Molecular dynamics simulation performed on modern computer workstations provides a powerful tool for the investigation of the static and dynamic characteristics of liquid crystal phases. In this thesis molecular dynamics computer simulations have been performed for two model systems. Simulations of 4,4'-di-n-pentyl-bibicyclo[2.2.2]octane demonstrate the growth of a structurally ordered phase directly from an isotropic fluid. This is the first time that this has been achieved for an atomistic model. The results demonstrate a strong coupling between orientational ordering and molecular shape, but indicate that the coupling between molecular conformational changes and molecular reorientation is relatively weak. Simulations have also been performed for a hybrid Gay-Berne/Lennard-Jones model resulting in thermodynamically stable nematic and smectic phases. Frank elastic constants have been calculated for the nematic phase formed by the hybrid model through analysis of the fluctuations of the nematic director, giving results comparable with those found experimentally. Work presented in this thesis also describes the parameterisation of the torsional potential of a fragment of a dimethyl siloxane polymer chain, disiloxane diol (HOMe(_2)Si)(_2)O, using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations.

The intermetallic compound TiAl possesses a unique complex of properties that include sufficiently low material density, high values of the strength-to-ductility ratio, high elastic moduli, high oxidation resistance, low creep rate, and improved fatigue characteristics. These properties make TiAl alloys very attractive, particularly for structural applications for aerospace and aeronautic industries, where, at certain temperatures, they might be capable of replacing heavy nickel-based superalloys. However, so far applications of TiAl alloys have been limited by their poor ductility. Many of the recent studies have focused on the source of this limited ductility and on methods to improve this property. It has been found out experimentally that the strength and ductility of $gamma$-TiAl alloys can be affected by many different parameters, including alloy stoichiometry, heat treatment, deformation temperature, impurity content, grain size, and ternary element additions. In this thesis we present the results of our computer simulations of deformation and fracture in TiAl. In contrast to many previous studies our simulations include the interaction of the crack with point defects in the lattice. We use the molecular statics technique with atomic interactions described in terms of the embedded atom method. We simulate the crack propagation along (100), (001), (110) and (111) planes in TiAl. The cleavage along (100) and (001) planes shows purely brittle behavior, whereas the cleavage along (110) and (111) planes is accompanied by extensive dislocation emission. Our studies of the crack interaction with point defects reveal that vacancies and antisites near the crack tip can influence the amount of plastic deformation. Another important observation is that the antisite formation energy near the crack tip is generally lower than in the perfect lattice. This observation suggests the formation of relatively disordered zones near the crack tip at high temperatures, and leads us to a formulation of a new mechanism of a brittle-to-ductile transition in TiAl. / Ph. D.

Molecular dynamics simulations of the diffusion process in ordered B2 compounds at high temperature were performed using an embedded atom interatomic potential developed to fit NiAl properties. Diffusion in the bulk occurs through a variety of cyclic mechanisms that accomplish the motion of the vacancy through nearest neighbor jumps restoring order to the alloy at the end of the cycle. The traditionally postulated six-jump cycle is only one of the various cycles observed and some of these are quite complex. Diffusion at the grain boundary mainly takes place through sequences of coordinated nearest neighbor jumps yielding to a rearrangement of the grain boundary structure. Two distinct mechanisms resulting in a structural unit migration of the vacancy are also identified. The results are analyzed in terms of the activation and configuration energies calculated using molecular statics simulations. / Master of Science

This dissertation is dedicated to develop models and methods to bridge atomistic and continuum scales of deformation processes in asphalt-aggregate interfacial composite materials systems. The deformation and failure behaviors, e.g. nanoscale strength, deformation, stiffness, and adhesion/cohesion at asphalt-aggregate interfaces are all evaluated by means of atomistic simulations. The atomistic modeling approach is employed to simulate mechanical properties, which is connected by their common dependence on the nanoscale bonding and their sensitive dependences on mechanics and moisture sensitivity. Specifically, CVFF-aug forcefield is employed in the atomistic calculations to study the fundamental failure processes that appear at the interface as a result of a mechanical deformation. There are five primary aspects to this dissertation. First, the multiscale features of asphalt concrete materials are characterized by using nanoscale characterization & fabrication devices, e.g. High Resolution Optical Microscope (HROM), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Focused Ion Beam (FIB), and Atomistic Force Microscope (AFM). Second, based on the multiscale devices characterization of the interfaces, a 2-layer atomistic bitumen-rock interface structure is constructed. Interface structure evolution under uniaxial tension is performed with various deformation rates. Comparison is made between both theoretical and experimental characterizations of interface configuration. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate potential relationships between interface structure and morphology. Influences of deformation rate and temperature factors are discussed in terms of interface region stress-strain relation and loading time duration. Third, molecular dynamics simulations are also performed to provide a characterization of atomic scale mechanical behaviors for a 3-layer confined shear structure which leads to interfacial shear failure. In addition, atomistic static simulation approach is employed to calculate a couple of mineral crystals' elastic constants. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations are also used to predict the static, thermodynamic, and mechanical properties of three asphalt molecular models. Fourth, the high performance parallel computing technology is extensively employed throughout this dissertation. In addition to use the large-scale MD program, LAMMPS, the author developed a high performance parallel distributive computing program, MPI_multistress, to implement the multiscale understanding/predicting of materials mechanical behaviors. Finally, this research also focuses on the evaluation of the susceptibility of aggregates and asphalts to moisture damage through understanding the nano-mechanisms that influence adhesive bond between aggregates and asphalt, as well as the cohesive strength and moisture susceptibility of the specific asphalt-aggregate interfaces. Surface energy theory and pull-out simulation are used to compute the adhesive bond strength between the aggregates and asphalt, as well as the cohesive bond strength within the binder. In general, this dissertation has focused on the development of nanoscale modeling methods to assess asphalt-aggregate interfacial atomistic deformation and failure behaviors, as well as moisture effects on asphalt mixture strength. Simulation results provide valuable insights into mechanistic details of nanoscale interactions, particularly under conditions of various deformation rates and different temperatures. The results obtained show that a reasonable agreement between the theoretical and pavement industry observations is satisfactory. We conclude that the theoretical calculations presented here are useful in asphalt concrete industry for predicting the mechanical properties of asphalt-aggregate interfaces, which are difficult to obtain experimentally because of their small size. / Ph. D.

Effects of dislocation emission from a mode I crack and of pinning distances on the behavior of the crack and on fracture toughness in aluminum were studied by using the Molecular Statics Technique with atomic interactions described in terms of the Embedded Atom Method. It was found that aluminum is a ductile material in which the cracks generate dislocations, blunting the cracks. The blunting and the dislocation shielding reduce the local stress intensity factor. Also, twinning, which has not been observed experimentally in Aluminum due to the high stacking fault, was obtained in the simulation. Probably, the low temperature facilitates twin formation. The applied stress intensity factor required to propagate the crack tip increases at first, and then becomes constant as the maximum distance that the first dislocation can travel away from the crack tip increases. These effects can be attributed to dislocation shielding and crack blunting. The maximum distance of the emitted dislocations from the crack tip is the equilibrium distance for the largest simulation performed (400,000 atoms) while for the smaller simulations the dislocations are hindered by the fixed boundary condition of the model. On the other hand, the total local stress intensity factor at the crack tip and the local stress intensity factor along the slip plane remain basically constant as the maximum distance of the emitted dislocations from the crack tip increases. For distances larger than , these local stress intensity factors start to increase slightly. / Master of Science

Adsorption is a low-energy separation process especially advantageous when the components to be separated are similar in nature or have a low molar concentration. The choice of the adsorbent is the key factor for a successful separation, and among them periodic mesoporous silicas (PMS) are of importance because of their pore sizes, shapes and connectivity. Furthermore, they can be modified by post-synthesis functionalisation, which provides a tool for tailoring them to specific applications. SBA-2 and STAC-1 are two types of PMS characterised by a three-dimensional pore system of spherical cages interconnected by a network of channels whose formation process was until now obscure. In this work the kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) technique has been extended to simulate the synthesis of these complex materials, presenting evidence that the interconnecting network originates from spherical micelles touching during their close-packing aggregation in the synthesis. Moreover, for the first time atomistic models for these materials were obtained with realistic pore-surface roughness and details of the possible location of its interaction sites. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations of nitrogen, methane and ethane adsorption in the materials pore models show excellent agreement with experimental results. In addition, their potential as design tools is explored by introducing surface groups for enhancing CO2 capture; and finally, application examples are presented for carbon dioxide capture from flue gases and for natural gas purification, as well as in the separation of n-butane / iso-butane isomers.

Le dioxyde d'uranium UO2 est utilisé en tant que combustible standard dans les réacteurs à eau pressurisée (REP). Pour cette raison il est très important de bien connaître ses propriétés mécaniques, thermiques et physico-chimiques dans les conditions de fonctionnement normales ou accidentelles (600K - 2000K). Lors des réactions de fission de l'uranium, des gaz rares tels que le Xe et Kr sont générés. Ces atomes présentent une très faible solubilité dans la matrice combustible et vont donc soit être relâchés, soit former des bulles de gaz (intra ou intergranulaires) au sein de l'UO2. La présence de ces bulles modifie les propriétés thermomécaniques du combustible. Les enjeux en terme de sûreté, liés à la présence de ces bulles, ont donné lieu à d'importants travaux, tant sur le plan expérimental que théorique, afin d'accroître la compréhension de l'ensemble des propriétés physiques et du comportement du combustible. L'objectif de nos travaux est de mieux comprendre l'impact de bulles de gaz intragranulaires sur le comportement du combustible au moyen de modélisations atomistiques. Dans un premier temps, l'impact de cavités intragranulaires sur les propriétés thermomécaniques (comportement élastique, dilatation thermique et conductivité thermique) ont été étudiées par des approches semi-empiriques. Un soin particulier a été porté à l'étude des effets d'interfaces pour ces cavités nanométriques. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons procédé à un remplissage physique de ces cavités par du xénon et nous avons étudié la microstructure et les pressions régnant au sein des bulles. / ...

Polímeros conjugados apresentam muitas propriedades interessantes para utilização como camada ativa em, por exemplo, dispositivos emissores de luz, e transistores de efeito de campo. Os processos na camada ativa são entretanto de difícil modelagem teórica, o que dificulta também o desenho de dispositivos. A dificuldade tem origem na morfologia do material: amorfo, composto de cadeias longas e possivelmente enoveladas, assim uma boa descrição estrutural é necessária para descrever o mecanismo de transporte eletrônico. Nos procedimentos mais comuns o transporte é simulado sem ligação clara com as características atomísticas do material em questão. Neste trabalho optamos por modelar o transporte eletrônico em filmes poliméricos através de uma Equação Mestre Estocástica (EME) não linear utilizando a formulação de Bässler-Miller- Abrahams para a taxa de transição eletrônica. Nossa modelagem porém inclui a simulação de filmes realísticos, a partir de modelos atomísticos construidos por Dinâmica Molecular Clássica (DMC), e a obtenção de todos os parâmetros necessários para escrever a taxa de transição a partir de cálculos quânticos de primeiros princípios. Para cada filme, foram selecionadas \"imagens\" no decorrer do tempo da DMC e para cada uma dessas, através de cálculos explícitos de ângulos e distâncias inter-sítios, construida a rede topológica de conectividades (com a respectiva taxa de transição). Para isto, foi necessária reparametrização do Campo de Forças Universal com respeito à interação não ligada de energia. Além disso, a partir de cálculos quânticos de primeiros princípios, para todos os parâmetros necessários para a EME: comprimento de conjugação, energias de sítio e integrais de transferência. Estudamos sistemas oligoméricos de para-fenileno-vinileno (PPV), cristalinos e amorfos. Obtivemos a mobilidade de portadores para diferentes filmes de PV (cristal de \'P IND. 5\'\'V IND. 4\', amorfos de \'P IND. 3\'\'V IND. 2\' e \'P IND. 26\'\'V IND. 25\'), com várias imagens para um mesmo filme, representando o comportamento a uma determinada temperatura, e ainda com diferentes concentrações de portadores: vemos claramente a necessidade de obtenção de valores médios para todas as quantidades relevantes. A metodologia proposta se mostrou capaz de incorporar o efeito das características morfológicas do material, e nossos resultados estão em boa concordância, qualitativa e quantitativamente, com resultados experimentais para sistemas símiles. / Organic conjugated polymers present several interesting properties and can be used as active layers in e.g. light emitting diodes and field effect transistors. The electronic properties in the active layer are however difficult to model theoretically, which makes it also a hard task to engineer the device. The difficulties come from the structural characteristics of the material: amorphous, but composed of long and possibly folded molecular chains, so that a sound description of the structural characteristics is needed for the understanding of the electronic transport. The usual procedures for theoretical simulation bear no clear or direct link with the atomistic characteristics of the given used material. In this work we model the transport properties of polymer films through a non-linear Stochastic Master Equation, using the B¨assler-Miller-Abrahams formulation for the electronic transition rate. Our modeling however includes the simulation of realistic films, from atomistic models built through Classical Molecular Dynamics (CMD), and extracting all the relevant parameters for the SME from ab initio quantum calculations for model systems. For each film, \"images\" were selected along the CMD time evolution and for each of them a connectivity network (with the corresponding transition rates) was built, from explicit calculations of inter-ring bond distances and bond angles. To do that, it was needed a re-parametrization of the well-known Universal Force Field, concerning the non-bonded interactions. Furthermore, in parallel with the CMD work, also the values for the application of the SME were obtained from first-principles quantum calculations: conjugation length, site energies and transfer energies. We studied para-phenylene vinylene PPV oligomeric films, in different situations: crystalline, and amorphous. We calculated hole mobilities for different PV films (crystalline P5V4, amorphous P3V2 and P26V25) with several images for the same film, representing a given temperature, and also with different carrier concentrations. We clearly see the need of averaging obtained values for all relevant quantities. The proposed methodology was shown to incorporate the effects of morphology, and our results are in good accord, qualitaqualitatively and quantitavely, with experimental results for similar systems.

"Cellulose nanocrystals, one of the most abundant materials in nature, have attracted great attention in the biomedical community due to qualities such as supreme mechanical properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility and low density. In this research, we are interested in developing a bio-inspired material-by-design approach for cellulose-based composites with tailored interfaces and programmed microstructures that could provide an outstanding strength-to-weight ratio. After a preliminary study on some of the existing biomaterials, we have focused our research on studying the nanostructure and nanomechanics of the bamboo fiber, a cellulose-based biocomposite, designed by nature with remarkable strength-to-weight ratio (higher than steel and concrete). We have utilized atomistic simulations to investigate the mechanical properties and mechanisms of interactions between cellulose nanofibrils and the bamboo fiber matrix which is an intertwined hemicellulose and lignin called lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC). Our results suggest that the molecular origin of the rigidity of bamboo fibers comes from the carbon-carbon or carbon-oxygen covalent bonds in the main chain of cellulose. In the matrix of bamboo fiber, hemicellulose exhibits larger elastic modulus and glass transition temperature than lignin whereas lignin shows greater tendency to adhere to cellulose nanofibrils. Consequently, the role of hemicellulose is found to enhance the thermodynamic properties and transverse rigidity of the matrix by forming dense hydrogen bond networks, and lignin is found to provide the strength of bamboo fibers by creating strong van der Waals forces between nanofibrils and the matrix. Our results show that the amorphous region of cellulose nanofibrils is the weakest interface in bamboo microfibrils. We also found out that water molecules enhance the mechanical properties of lignin (up to 10%) by filling voids in the system and creating hydrogen bond bridges between polymer chains. For hemicellulose, however, the effect is always regressive due to the destructive effect of water molecules on the hydrogen bond in hemicellulose dense structure. Therefore, the porous structure of lignin supports the matrix to have higher rigidity in the presence of water molecules. "

Silver (Ag) is a precious metal with a low stacking fault energy that is known to form copious nanoscale coherent twin boundaries during magnetron sputtering synthesis. Nanotwinned Ag metals are potentially attractive for creating new interface-dominated nanomaterials with unprecedented mechanical and physical properties. Grain-boundary segregation of solute elements has been found to increase the stability of interfaces and hardness of nanocrystalline metals. However, heavily alloying inevitably complicates the underlying deformation mechanisms due to the hardening effects of solutes, or a change of stacking fault energies in Ag caused by alloying. For the above reasons, we developed a microalloying (or doping) strategy by carefully selecting Cu as the primary impurity – a solute that is predicted to have no solid-solution strengthening effect in Ag when its content is below 3.0 wt.%. Neither will Cu affect the stacking fault energy of Ag at a concentration <1.0 wt.%. Moreover, Cu atoms are ~12% smaller than Ag ones, and Ag-Cu is an immiscible system, which facilitates the segregation of Cu into high-energy interface sites such as grain-boundaries and twin-boundary defects. In this thesis, large-scale hybrid Monte-Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the unexplored mechanical behavior of Cu-segregated nanocrystalline nanotwinned Ag. First, the small-scale mechanics of solute Cu segregation and its effects on incipient plasticity mechanisms in nanotwinned Ag were studied. It was found that solute Cu atoms are segregated concurrently to grain boundaries and intrinsic twin-boundary kink-step defects. Low segregated Cu contents (< 1 at.%) are found to substantially increase twin-defect stability, leading to a pronounced rise in yield strength at 300 K. Second, atomistic simulations with a constant grain size of 45 nm and a wide range of twin boundary spacings were performed to investigate the Hall-Petch strength limit in nanocrystalline nanotwinned Ag containing either perfect or kinked twin boundaries. Three distinct strength regions were discovered as twin boundary decreases, delineated by normal Hall-Petch strengthening with a positive slope, the grain-boundary-dictated mechanism with near-zero Hall-Petch slope, and twin-boundary defect induced softening mechanism with a negative Hall-Petch slope. Third, by systematically studying smaller grain sizes, we find that the “strongest” size for pure nanotwinned Ag is achieved for a grain size of ~16 nm, below which softening occurs. The controlling plastic deformation mechanism changes from dislocation nucleation to grain boundary motion. This transition decreases to smaller grain sizes when Cu contents are segregated to the interfaces. Our simulations show that continuous Hall-Petch strengthening without softening, down to grain sizes as small as 6 nm, is reached when adding Cu atoms up to 12 at. %. For Cu contents ≥ 15 at. %, however, the predominant plastic deformation mechanism changes to shear-band induced softening. The present thesis provides new fundamental insights into solute segregation, and strengthening mechanisms mediated by grain boundaries and twin boundaries in face-centered cubic Ag metals, which is expected to motivate experimental studies on new nanotwinned metals with superior mechanical properties controlled by microalloying.