e em aspectos utilitários das espécies. O conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores demonstrado através dos critérios de classificação local é concordante com as informações biológicas disponíveis para as espécies de peixes. Na Enseada do Mar Virado existem regras locais respeitadas pelos pescadores para a prática da pesca com redes de espera, cerco flutuante e linhadas. O maior conflito na pesca local é sazonal, na disputa pelo espaço de pesca com pescadores comerciais na safra de camarão-branco (Litopenaeus schmitti) e tal conflito necessita da fiscalização dos órgãos ambientais competentes para ser solucionado. A elevada concordância entre as informações locais e as informações biológicas, assim como a existência de regras de uso dos recursos naturais pesqueiros explorados, evidencia que os pescadores locais conhecem os recursos que exploram e, portanto, podem ser incluídos em planos de manejo e comanejo local que fortaleçam suas respectivas regiões e também que possam ser extrapolados em escalas regional e nacional no litoral do Brasil e em outros países. / Abstract: This thesis refers to a study of ethnoichthyology of artisanal fishermen form Guaibim/BA, northeast, and Bonete and Mar Virado/SP, southeast of Brazil. The main objective was to analyze the folk system of classification of different artisanal fishing communities, verifying which criteria would be used to classify the fish species. A mapping of the fishing spots on the Mar Virado Bay was made to verify the division of the space between the artisanal fishermen and the local rules used in the fisheries. The ethnobiological data was collected through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires and fish species pictures (photos). The fishermen identified 62 species of fish with 316 generic names and 82 binomial names; they had formed 21 fish clusters ("folk families") with 95% of correspondence with the scientific taxonomy. The folk classification system is based on the morphological characters, ecological and utilitarian aspects of the species. The local ecological knowledge agreed with the available scientific information for the species. The local rules on the Mar Virado Bay are respected by the fishermen. The biggest conflict there is a dispute for the space with commercial shrimp fisheries. The local community needs the intervention of the State for the resolution of this conflict. The agreement between the local information and the scientific information as well as the existence of rules for using the natural resources evidenced that the local fishermen's knowledge about the resources must be included in the plans for the regional and national fishery management on the Brazilian's coast. / Doutorado / Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação / Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade

M.Tech. / Artisanal mine of sandstones especially in rural area are facing numerous challenges including the use of inadequate tools for the processing of sandstones. Since the current processing technique has limitations which consist of the use of hammer and chisels, there is a need to develop environmentally friendly and cost effective techniques for the processing of sandstones. In this project, six different sandstones samples (yellowish, blackish, reddish, greenish, greyish and whitish) from QwaQwa rural area were collected and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and an optical microscope. In addition, physical properties of sandstones were also carried out including compressive strength, dielectric properties and water absorption. Furthermore sandstones samples were irradiated using multi- and single- mode microwave cavities to investigate the effect on the mineralogy of sandstones. The analysis of mineralogical change was carried out using XRD. Additionally a microwave multimode cavity was used to investigate the weight loss of sandstones after being irradiated. A microwave cavity was designed based on the characteristics of sandstones and it was simulated. A photovoltaic solar system was sized to power the microwave cutter. The experimental work was carried out on a laboratory scale. The XRD analysis revealed that quartz was the major mineral present in all sandstones which confirms that QwaQwa sandstones are quartz based sandstones. Feldspar minerals such as illite and albite were also found. Additional minerals were identified at trace level including glauconite, kaolonite, crysobalite and orthoclase. On the other hand, the XRD results of the irradiated samples using a single- and multi- mode cavity for 60 seconds revealed a strong presence of quartz which means no significant changes were observed. However, some minor overlapped peaks suspected to be muscovite (KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2) in three samples (blackish, greyish and yellowish) were noticed. XRF study showed that the chemical elements available in the six sandstones samples are: aluminium, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon and titanium.