Submitted by Vanessa Nunes (vnunes@unisinos.br) on 2015-03-13T19:47:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 000009CF.pdf: 476237 bytes, checksum: dac8a551d376d7584494f5edd617b2bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T19:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000009CF.pdf: 476237 bytes, checksum: dac8a551d376d7584494f5edd617b2bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Trata-se de um estudo histórico-epistemológico sobre o Probabilismo do Sec. XVI-XVIII desenvolvido na América Colonial, especialmente no Peru, tendo por base o primeiro volume do Thesaurus Indicus de Diego de Avendaño, s.i. Divide-se em três partes: Antecedentes; Tensão moral nas colônias; e O Thesaurus Indicus. Além de ver a relevância histórica e influência deste sistema moral nas colônias espanholas, adentra-se na problemática dos sistemas morais, com especial ênfase no Probabilismo e se expõe, a modo ilustrativo, não sem antes conhecer um pouco Diego de Avendaño, a administração da justiça nas Índias, relatada no Volume I do Thesaurus. Conclui-se que a obra estudada está completamente permeada pelo Probabilismo. / This is a historical-epistemological study on the XVII-XVIII century's probabilism developed in Colonial America, especially in Peru, based on Diego de Avendaño's first volume of his Thesaurus Indicus. It is divided into three sections: Background; moral tension in the colonies, and the Thesaurus Indicus . Besides seeing the historical significance and influence of this moral system in the Spanish colonies, enters into the problem of moral systems, with particular emphasis on probabilism and exposes as an illustration, not without knowing a little of Diego de Avendaño, the management of justice in the Indias, reported in Volume I of the Thesaurus . We conclude that the work in study is totally permeated by the probabilism.

Este trabajo estudia las condiciones sociales e institucionales que marcaron el inicio de la Didáctica de las Matemáticas como contenido de enseñanza y se describen las características que adoptó en esta primera época. Se centra en la aritmética y la cuestión central del estudio es: ¿Cómo se preparaba a los futuros maestros para enseñar aritmética en la escuela, desde la creación de las Escuelas Normales, durante el segundo tercio del siglo XIX? Esa formación se adquiría por una triple vía: las clases de aritmética en las Escuelas Normales, los estudios sobre Metodología de la aritmética que se impartían en una asignatura pedagógica y las prácticas en las escuelas primarias anejas a las Normales. Es un trabajo sobre la Historia de las disciplinas escolares, particularizada al caso de la aritmética en una institución naciente: las Escuelas Normales. Su temática y los métodos de análisis utilizados le confieren un carácter interdisciplinar. / The primary goal of this thesis is to study the social and institutional conditions that influenced the early stages of the art of teaching mathematics in Spain. It is focused on arithmetic and the main question of the study is: How were teachers prepared for teaching arithmetic in school since the creation of the Escuelas Normales, during the second third of the 19th Century? That training was provided in three ways: the arithmetic lessons imparted in the Escuelas Normales, the studies on arithmetic methodology imparted during a pedagogy subject, and a traineeship in one of the primary schools that were adjacent to the Escuelas Normales. This work is about history of school subjects, and in particular arithmetic in the then just born Spanish institution of the Escuelas Normales. Its subject and analysis methods make it an interdisciplinary research.

This thesis addresses the epistolary work by Novo-Hispanic writer Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz to place it in the literary and discursive context of the end of the 17th Century. I will take as theoretical background the concepts of dialogism and the carnivalesque by Mikhail Bakhtin, as well as Michel De Certeau’s reflections on what he calls the practice of everyday life. Other aspects of my theoretical approach will be drawn from Michel Foucault’s concepts in The Archaeology of Knowledge; his ideas about power, knowledge and social control, which will be useful for contextually addressing Sor Juana’s work and that of her intellectual contemporaries. Particularly, I will analyse the circumstances in which these Novo-Hispanic discourses were produced. This contextualization will allow me to incorporate not only the cultural (everyday life) practices that surround the production of these texts, but also other less notable or unpublished documents written by some of Sor Juana’s contemporaries. My aim is to widen the discursive spectrum of authors and critics of the prose of this author, and to this end I make use of documents from the 17th Century as primary source. This thesis is divided into three chapters. In the first, I will place into context the Novo-Hispanic discourse and the generic forms of the time: sermon, satire, libel, letter and inquisitorial censure, and the function of ideological control exerted by the Novo-Hispanic Holy Office. In the second chapter I will make a textual and contextual revision of three epistolary documents by Sor Juana: Carta al Padre Nuñez (Letter to Father Nuñez, 1682), Carta Atenagórica (Letter Worthy of Athena, 1690) and Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz (Reply to Sor Filotea of the Cross, 1690); as well as the antecedents, development and the result of the critical-theological conflict caused by these private letters, their replies and other collateral documents, namely, Carta de Serafina de Cristo, and Carta de Filotea de la Cruz (1690). Both drafts of these letters, found in Puebla in 2010, will also be refered in this revision. In addition to this I will study Defensa del Sermón del Mandato (1691) and Discurso Apologético contra la Fe de Erratas de un Soldado Castellano (1691), documents found in Lima in 2002 and published in Mexico in 2004. The third chapter consists of the study of three contemporary preachers of Sor Juana: Francisco Xavier Palavicino Villarrasa, Pedro Muñoz de Castro and Pedro de Avendaño Suárez de Sousa, whose theological and literary activities were denounced by the Holy Office. My aim is to show the reach of inquisitorial control and its consequence on the writing and literary activities of the contemporary intellectuals of Sor Juana, to contextualize Sor Juana’s epistolary work and confront the possible isolation and singularization that may place her life and work apart from the kernel of the intellectual scene in the New Spain at the close of the 17th Century.