De grundläggande aritmetiska räknelagarna är centrala för elevers utveckling inom algebra. Det är därför viktigt att elever ges möjlighet att urskilja och utveckla förståelse för dessa. Genom denna kvalitativa intervjustudie undersöktes hur 16 elever i årskurs 2-5, utifrån en i förväg designad instruktionssekvens, resonerar om, generaliserar och använder den associativa egenskapen för addition. Studien visar att många elever faktiskt urskiljer den associativa egenskapen för addition genom arbetet med instruktionssekvensen, men att endast ett fåtal tillämpar denna egenskap vid beräkning. Studien visar även att flera elever efter att ha urskilt associativitet kan göra generaliseringar av egenskapen relaterad till addition eller subtraktion. Slutsatsen av studien är att en instruktionssekvens som erbjuder systematisk variation och upprepning av uttryck med samma struktur, möjliggör för elever att urskilja och beskriva associativitet. Urskiljandet möjliggörs även av att elever uppmanas att betrakta uttrycken från flera perspektiv och beskriva dem utifrån frågor om likheter och skillnader. / The fundamental properties of arithmetic is a central aspect for students´ understanding of algebra. Therefore, it is important that students get the opportunity to discern and understand these properties. In this qualitative study based on interviews I examine how 16 students in grades 2-5, reason, make generalizations and use the associative property of addition when working on a pre-designed sequence of instructions. The study shows that many students do discern the associative property of addition when working on the sequence of instructions, but only a few of them apply this property when calculating. The study also shows that several of the students are making generalizations about the associative property by relating it to addition or subtraction. The conclusion of the study is that a sequence of instructions that offers systematic variation and a reccurance of expressions based on the same structures, makes it possible for students to discern and describe associativity. The discernment is also made possible by prompting the students to view the expressions from different perspectives and describing the expressions in terms of similarities and differences.

No description available.

O propósito desta tese foi investigar como tem ocorrido o processo de sucessão em empreendimentos sociais no Brasil, com foco no associativismo produtivo, identificando quais fatores limitam e quais facilitam esse processo a partir das dimensões Indivíduo, Organização e Ambiente. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e descritivo, desenvolvida em duas etapas complementares. Na primeira etapa, o grupo amostral compôs-se de 378 empreendimentos, que foram objeto de um survey, para identificar as associações produtivas. Destas foram selecionadas para constituírem a amostra aquelas que já passaram ou estão passando por processo sucessório e cujos dirigentes demonstraram disposição em participar da pesquisa. Na segunda etapa, composta por uma amostra com 32 empreendimentos, buscou-se analisar como interagem as dimensões Indivíduo, Organização e Ambiente na configuração do processo sucessório, identificando quais os fatores que, em cada uma dessas dimensões, podem facilitar e aqueles que podem limitar o processo sucessório. Para analisar a estrutura e as principais características do processo sucessório, tomou-se por base os seguintes eixos orientadores: dimensão Indivíduo - papéis da liderança, habilidade da liderança e estilos de liderança; dimensão Organização - estrutura, planejamento, conselhos, comunicação (transparência), controle e avaliação; dimensão Ambiente - influências dos stakeholders (comunidade, fornecedores, clientes, parceiros) no processo sucessório. Os resultados obtidos apontaram que uma das principais características das associações produtivas pesquisadas é a existência de um entrelaçamento entre dimensões política, econômica e social. No entanto, tais iniciativas têm como um dos principais desafios, o de criar contextos favoráveis a essa organização socioeconômica e política entre cidadãos que compartilham mais carências que recursos para a construção e manutenção de um projeto associativo. Sobre o processo sucessório, os dirigentes das associações mostraram-se conscientes da importância de planejar e de gerenciar seu desenvolvimento, mas dispõem ainda de ferramentas pouco estruturadas para isso. As associações também atribuem importância à gestão compartilhada do processo sucessório como forma de conciliar expectativas tanto do público interno, quanto do público externo, porém, não dispõem de um sistema estruturado de administração desse processo. O processo sucessório nas associações pesquisadas encontra-se em fase de construção: adapta-se às demandas do cenário atual, mas apresenta evidentes necessidades de aprimoramento para uma condução mais efetiva do planejamento e da gestão compartilhada do processo. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the succession process in Brazilian social enterprises have been executed, focusing on productive social activism. The study identifies which factors limit and facilitate this process, based on the following aspects: Individual, Organizational and Environmental. The nature of this research is exploratory and descriptive and was developed in two complementary stages. In the first stage the chosen group consisted of 378 enterprises that were the subject of a survey to identify the productive associations. The survey was set up to identify associations which are productive and within them, the enterprises which are active and those which are going through a succession process. The disposition of the leaders in taking part in the survey was also taken into consideration. The second stage was composed of a sample of 32 enterprises in which their interaction in an Individual, Organizational and Environmental level when going through a succession process was analyzed, identifying what facilitates and what limits this succession process. To analyze the structure and main characteristics of the succession process, these were taken as the base according to the following guidelines: Individual dimension leadership roles, leadership abilities and leadership styles; Organizational dimension structure, planning, counseling, communication (transparency), control and evaluation; Environmental dimension stakeholders influence (community, suppliers, clients, partners) in the succession process. The end results suggest that the main characteristics of those productive associations analyzed here is the intertwining of political, economic and social dimensions. However, one of the major challenges for these associations is to create positive outcomes in a socio-economic and political environment where community resources are scarce, rather than sufficient to build and maintain a cooperative project. Regarding the succession process, the associations leaders showed an understanding about the importance of planning and managing their progress, but still had tools with lack of structure to do so. The associations also attribute importance to the participative management in the succession process as a way of reconciling internal and external expectations, however they do not have a structured system to manage this process. The succession processes in the surveyed associations are in a constructive phase, whilst dealing with their day to day demands, but still show clear improving necessities for a more effective planning and participative management in the process.

This thesis is concerned with quasigroups with a small number of associative triples. The minimum number of associative triples among quasigroups of orders up to seven has already been determined. The goal of this thesis is to determine the minimum for orders eight and nine. This thesis reports that the minimum number of associative triples among quasigroups of order eight is sixteen and among quasigroups of order nine is nine. The latter finding is rather significant and we present a construction of an infinite series of quasigroups with the number of associative triples equal to their order. Findings of this thesis have been a result of a computer search which used improved algorithm presented in this thesis. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the theory that shows how to reduce the search space. The second part deals with the development of the algorithm and the last part analyzes the findings and shows a comparison of the new algorithm to the previous work. It shows that new search program is up to four orders of magnitude faster than the one used to determine the minimum number of associative triples among quasigroups of order seven.

O propósito desta tese foi investigar como tem ocorrido o processo de sucessão em empreendimentos sociais no Brasil, com foco no associativismo produtivo, identificando quais fatores limitam e quais facilitam esse processo a partir das dimensões Indivíduo, Organização e Ambiente. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e descritivo, desenvolvida em duas etapas complementares. Na primeira etapa, o grupo amostral compôs-se de 378 empreendimentos, que foram objeto de um survey, para identificar as associações produtivas. Destas foram selecionadas para constituírem a amostra aquelas que já passaram ou estão passando por processo sucessório e cujos dirigentes demonstraram disposição em participar da pesquisa. Na segunda etapa, composta por uma amostra com 32 empreendimentos, buscou-se analisar como interagem as dimensões Indivíduo, Organização e Ambiente na configuração do processo sucessório, identificando quais os fatores que, em cada uma dessas dimensões, podem facilitar e aqueles que podem limitar o processo sucessório. Para analisar a estrutura e as principais características do processo sucessório, tomou-se por base os seguintes eixos orientadores: dimensão Indivíduo - papéis da liderança, habilidade da liderança e estilos de liderança; dimensão Organização - estrutura, planejamento, conselhos, comunicação (transparência), controle e avaliação; dimensão Ambiente - influências dos stakeholders (comunidade, fornecedores, clientes, parceiros) no processo sucessório. Os resultados obtidos apontaram que uma das principais características das associações produtivas pesquisadas é a existência de um entrelaçamento entre dimensões política, econômica e social. No entanto, tais iniciativas têm como um dos principais desafios, o de criar contextos favoráveis a essa organização socioeconômica e política entre cidadãos que compartilham mais carências que recursos para a construção e manutenção de um projeto associativo. Sobre o processo sucessório, os dirigentes das associações mostraram-se conscientes da importância de planejar e de gerenciar seu desenvolvimento, mas dispõem ainda de ferramentas pouco estruturadas para isso. As associações também atribuem importância à gestão compartilhada do processo sucessório como forma de conciliar expectativas tanto do público interno, quanto do público externo, porém, não dispõem de um sistema estruturado de administração desse processo. O processo sucessório nas associações pesquisadas encontra-se em fase de construção: adapta-se às demandas do cenário atual, mas apresenta evidentes necessidades de aprimoramento para uma condução mais efetiva do planejamento e da gestão compartilhada do processo. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how the succession process in Brazilian social enterprises have been executed, focusing on productive social activism. The study identifies which factors limit and facilitate this process, based on the following aspects: Individual, Organizational and Environmental. The nature of this research is exploratory and descriptive and was developed in two complementary stages. In the first stage the chosen group consisted of 378 enterprises that were the subject of a survey to identify the productive associations. The survey was set up to identify associations which are productive and within them, the enterprises which are active and those which are going through a succession process. The disposition of the leaders in taking part in the survey was also taken into consideration. The second stage was composed of a sample of 32 enterprises in which their interaction in an Individual, Organizational and Environmental level when going through a succession process was analyzed, identifying what facilitates and what limits this succession process. To analyze the structure and main characteristics of the succession process, these were taken as the base according to the following guidelines: Individual dimension leadership roles, leadership abilities and leadership styles; Organizational dimension structure, planning, counseling, communication (transparency), control and evaluation; Environmental dimension stakeholders influence (community, suppliers, clients, partners) in the succession process. The end results suggest that the main characteristics of those productive associations analyzed here is the intertwining of political, economic and social dimensions. However, one of the major challenges for these associations is to create positive outcomes in a socio-economic and political environment where community resources are scarce, rather than sufficient to build and maintain a cooperative project. Regarding the succession process, the associations leaders showed an understanding about the importance of planning and managing their progress, but still had tools with lack of structure to do so. The associations also attribute importance to the participative management in the succession process as a way of reconciling internal and external expectations, however they do not have a structured system to manage this process. The succession processes in the surveyed associations are in a constructive phase, whilst dealing with their day to day demands, but still show clear improving necessities for a more effective planning and participative management in the process.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Joyal and Street developed a graphical notation for various flavours of monoidal category using graphs drawn in the plane, commonly known as string diagrams. In particular, their work comprised a rigorous topological foundation of the notation. In 2007, Harmer, Hyland and Melliès gave a formal mathematical foundation for game semantics using a notions they called ⊸-schedules, ⊗-schedules and heaps. Schedules described interleavings of plays in games formed using ⊸ and ⊗, and heaps provided pointers used for backtracking. Their definitions were combinatorial in nature, but researchers often draw certain pictures when working in practice. In this thesis, we extend the framework of Joyal and Street to give a formal account of the graphical methods already informally employed by researchers in game semantics. We give a geometric formulation of ⊸-schedules and ⊗-schedules, and prove that the games they describe are isomorphic to those described in Harmer et al.’s terms, and also those given by a more general graphical representation of interleaving across games of multiple components. We further illustrate the value of the geometric methods by demonstrating that several proofs of key properties (such as that the composition of ⊸-schedules is associative) can be made straightforward, reflecting the geometry of the plane, and overstepping some of the cumbersome combinatorial detail of proofs in Harmer et al.’s terms. We further extend the framework of formal plane diagrams to account for the heaps and pointer structures used in the backtracking functors for O and P.

The ideal memory system assumed by most programmers is one which has high capacity, yet allows any word to be accessed instantaneously. To make the hardware approximate this performance, an increasingly complex memory hierarchy, using caches and techniques like automatic prefetch, has evolved. However, as the gap between processor and memory speeds continues to widen, these programmer-visible mechanisms are becoming inadequate. Part of the recent increase in processor performance has been due to the introduction of programmer/compiler-visible SWAR (SIMD Within A Register) parallel processing on increasingly wide DATA LARs (Line Associative Registers) as a way to both improve data access speed and increase efficiency of SWAR processing. Although the base concept of DATA LARs predates this thesis, this thesis presents the first instruction set architecture specification complete enough to allow construction of a detailed prototype hardware design. This design was implemented and tested using a hardware simulator.

No description available.

No description available.

Le travail de recherche proposé dans cette thèse porte sur la question de la transmission psychique inconsciente, l’objet de recherche s’attachant plus précisément à définir les différentes modalités de transit de la réalité psychique. C’est à partir d’une clinique auprès d’enfants suivis en hôpital de jour ou en centre médico-psychologique que sont interrogées les formes, les voies et les fonctions des transits, des échanges qui s’organisent entre les différentes scènes subjectives, qu’il s’agisse de la scène du rêve, du jeu, du corps, mais encore celle de l’autre de la relation. La scène psychique au regard de sa croissance, de son développement, ne peut se penser sans l’objet, aussi le modèle proposé en appui sur la théorie psychanalytique mais explorant aussi d’autres épistémologies comme la phénoménologie, les neurosciences, l’embryologie, est un modèle intersubjectif. A la suite des auteurs kleiniens mais aussi des travaux des groupalistes, il a pour objet de construire une représentation de l’espace intermédiaire ou espace « entre », situé entre les scènes et à partir duquel s’organisent les transactions et la transmission psychique. Il est possible de caractériser ce lieu de la connexion, d’en proposer une métaphore, une topologie, de montrer qu’il a une concrétude et des processus spécifiques. Penser l’entre-deux et l’alternance entre les scènes subjectives sur lesquelles se montre la réalité psychique amène aussi à interroger les modes de représentation de la conflictualité, à penser en termes de scénalité, d’inter-scénalité, de trans-scénalité, à rechercher également qu’elle est l’instance intrapsychique organisatrice de sa mise en jeu et de sa mise en scène. Parce que le moi est un être frontière et assure une fonction d’articulation, on peut décrire, en usant de la métaphore théâtrale, un moi dramaturge et scénographe et montrer comment les scènes subjectives interconnectées permettent alors de retrouver un lien associatif et une continuité narrative. Lorsque la souffrance psychique est trop grande et ne peut être psychisée, la scène éloignée (par exemple la scène phobique), se révèle être un puissant attracteur de la réalité psychique et donne une forme au conflit. Du fait d’une coïncidence, d’une mêmeté ou autre, elle vient en relais, elle est à penser comme un lieu où se déposent et se déchargent les tensions à l’instar d’une zone de transits ou parfois d’une zone de quarantaine maintenant à distance le surcroit de douleur et évitant une contamination de l’ensemble. Certains mécanismes identificatoires jouent un rôle fondamental dans la transmission psychique, notamment l’identification projective qui permet que se véhicule la souffrance et notamment qu’elle soit communiquée au thérapeute. De fait, la scène thérapeutique parce qu’elle attire à elle des contenus psychiques toxiques, non-élaborés, ceux-ci pouvant être liés à une transmission transgénérationnelle, opère aussi comme une scène à distance où s’organise un partage des expériences affectives et émotionnelles, cela étant à penser dans le cadre d’une relation transféro-contre-transférentielle. La prise en compte des jeux d’alternance impliquant souvent plusieurs scènes interconnectées entre elles comme les scènes thérapeutique, transférentielle mais aussi corporelle, onirique, fantasmatique, qui sont autant de lieux possibles d’expression du conflit psychique, amène en dernier lieu et en guise d’ouverture à un prochain travail de recherche à envisager une autre modalité d’associativité que nous nommons associativité inter-scénale. / The research work proposed within the framework of this thesis focuses upon the unconscious psychic transmission, with a particular emphasis on the various forms of transits of psychological reality. Based on The forms, channels and the roles of the transits, the interaction between the various subjective scenes, be they the dream scene, the game scene, the body scene or the Other in the relationship, have been studied in a child clinic with children in a day hospital or in a medical psychological centre. The psychological scene in view of its growth, its development, is unthinkable without the object, that is why the model proposed on the psychoanalytical theory, but also investigating other epistemologies such as phenomenology, neurosciences, embryology, is an intersubjective model. Following the kleinian authors, but also the groupalists’ work, its purpose is to build a representation of the intermediary space, or space in between, located between the scenes and from which psychological transactions and transmissions organize themselves. It is possible to characterize this place of connection, to propose a metaphor for it, a topology, to show it is real, with specific processes. Considering the between-two and the alternating between the subjective scenes on which the psychological reality shows, also leads us to ask questions about the modes of representation of conflicts, to think in terms of scenality, inter-scenality, trans-scenality, also to investigate the intrapsychic occurrence which articulates its operation and staging. Because the self is a border being and it has a function of articulation, one could evoke, with a theatrical metaphor, a dramatist and scenographer self, and show how the interconnected subjective scenes then allow to get back to an associative link and a narrative continuity.When mental suffering is too acute and it cannot be psychologized, the remote scene (the phobic scene for instance) proves to be a powerful attraction of psychic reality, and it gives a shape to the conflict. Because of a coincidence, a sameness, or other, it is a relay, one should think about it as a place where tensions lay and discharge as in a transit area or sometimes a quarantine zone keeping the excess pain away and avoiding a contamination of the whole.Some identifiable mechanisms play a key role in the psychologicaltransfer, particularlythe projective identification which ensures pain is carried out and, especially, communicated to the therapist. Indeed, because the therapeutic scene attracts undeveloped toxic psychic contents which may be linked to a transgenerational transmission, it also operates like a distant scene in which a sharing of the affective and emotional experiences takes place. The coverage of the alternation games often involving several scenes interconnected together such as the therapeutic scenes, transferential as well as corporeal, oniric, fantasmal, which represent as many potential places of expression of psychological conflict, finally leads us, thus opening up to a future research work, to consider another method of associativity which we name inter-scenal associativity.