Extensive computer use is creating a society where its citizens are communicating outside the norm of real life. These diversions from real life communication behavior have been named the Online Disinhibition Effect (ODE). The effect is a psychological model that is structured with different types of elements which can be triggered by different communication mediums. There are two sides of the effect; a benign, where compassion and a reveal of emotions are more likely, and a toxic, where anger, frustration and threats are in focus. In the online video game industry, ODE is active, but as the medium is different than regular internet use the effects are different as well. This paper looks at how online video games are affected by ODE. By using the most current disinhibition model made by Suler and looking at modern cyberpsychology in online games, this paper found eight features that have the possibility to decrease disinhibition amongst users. This paper concludes with a warning that games are becoming more immersive and without the proper authority features, games will increase their disinhibition effect amongst its users.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker MMORPG-spelares uppfattningar och erfarenheter av toxiskt beteende. Huvudsyftet med uppsatsen är att ge bredare perspektiv om deskriptiva normativa uppfattningar kring toxiska beteenden bland MMORPG-spelare, hur detta påverkar spelarnas beteenden samt hur det påverkar spelarbasen. Studien utförs med en intervju-orienterad kvalitativ undersökningsmetod. Utgångspunkten för studien är de teoretiska ramverken om deskriptiva normativa uppfattningar och online-hämningslöshetseffekten som utgör grunden för rekrytering av deltagarna samt intervjufrågorna. Studiens resultat påvisar att det finns indikationer på att det finns ytterligare faktorer som påverkar normaliseringen av toxiska beteenden hos individer än de som är direkt relaterade till spelandet. Studien visar att spelare anser att belöningar är en bättre lösning än bestraffningar för att förbättra deras beteenden. Deltagarnas egna beteenden förändrades i relation till deras egna uppfattningar huruvida spelsamhällets norm är att vara toxisk eller inte. Denna innebär en direkt påverkan av det normaliserade beteendet i den sociala miljön. Slutligen konstaterades att deltagarnas motivation att fortsätta spela minskade när de kommit i kontakt med toxiska beteenden. / This essay examines MMORPG players’ normative perceptions of toxic behavior. The primary purpose of this essay is to provide additional perspectives on normative perceptions about toxic behaviors among MMORPG players, how this affects player behaviors, and how it affects the player base. The study utilizes a qualitative research method with a theoretically essentially latent approach. The starting point for the study is the theoretical frameworks theory of normative beliefs and online disinhibition effect, which is the basis for recruitment of the participants and the interview questions. The results demonstrate additional aspects which affect the normalization of toxic behaviour other than gaming-related factors. Further, players believe that rewards are a better solution than penalties for improving their behavior. The participants’ behavior changed concerning their perceptions of whether the game’s norm is to be toxic or not. The players’ behavior is thus directly affected by the normalized behavior in the social environment. Finally, players describe motivation to continue playing decreased when they came in contact with toxic behaviour.

Die Dissertation ist eine medienhistorische Studie über die Einführung des Tons im sowjetischen Kino, die ästhetische und technologische Veränderungen in einem weiter gefassten politischen und kulturellen Kontext interpretiert. In historischen Untersuchungen des frühen Tonfilms der letzten zehn Jahre wurde der sowjetischen Methode des asynchronen Tons häufig die verbreitetere Methode der möglichst genauen Synchronisation gegenübergestellt, wie sie von der Filmindustrie in Hollywood in den späten 1920er und frühen 1930er Jahren entwickelt wurde. Die Arbeit geht über diese zum Standard gewordene Erzählung hinaus. In einer Reihe von Fallstudien wird die Arbeit sowjetischer Filmemacher, Drehbuchautoren, Filmtheoretiker und Toningenieure analysiert, um zu demonstrieren, dass in der Sowjetunion in der Frühphase des Filmtons sehr unterschiedliche Haltungen zum Ton existierten. Die Dissertation konzentriert sich sowohl auf die Theorien des Filmtons als auch auf die Praktiken, wobei es sich unter anderem auf Dziga Vertov, Nikolai Ekk, Michail Cechanovskij und Pavel Tager bezieht. Die Begriffe „Asynchronizität“ und „Synchronizität“ haben in den Debatten über die Einführung des Tonfilms in der Sowjetunion eine zentrale Rolle gespielt. Die vorliegende Dissertation bietet die erste grundlegende Untersuchung dieser Begriffe innerhalb des Kontextes der komplexen Ursprünge des frühen sowjetischen Tonfilms. / The dissertation is a media-historical study of the emergence of sound in Soviet cinema, which links aesthetic and technological changes to the broader political and cultural context. Over the last decade, histories of early sound film have usually contrasted the Soviet method of asynchronous sound to the prevalent method of tight synchronization as it was popularized by the Hollywood film industry in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The dissertation looks beyond this standardized narrative. In a series of case studies, it analyzes the work of Soviet filmmakers, screenwriters, film theoreticians and acoustical engineers to demonstrate that many diverse approaches to sound were actually in play at the onset of film sound in the Soviet Union. The dissertation focuses on both film sound theory and practice mainly in the works of Dziga Vertov, Nikolai Ekk, Pavel Tager and Mikhail Tsekhanovsky. The terms “asynchronicity” and “synchronicity” were central in the debates about the emergence of sound film in the Soviet Union. This study provides the first thorough examination of these terms within the context of the complex origins of early Soviet sound cinema.

Dans cette thèse nous regardons plusieurs modèles de populations structurés s’écrivant à l’aide d’équations de transport. Le caractère bien posé ainsi que la positivité des solutions sont montrés de manière systématique au sens des sémiologues dans un cadre L1. Un premier travail est consacré à un système de type proie prédateur structuré en âge. Une étude de stabilité des équilibres nous permet de formuler explicitement un seuil un seuil d’extinction ainsi qu’in seuil pouvant amener à l’explosion des populations. On obtient numériquement la possibilité d’un cycle limite ainsi que la convergence vers un équilibre de coexistence des populations. Dans un cas particulier, ce modèle se réécrit comme un système différentiel à retard. A l’aide de fonctionnelle de Lyapunov, on montre la stabilité globale de cet équilibre sous certaines conditions. On étudie également 2 modèles structuré en taille, issus de la dynamique cellulaire. L’un est composé de deux équations de transport où la cellule peut être soit prolifèrent soit quiescente ; et le deuxième est une équation de type transport/ diffusion avec des conditions aux bords FELLER. On vérifie à chaque fois l’irréductibilité du semi groupe puis des arguments de faibles capacité L1 nous donne l’existence d’un « gap spectral » sous certaines conditions. On démontre ainsi dans certains cas la croissance exponentielle asynchrone du semi groupe / This thesis is dedicated to some structured populations models described with transport or transport-diffusion equations. The well-posedness, in the semigroupes setting in L1 and the positivity of the solutions are systematically shown. A first work is dedicated to an age-structured predator/prey system. A stability study of the equilibria allow us to give explicit formulations of an extinction threshold and an threshold which can lead to explosion of solutions. We numerically obtain the possibility to get a limit cycle and the convergence to a coexistence equilibrium of the populations. In a specific case, this model rewrites as a delay differential system. Using Lyapunov functional, we show the global stability of this equilibrium under some assumptions. We also study two size-structured models that come from cellular dynamics. The first one consists on two transport equations, where the cell can either proliferate or be quiescent, and the second one is a transport-diffusion equation with Feller boundary conditions. The irreducibility of the semigroup governing this latter model is always satisfied using the Hopf maximum principle. However, the irreducibility for the first model is true only under a necessary and sufficient condition that we give. We also show for these two models, using some weak compactness arguments in L1, the existence of a `spectral gap' (essential type strictly less than the type) ensuring the asynchronous exponential growth of the semigroup.