The purpose of this experiment is therefore (1) to design a test to measure the skill of a heterogeneous group of college music students and (2) to administer and evaluate an aural training program which could be used to develop efficiently aural intelligence. The students used in this experiment were intentionally chosen with varying abilities in order to permit comparisons. A careful record was kept of their ages, musical experiences, major instruments (voice, piano, violin, and other orchestral instruments), amount of training, skill and technique, and theory grades.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether a prototype aural training programme could successfully develop tertiary level aural training skills if face-to-face teaching components were replaced entirely by interactive CD-ROM delivery. Audiation is the ability by which one hears with the eyes (and, by extension, sees with the ears), and the reciprocal nature of listening and reading has long been recognised (Karpinski,2000). According to Allvin (1970), sound-to-sight and sight-to-sound skills can be developed through CAI with an effectiveness equal to face-to-face instruction. It appears that some aural skills assist naturally in the development of other aural skills; Carlsen (1969), for example,suggested that the effect of aural training by instruction generalised to sightsinging ability, while Baggaley (1974) writes in contrast that the ability to discriminate does not necessarily guarantee the ability to recognise and identify. Porter (1977) asserts what is now a generally known fact that one must teach for transfer, rather than to expect transfer to be automatic. A six-semester distance-mode prototype aural training programme was developed at the University of Southern Queensland and delivered to tertiary music students in all states of Australia as well as other countries including New Zealand, Singapore, south-east Asia and the United Kingdom. A pre-test/post-test model assessing three groups (internal, external and control) was applied at the beginning and end of the first semester of the six semester programme. The internal group received face-to-face teaching during the first semester; the external group received tuition via CD-ROM; the control group received no tuition in ear training. The study sought to compare results within and between the three groups in the areas of rhythmic perception, melodic perception, scale/mode recognition and interval recognition during this first semester of the study, and to find correlations between demographic data and test performance. External students achieved higher levels of improvement for all aural acuities than internal students and control group students. The findings indicate that students learning multiple instruments and students learning piano perform aural tasks better than students learning only a vii melody line instrument (including voice) or no instrument. In addition, internal students’ results showed a greater ceiling effect than the externals’, suggesting that the aural perception curriculum itself may need to take into account different individual levels of achievement. Tertiary music schools experiencing funding constraints may be able to re-organise aural tuition practice either to replace or to augment face-to-face classes with external aural training materials,without sacrificing the quality of their instruction.

The only way to simplify and promote the effective use of an alerting system that must be comprehensive in its coverage of hazardous or non-normal conditions is to convey top level information that provides an indication of criticality and identity. In an attempt to reduce the number of aural alerting signals presented in aircraft flight decks, this investigation pursued advances toward the development of a simple aural alert categorization scheme that provides flight deck function and urgency level information. In Experiment 1, 20 subjects having "normal" hearing threshold levels provided magnitude estimation urgency ratings for a series of aural alerts. These ratings revealed that subjects perceived low, moderate, and high urgency levels within each of four equally urgent aural alerting sets. In Experiment 2, 12 subjects having "normal" hearing threshold levels participated in a brief training session and then performed a sound identification task in conjunction with an automated and manual tracking task. Sound identification data revealed that subjects correctly identified the alerting set (i.e., major flight deck function) and urgency level associated with each of 12 aural alerts in 96.53% of the trials occurring during automated tracking and in 95.83% of the trials occurring during manual tracking; furthermore, subjects correctly identified each alerting set, urgency level, and aural alert equally often during each tracking task condition. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data recorded throughout the performance of each tracking task condition revealed that manual tracking required a significantly higher level of attentional engagement than automated tracking. Subjective assessments of workload collected after the performance of each tracking task condition revealed that a significantly higher level of workload was experienced during the manual condition of the tracking task than during the automated condition of the tracking task. Collectively, this investigation's results indicated that acoustic parameter manipulations can be used to create four distinctive alerting sets that each convey three levels of urgency and that these alerting sets and urgency levels can be accurately identified when two levels of workload and attentional engagement are experienced. / Ph. D.

No description available.

A series of interviews were conducted with Professor Armen Donelian (New School University), Professor Frank Carlberg (New England Conservatory of Music), Professor Gary Keller (University of Miami), Professor Thom Mason (University of Southern California), and Dr. Stephen Prosser (The Berklee College of Music). A comparison and analysis of existing texts whose focus was jazz aural-skill development, in combination with the information gathered from the interviews, as well as the author's personal teaching experience, served as the basis for the creation of a two-semester course sequence for jazz ear-training with application for vocal improvisation. The major content areas found to be most critical for inclusion in the sequence include: rhythm, harmony, improvisation, transcription, dictation, chord progressions, jazz articulation, the blues, guide tones, modified numeric system for chord tone identification, and sight-reading (sight-singing). It is the author's intention that this course sequence help to codify a system of jazz aural-skill development at the college-level that may be implemented in both existing jazz ear-training courses and programs where jazz ear-training courses do not currently exist.

A need has been established for aural rehabilitation (AR) sessions throughout the years. The literature reviewed here demonstrates that new hearing aid users do benefit from a structured follow-up AR program. However, this need is often not met for a variety of patient and audiologist related factors. Therefore, an AR program that could be viewed at home has been suggested. I have developed a prototype for a CD-ROM based aural rehabilitation (AR) program. Included in the program are communication and speechreading strategies, which are the most prevalent materials in AR. The instructional and interaction portions of the prototype were created to be understood by the average person. The prototype includes the use of video, graphics, and audio to support the written information and to incorporate a sense of excitement into the CD-ROM based program.

Closed-loop performance of an active noise reduction (ANR) headset is limited by phase lag. Speaker dynamics, control hardware, and acoustic wave propagation from the control speaker to the error microphone all contribute to this phase lag. Understanding these sources of phase lag and their relative effects on performance allows for better design of an analog or digital ANR headset. This thesis demonstrates that the three most significant sources of phase lag in a digital ANR headset are the dynamics of the control speaker's diaphragm, the anti-aliasing filter, and the smoothing filter. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the acoustic wave propagation from the control speaker to the error microphone is not a major contributor of phase lag. Based on these results, it was determined that attention should be focused on the anti-aliasing and smoothing filters when attempting to minimize phase lag and improve a digital ANR system's performance. A design procedure was developed to calculate filter responses that contributed a minimal amount of phase lag to a headset. Using this minimal phase filter design procedure, a digital ANR headset was successfully built and tested. Initial testing revealed that the anti-aliasing filter was not as vital to performance as the smoothing filter. Further testing indicated that the anti-aliasing requirements could be effectively met through the use of only a smoothing filter. Therefore, in order to minimize the phase lag of a digital ANR headset, a smoothing filter may be utilized in the absence of an anti-aliasing filter for some applications. / Master of Science

Submitted by MARIANA HERMAN null (marianaherman@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-17T05:48:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Boneco Dissertação Mestrado versão impressão Mariana Herman.pdf: 876889 bytes, checksum: 79d967c24bf0e8b487ccc7174438f22f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-21T20:43:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 herman_m_me_bot.pdf: 876889 bytes, checksum: 79d967c24bf0e8b487ccc7174438f22f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T20:43:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 herman_m_me_bot.pdf: 876889 bytes, checksum: 79d967c24bf0e8b487ccc7174438f22f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-18 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As papilomatoses ocupam uma posição de destaque na medicina humana e veterinária uma vez que são enfermidades virais dermatológicas com potencial para desenvolver malignidade tumoral. Nos equinos os papilomas estão associados às seguintes enfermidades: papilomatose clássica, associada ao EcPV1; carcinoma de células escamosas associado ao EcPV2; Massas tumorais em mucosas genitais (EcPV2 e EcPV7); placa aural, associado ao EcPV3, 4, 5 e 6; sarcóide equino, associado ao papilomavírus bovino 1 e 2 (BPV1 e 2). Dessas, a que está em estudo nesse trabalho é a placa aural, caracterizada por lesões puntiformes de poucos milímetros, despigmentadas e queratinizadas na face interior do pavilhão auricular, podendo evoluir e coalescer em lesões maiores e por vezes se estendendo por todo pavilhão auricular. Visando obter um teste de diagnóstico específico, sensível e rápido para identificação destes vírus, foi padronizada a técnica de PCR em tempo real (qPCR) para o EcPV3, 4, 5 e 6. E com a finalidade de avaliar a incidência dessa enfermidade no rebanho nas cinco regiões do país e estabelecer a prevalência de cada tipo viral a partir da técnica padronizada, foram coletadas 104 amostras das regiões Nordeste, Norte, Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Como resultado obteve-se a padronização da técnica. Na análise das amostras a prevalência de pelo menos um tipo viral na lesão foi 90,39%, com as seguintes prevalências por tipo: EcPV3 36,54%, EcPV4 81,73%, EcPV5 0,96% e EcPV6 10,58%, apresentando variação entre as diferentes regiões. O presente estudo traz uma evolução no que se refere às pesquisas relacionadas a Placa Aural e também levanta novos questionamentos para estudos futuros. / Papillomatosis occupy a prominent position both in human and veterinary medicine, since they are viral skin diseases with potential to develop malignancy. In horses papillomas are associated with the following diseases: classical papillomatosis associated with EcPV1; squamous cell carcinoma associated with EcPV2; tumors in mucous membranes on the genital area (EcPV2 and EcPV7); aural plaque associated with EcPV3, 4, 5 and 6; equine sarcoid, associated with bovine papillomavirus (BPV1 and 2). Of all equine papillomatosis, aural plaque is the one analyzed in this work, which is characterized by small papules, with a few millimeters, hypochromic and keratinized on internal surface of the pinnae and can evolve and coalesce into larger lesions. To obtain a specific diagnostic test, also sensitive and quick to identify these viruses, a Real Time PCR was standardized for EcPV3, 4, 5 and 6. In order to evaluate the incidence of this disease in equine herds distributed in the five regions of Brazil and establish the prevalence of each viral type using the standardized technique, 109 samples were collected in the Northeast, North, South, Southeast and Midwest. The main result was the technique standardization of the technique. Applying the qPCR technique in the samples resulted in 90,39% of at least on viral type prevalence, the prevalence for each type was: EcPV3 36,54%, EcPV4 81,73%, EcPV5 0,96% e EcPV6 10,58%, with variation between different regions. This study represents an evolution in the area related to aural plaque and equine papillomatosis and raises new questions for future research.

Orientador: José Paes de Oliveira Filho / Resumo: As papilomatoses ocupam uma posição de destaque na medicina humana e veterinária uma vez que são enfermidades virais dermatológicas com potencial para desenvolver malignidade tumoral. Nos equinos os papilomas estão associados às seguintes enfermidades: papilomatose clássica, associada ao EcPV1; carcinoma de células escamosas associado ao EcPV2; Massas tumorais em mucosas genitais (EcPV2 e EcPV7); placa aural, associado ao EcPV3, 4, 5 e 6; sarcóide equino, associado ao papilomavírus bovino 1 e 2 (BPV1 e 2). Dessas, a que está em estudo nesse trabalho é a placa aural, caracterizada por lesões puntiformes de poucos milímetros, despigmentadas e queratinizadas na face interior do pavilhão auricular, podendo evoluir e coalescer em lesões maiores e por vezes se estendendo por todo pavilhão auricular. Visando obter um teste de diagnóstico específico, sensível e rápido para identificação destes vírus, foi padronizada a técnica de PCR em tempo real (qPCR) para o EcPV3, 4, 5 e 6. E com a finalidade de avaliar a incidência dessa enfermidade no rebanho nas cinco regiões do país e estabelecer a prevalência de cada tipo viral a partir da técnica padronizada, foram coletadas 104 amostras das regiões Nordeste, Norte, Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Como resultado obteve-se a padronização da técnica. Na análise das amostras a prevalência de pelo menos um tipo viral na lesão foi 90,39%, com as seguintes prevalências por tipo: EcPV3 36,54%, EcPV4 81,73%, EcPV5 0,96% e EcPV6 10,58%, apresentando var... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Papillomatosis occupy a prominent position both in human and veterinary medicine, since they are viral skin diseases with potential to develop malignancy. In horses papillomas are associated with the following diseases: classical papillomatosis associated with EcPV1; squamous cell carcinoma associated with EcPV2; tumors in mucous membranes on the genital area (EcPV2 and EcPV7); aural plaque associated with EcPV3, 4, 5 and 6; equine sarcoid, associated with bovine papillomavirus (BPV1 and 2). Of all equine papillomatosis, aural plaque is the one analyzed in this work, which is characterized by small papules, with a few millimeters, hypochromic and keratinized on internal surface of the pinnae and can evolve and coalesce into larger lesions. To obtain a specific diagnostic test, also sensitive and quick to identify these viruses, a Real Time PCR was standardized for EcPV3, 4, 5 and 6. In order to evaluate the incidence of this disease in equine herds distributed in the five regions of Brazil and establish the prevalence of each viral type using the standardized technique, 109 samples were collected in the Northeast, North, South, Southeast and Midwest. The main result was the technique standardization of the technique. Applying the qPCR technique in the samples resulted in 90,39% of at least on viral type prevalence, the prevalence for each type was: EcPV3 36,54%, EcPV4 81,73%, EcPV5 0,96% e EcPV6 10,58%, with variation between different regions. This study represents an evolut... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

“Aural training” forms a vital component of conventional music education and practice and has done so for a considerable amount of time, yet it remains a difficult area with regards to student engagement in its practice and application both at school and university level. Apart from extensive scholarly debates on approaches to and methodology of aural education, a crucial issue in need of addressing deals with the student experience on a cultural, environmental and psychological plane. Despite a long-standing history of approaches, methods and concepts having been proffered in advancing aural education, their success rests on the student being reachable, engageable, willing, autonomously motivated and possessing an effective set of problem-solving strategies. This study investigated student perception, motivation and problem-solving strategies in the aural courses at the South African College of Music, University of Cape Town. A mixed methods approach was adopted including semistructured interviews, a questionnaire-based survey and a brief comparative statistical analysis of student aural and theory marks over a five-year period. The theoretical framework adopted for this study consist of merging Embodied Cognition Theory, Dynamic Systems Theory and Self-determination Theory. Participants included current students enrolled in the Aural Intro, Aural I and Aural II courses as well as current tutors, former tutors and other professionals in this field. Findings with possible relevance outside of this demarcated study range from the variance in music education background of incoming students to a lack of problem-solving strategies, exercising various degrees of influence over student perception and motivation and thus directly impacting the effectiveness of an aural education system.