Föreliggande studie syftade till att undersöka fonologin hos svensktalande barn mellan 3 och 4 år. I studien medverkar 69 barn, varav 33 pojkar och 36 flickor. Bedömningen genomfördes med ett nytt fonologisk bedömningsmaterial, LINUS kortversion. Testerna utfördes i områden belägna i tre kommuner i sydöstra Sverige där socioekonomisk status låg nära riksgenomsnittet. Bedömningarna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades av två bedömare. Analysen bestod av Percentage of Word Correct (PWC), Percentage of Phonemes Correct (PPC), förekomst av assimilation, metates och epentes, förenkling av konsonantförbindelse, vokal- och konsonantsubstitution, reduplikation samt utelämning av obetonad stavelse och enskild konsonant. Vidare bedömdes vilka fonem som var etablerade hos barnen. Kriteriet för etablering av fonem sattes till > 90 % korrekt producerat fonem hos > 90 % av barnen. Tolv av svenskans 18 konsonantfonem var etablerade hos svensktalande treåringar med typisk språkutveckling. De fonem som vållade mest svårigheter var /ɧ/, /r/, /ʈ/ och /ɕ/. Genomsnittlig PWC var 61,3 % och genomsnittlig PPC var 88,7 %.  Inga statistiskt signifikanta skillnader hittades mellan könen eller halvårsgrupperna gällande PWC och PPC. Förekomst av assimilation, metates och epentes, förenkling av konsonantförbindelse, vokal- och konsonantsubstitution, reduplikation samt utelämning av obetonad stavelse och enskild konsonant hittades. Den mest förekommande avvikelsen var substitution medan den minst förekommande var reduplikation. / The present study aimed to examine the phonology of typically developed Swedish-speaking children between 3 and 4 years of age. Sixty-nine children; 33 boys and 36 girls were assessed with the short version of a new phonological assessment material called LINUS. The tests were conducted in areas located in three municipalities in southeastern Sweden, where socioeconomic status was close to the national average. Audio-recordings of the assessments were transcribed and analyzed by the authors. The analysis consisted of Percentage of Word Correct (PWC), Percentage of Phonemes Correct (PPC), the presence of assimilation, metathesis and epenthesis, cluster reduction, vowel and consonant substitution, reduplication and deletion of unstressed syllables or single consonants. Further identification was made of the phonemes that were established. The criterion for the establishment of phonemes was set to > 90 % correct produced phonemes in > 90 % of the children. Twelve of the 18 Swedish consonant phonemes were established by Swedish-speaking three year olds with typical language development. The phonemes which caused most trouble were /ɧ/, /r/, /ʈ/ and /ɕ/. Average PWC was 61.3 % and average PPC was 88.7 %. No significant differences were found between gender or the two age groups regarding PWC and PPC. Presence of assimilation, metathesis and epenthesis, cluster reduction, vowel and consonant substitution, reduplication and deletion of unstressed syllables or single consonants were found. The most common deviation was found to be substitution and the least occurring deviation was reduplication.

In recent years increasing growth rate of all industrial fields generated an emerging energy demand and consequent environmental problems worldwide. Defining environmental profiles of products and systems using environmental tools, such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), is a critical issue for sustainable mining. In order to tackle the increasing environmental challenges and air emissions induced by surface coal mining, alternative material handling options are needed to be evaluated. This research study aims to provide a robust LCA model in selection of the alternative material haulage systems as a decision support system. The main objectives of this thesis study are: i) contributing to the national archived data by gathering data about haulage systems from an open pit coal mine, ii) constructing life cycle inventory from the acquired environmental data, iii) performing life cycle assessment of both material haulage systems in an open pit coal mine according to their environmental burdens, iv) conducting uncertainty assessment, and v) suggesting improvement in stages where emissions are critical. In order to accomplish these objectives, comparative LCA from cradle-to-grave was carried out in SIMAPRO 7.3 to determine life cycle environmental impacts of off-highway mining trucks and belt conveyors in coal transportation. Climate change and acidification were selected as major impact categories considered to be major concerns in mining industry. The results of this study revealed that off-highway trucks had 1.9 times greater impact on acidification category than belt conveyors, on the other hand, belt conveyors had 1.6 times greater impact on climate change. NOx emissions caused 96 percent of the acidification impact. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion led to 95 percent of the climate change effect. The obtained results also indicated that the highest impact on all selected impact categories were generated from the utilization stage of the trucks operated by diesel oil and utilization of belt conveyor systems operated by electricity. The main novelty of this study is that it is one of the first LCA studies in the Turkish mining industry where considerable amount of emissions occur due to material handling. This study also advances the current knowledge about environmentally critical processes in material handling systems and places recommendations for both alternatives aiming better decision making. The results of the study are expected to provide a decision support system for the mining industry.

Kommunikation är avgörande för att uppnå en god livskvalitet och grundläggande för att kunna förstå andra och göra oss själva förstådda. Grunden för en tillfredsställande kommunikation är att det finns ett samspel mellan de parter som ingår, vilket förutsätter att det sker ett ömsesidigt utbyte mellan samtalsparterna. De funktionsnedsättningar som cerebral pares ofta leder till kan medföra svårigheter för individen att göra sig förstådd. Det saknas idag svenska studier gällande interaktionen hos små barn med grav cerebral pares (CP). Denna studies syfte är att bidra till en ökad kunskap om hur interaktionen ser ut hos yngre barn (1,5-5 år) med grav CP (GMFCS IV-V) och deras närmaste omgivning. Studien är en kombinerad kvantitativ och kvalitativ fallstudie med fokus på strukturella bidrag och pragmatiska funktioner i den gemensamma interaktionen mellan två barn med grav CP och deras kommunikationspartners på respektive barns förskola. Barnen filmades i olika vardagliga aktiviteter och därefter transkriberades filmerna, innan de analyserades med ett strukturerat bedömningsmaterial och med beskrivande statistik. De frågeställningar som undersöktes i studien var: Vilka typer av kommunikativa bidrag använder yngre barn med grav cerebral pares i interaktionen med sin närmaste omgivning? Vilka typer av kommunikativa bidrag använder omgivningen i interaktionen med yngre barn med grav cerebral pares? Skiljer sig barnens sätt att delta åt mellan olika vardagliga aktiviteter? Går det att besvara ovanstående frågeställningar med det bedömningsmaterial som utvecklats och översatts av Paulsson 2011? Resultaten av analysen indikerade att fokusbarnen hade en passiv roll i samtalet och främst producerade responser, medan kommunikationspartnern var mer aktiv och tog fler initiativ. Resultaten går därmed i linje med tidigare studiers resultat, från andra länder och med äldre barn. Bedömningsmaterialet går att använda på målgruppen och kan identifiera mönster och skillnader i kommunikationen hos dessa yngre barn. Materialet kräver dock vidare bearbetning för att säkerställa validiteten i resultaten. Ett mer utvecklat material kan tänkas ligga till grund för framtida forskningsstudier av denna målgrupp samt för att skapa underlag för evidensbaserade logopediska insatser. / Communication is crucial to achieve a good quality of life, and it’s also a vital skill to be able to understand others and to make ourselves understood. The basis of a satisfactory communication is that there is an interaction between all parties involved. This requires that there is a mutual exchange between the conversational partners. Disabilities commonly associated with cerebral palsy often lead to difficulties in the individual’s ability to make him- or herself understood. Today there is a lack of Swedish studies investigating how young children with cerebral palsy (CP) interact. The aim of this study/master thesis is to contribute towards a better understanding of how young children (1,5-5 years old) with severe cerebral palsy (GMFCS IV-V) interact with their immediate surroundings. This thesis is a combined qualitative and quantitative case study focusing on turns and communicative functions in the joint interaction of two children with severe cerebral palsy and their communication partners in each child's preschool. Both children were filmed in various everyday activities and subsequently the films were transcribed before being analyzed with a structured assessment material and presented with descriptive statistics. The issues addressed in this study are: What kind of communicative contributions do young children with severe cerebral palsy use in their interaction with their communication partners? What kind of communicative contributions are used by the communication partners when they interact with young children with severe cerebral palsy? Do the way in which children interact vary between various everyday activities? Is it possible to use the assessment material that was developed and translated by Paulsson 2011 to try to answer the questions above? The result of this study indicated that the children in this study used a passive way of communicating. They mainly produced responses, while their communication partners were more active and made more initiations. The results are thus consistent with the results of previous studies from other countries and with older children. The findings indicate that the material can be used to identify patterns and differences in the communication even for younger children, but it requires further adaptations to ensure the validity of the result. A further developed assessment material may form the basis for future research studies of this target group and may create a basis for evidence-based speech- and language pathology interventions.