Orientador: Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni / Banca: Maria Cristina Teixeira Duarte / Banca: Meire Cristina Nogeura de Andrade / Resumo: A produção de bioetanol e de açucares a partir do caldo de cana gera como um dos subprodutos, o bagaço. Atualmente, esse último, uma biomassa industrial lignocelulósica, pode ser aproveitado para produção de etanol de segunda geração, desde que previamente submetido a processos hidrolíticos para gerar açúcares fermentescíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a produção de bioetanol a partir desta biomassa agroindustrial. Para tanto, foram utilizados os cogumelos Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii e Pycnoporus sanguineus como potenciais fontes produtoras das enzimas lacase, manganês peroxidase e lignina peroxidase, capazes de hidrolisar o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. As maiores atividades enzimática observadas para L. edodes, P. ostreatus, P. sanguineus e P. eryngii para lacase foram de 39,23 U-mL ao 25º dia de incubação, 2,5 U-mL e 80 U-mL ao 27º dia de incubação, e 16,45 U-mL ao 15º dia, respectivamente. As enzimas MnP e LiP não apresentaram resultados expressivos. A hidrólise enzimática do bagaço de cana in natura (32,17% de hemicelulose, 52,45% de celulose e 10,62% de lignina) e o bagaço de cana hidrolisado com H2SO4 7,0% (0,20% de hemicelulose, 68,82% de celulose e 25,33% de lignina) foram avaliados para cada conjunto enzimático obtido. Comparado aos demais, as enzimas produzidas pelo P. sanguineus incubado em bagaço in natura apresentaram uma melhor eficiência na conversão dos açúcares, com teor médio de 0,14 g-L de glicose. Embora os baixos teores de glicose determinada nesse trabalho, em relação com a literatura, pode-se afirmar que as enzimas lacase, manganês peroxidase e lignina peroxidase, demonstraram ter potencial hidrolítico, principalmente para as produzidas pelo fungo P. sanguineus / Abstract: The production of ethanol and sugar from sugarcane juice bagasse is generate byproduct. Currently, the bagasse, an industrial lignocellulosic biomass can be used for production of second generation ethanol, since when submitted to hydrolytic processes generate fermentable sugars. The objective of this study was to estimate the production of bioethanol from this agro biomass. Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii and Pycnoporus sanguineus were used as potential sources producing enzymes laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase, capable of hydrolyzing the sugarcane bagasse. The highest activity of enzymes, observed for L. edodes, P. ostreatus, P. sanguineus and P. eryngii were to 39.23 U-mL laccase after 25 days of incubation, 2,5 U-mL and 80 U-mL after 27 days of incubation, and 16,45 U-mL on 15 day, respectively. MnP and LiP showed no significant results. The enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse in natura (32,17% hemicellulose, cellulose 52,45% and 10,62% lignin) and bagasse hydrolyzate with 7,0% H2SO4 (0,20% hemicellulose, 68,82% to 25,33% cellulose and lignin) were evaluated for each enzymatic obtained. Compared to others, the enzymes produced by P. sanguineus incubated in sugarcane bagasse showed better efficiency in getting glucose with an average grade of 0,14 g-L. Although low levels of glucose determined in this work, in relation to the literature, it can be stated that the enzymes laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase, demonstrated good hydrolytic potential, especially for those produced by the fungus P. sanguineus. / Mestre

o setor vitivinícola é responsável por 1% do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo o estado responsável por 90% da produção Brasileira de vinhos, cujo mercado é crescente. Na indústria vitícola cerca de 25% da quantidade processada de uva transforma-se em resíduos, representados principalmente por cascas, sementes e engaço. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as características nutricionais de bagaço de Vitis sp e o seu enriquecimento com Aspergillus niger T0005/007-2. Foi verificado que a fermentação em estado sólido destes resíduos utilizando o fungo filamentoso A. niger eleva os teores de . proteína bruta de resíduos de uva, além do aumento do valor calórico, de carboidratos, fibra alimentar total, lipídios, e umidade. O incremento dos carboidratos 20 dias após a exposição ao fungo A. niger é um fator favorável para utilização do mesmo para ração animal, pois desta forma se torna a formulação mais adequada para uma complementação à ração de suínos. O crescimento de micélio do fungo A. niger, sobre resíduos de engaço de Vitis sp mostra-se promissor para o aumento do valor nutricional dos resíduos da produção de uva, que já vêm sendo utilizados na alimentação de alguns animais. Com base nesses resultados, a bioconversão do engaço da uva empregando fermentação em estado sólido com linhagens de A. niger pode ser um complemento para alimentação de animais (sic). / The wine sector is responsible by 1% ofthe Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Rio Grande do Sul, being the state responsible by 90% of the brazilian production of wines, which market is growing. In the wine industry, around 25% of the processed amount of grape turn's into waste, mainly represented by grape skins, seeds and stems. This work had the objective of analyzing the nutritional characteristics of Vitis sp stem's and its improvement with Aspergillus niger T0005/007-2. It was checked that the solid state fermentation of those wastes using the filamentous fungus A. niger increases the crude protein content of grape waste, besides the caloric value risement, of carbohydrates, total dietary fiber, lipids and moisture. The increment of the carbohydrates 20 days afier the exposition to the fungus A. niger is a favorable facto r to the usage for animal food, because in this way, the formulation it can be added to a swine's feed complementation. The implementation of fungus A. niger, into stem's Vitis sp wastes seems promissing to the nutritional value agregation over wastes of grape production that are already being used into the feed of some animals. Based on these results, the grape's stem bioconversion using the solid state fermentation method could be an alternative at animal's feeding (sic).

Orientador: Marco Aurelio Zezzi Arruda / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T22:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matos_GeraldoDomingues_D.pdf: 2963776 bytes, checksum: 63761ac61fa005bd6133cb5e9831941d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo desta Tese foi a ampliação das potencialidades do método TS-FF-AAS, no que diz respeito à melhora da sensibilidade para Cd e Co. Com relação ao Cd, foi desenvolvido um procedimento de pré-concentração em linha em uma minicoluna contendo bagaço de uva. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma caracterização físico-química do material adsorvente empregando espectrometria na região do infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de C, análise termogravimétrica, difratometria de raios-X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As variáveis otimizadas incluem o pH de adsorção, tipo, concentração e volume do eluente e vazão de pré-concentração. O procedimento apresentou faixa linear de 0,11-5 mg/L, limite de detecção (LD) de 0,03 mg/L e precisão de 5%, além da boa estabilidade do material. O ganho no LD foi de 16 vezes em relação a TS-FF-AAS sem a etapa de pré-concentração. A exatidão foi confirmada com o uso de materiais de referência certificados, ao nível de 95% de confiança. Para o Co, foi desenvolvido um procedimento com derivatização em linha com posterior quantificação por TS-FF-AAS. Assim, foram estudados alguns complexantes, sendo o dietilditiocarbamato de sódio o mais adequado. Os parâmetros otimizados foram: pH de complexação, volume e concentração do complexante, volume de amostra, composição dos gases da chama e área total de furos do tubo de níquel. Estas duas últimas apresentaram-se como os mais importantes. O uso do complexante proporcionou uma maior eficiência de vaporização da amostra, comprovado por meio de filmagens de formação do spray térmico. O procedimento apresentou faixa linear de 23-400 mg/L e LD de 7 mg/L, o que representa um ganho de 17 vezes em relação a FAAS. A exatidão foi verificada empregando materiais de referência certificados com concordância com valores certificados ao nível de 95% de confiança. / Abstract: The main objective of this Thesis was the improvement of the TS-FF-AAS technique concerning sensitivity for Cd and Co. For Cd, an on-line preconcentration procedure in a mini-column containing grape bagasse was developed. Initially, physical-chemical characterization of this material was made using infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance C, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray difractometry and scanning electron microscope. The optimized variables include the pH of sorption, type, concentration and volume of the eluent and preconcentration flow rate. The procedure provided linear range from 0.11-5.0 mg/L, limit of detection (LD) of 0.03 mg/L and precision of 5% as well as good stability of the material. The gain in the power of detection was of 16-fold when compared to TS-FF-AAS without preconcentration step. The accuracy was confirmed by using certified reference materials. For Co, a procedure using on-line derivatization and quantification by TS-FF-AAS was developed. In this way, some complexing agents were evaluated and the most appropriate was sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. The optimized parameters were complexation pH, complexing volume and concentration, sample volume, flame composition and nickel tube with total hole area. These two last were the most important. The use of complexing agents provided a larger vaporization efficiency of the sample, checked by means of filming of formation of the thermospray. This procedure provided a linear range from 23-400 mg/L and LD of 7 mg/L, what represents a gain of 17-fold in relation to FAAS. The accuracy was evaluated using certified reference materials with agreement with certificate values at the 95% confidence level. / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Quimica

O trabalho apresenta a fuligem proveniente de queima de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como um adsorvente e como matéria-prima alternativa na produção de adsorvente descorante. Atualmente, todas as industrias açucareiras, várias refinarias de açúcar e algumas industrias utilizam o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como combustível de caldeira. Originando, nessa queima, uma quantidade razoável de um resíduo sólido, que e a fuligem. Foi obtido em escala de laboratório, uma fuligem suportada em uma matriz inorgânica de diatomito, bentônica e acido fosfórico. O sólido obtido foi ativado termicamente. Adsorventes foram caracterizados por: rendimento, ph, massa especifica, composição química elementar, porosidade e teor de umidade, cinzas, solúveis, insolúveis, voláteis. Foi também realizada uma avaliação de desempenho do adsorvente, por batelada (dispersão) e por processo continuo (coluna). Os resultados mostram que e viável a obtenção de um adsorvente de fuligem. Sendo o mesmo, similar ao carvão de ossos, em trabalhos de descoloramento de caldas de açúcar. A fuligem também apresenta um excelente poder de adsorção para fenol. / The work presents the fly ash from sugar cane bagasse burning as na adsorbent and alternative material to the production of colour-materials adsorbent. Nowadays, all the sugar industries, many sugar refineries and some other industries use the sugar cane bagasse as a boiler fuel. From this burning an available amount of solid waste, called fly ash as produced. We obtained in laboratory scale, fly-ash supported in a diatomite, bentonite and phosphoric acid inorganic matrix. The solid obtained, was thermal activated. Adsorbents were characterized by: yield; pH; specific weight density; chemical elementar composition; porosity; humidity; ash; solubles; insoluble and volatiles content. It was also carried out on adsorbent performance evaluation by batch (dispersion) and continuous (column) processes. The results showed that it is possible to obtain a fly-ash adsorbent which works as similar as bone-chair, in discolouring sugar liquors. Fly-ash is also an excellent adsorbent for phenol.

Orientador : Yong Kun Park / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-15T03:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CastroGomez_RaulJorgeHernan_D.pdf: 6640888 bytes, checksum: ab9364527326586d259e2a933e250d9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1985 / Resumo: A informação apresentada neste trabalho mostra os resultados da pesquisa na produção de glicose e xilose do bagaço de cana de açúcar e sua subsequente fermentação a -etanol peIa levedura PaehysoZen tannophiZus NRRL y-2460. O bagaço de cana de açúcar foi submetido a processos de pré-tratamentos com alcali e de explosão -autohidrólise antes da sua sacarificação enzimática e ácida com celulases do Triehoderma reesei QM 94Z4 e com solução 5% de H2S04, respectivamente. Quando o bagaço de cana de açúcar foi tratada a 2000C durante 4,0 minutos com uma relação água: bagaço de 8:1, o rendimento de extração da hemicelulose pelo pré-tratamento, com alcali, forneceu uma fração fermentecível a etanol. Após a neutralização da solução até pH 5,0, a hemicelulose foi recuperada do filtrado obtido no pré-tratamento com alcali por uma precipitação com álcool etilico (95%), seguido de um processo de deslignificação com etanol à 700C por 4 horas. Ambas frações de hemicelulose, do processo de explosão - autohidrólise (fração IV) e do pré-tratamento com alcali (fração 11) foram submetidos a uma hidrólise ácida e enzimática. A sacarificação foi inibida por substâncias de baixo peso molecular não voláteis, introduzidas pelo processo de explosão-autohidrólise do bagaço de cana de açúcar. Estas substâncias inibidoras foram eliminadas por um processo de diálise. A eficiência da sacarificação foi de 36-94%, depedendo da concentração de sólidos presentes no líquido de autohidrólise. O maior grau de sacarificação correspondeu a fração de hemicelulose obtida pelo pré-tratamento alcalino (fração II) seguida da fração de hemicelulose dialisada, obtida pelo processo de explosão-autohidrólise (fração IV). A levedura pachysoLen tannophiLus NRRL y-2460 foi capaz de transformar a D-xilose, D-glicose e ambos hidrolisados do bagaço de cana de açúcar obtidos de acordo ao indicado acima, a etanol, sob as condições de fermentação de 32oC, 200 rpm., e pH 2,5-3,0. Meios de cultura contendo urna concentração inicial de 24,5 9 de D-xilose/L, rendeu 0,158 9 de etanol/g de D-xilose consumida. Durante a fermentação alcoólica da D-glicose à concentração inicial de 21,5 9 de D-glicose/L, a produção de etanol foi 0,384 g/g de D-glicose consurnida. A fermentação aIcoólica dos hidrolisados enzirnáticosdas frações IV e II do bagaço de cana de açúcar, produziram 0,098 e 0,10 9 de etanol/ 9 de açúcar redutor consumidos resp~ctivamente. Os hidrolisados ácidos destas frações produziram muito pouco ou nada de etanol. Os baixos rendimentosde etanol foram o resultado das condições sub-ótimas de fermentação, principalmente à condição de aeração que favoreceu a formação de biomassa / Abstract: The information presented in this work covers research findings on the pJ:ioduétii'on 'of glucose an xylose from sugar cane bagasse and the subsequentdirect fermentation of those sugars to obtain ethanol by the yeast PaahysoZentannophiZus NRRL y-2460. Sugar cane bagasse was subjected to heat explosion and alkali pre-treatments prior to enzymatic and acid saccharification with T~iahode~ma ~ee8ei QM 94Z4 cellulases and 5% H2S04 solution, respectively. When the sugar cane bagasse was. treated at 2009C for 4 minutes at a water-to-solids ratio of 8:1, the yield of hemicellulose extration was maximum. A sodium hydroxide extration yielded a hemicellulose fraction available for fermentation to ethanol. After the neutralization of the solution to pH 5.0, the hemicelulose was recovered from the liquid filtrates of the alkali pre-treatment, by ethylalcohol (95%) precipitation followed by deslignification with ethanol at 709C for 4 hours. Both hemicellulose fractions from the heat explosion (fraction IV) and alkali pre-treatments (fraction 11), were subjected to enzymatic and acid hydrolyses. The saccharification was inhibited by low molecular weight-non volatile substances, introduced by the heat explosion process of the sugar cane bagasse. Those inhibitory substances were eliminated by a dialyzed processo The saccharification efficie~cy was between 36 and 94%, depending of the solids concentration presen't in the auto-hydrolyzed liquido The highest degree of saccharification corresponded to the hemicellulose fraction obtained by the alkali pre-treatment (fraction lI), fo11owed by the dia1yzed hemice11u1ose rãction obtained from the heat exp1osion process (fraction IV) . The yeast PaahysoZen tannophiZus NRRL y-2460 was found to be capab1e of converting D-xilose, D-g1ucose and both enzymatic hydro1ysates from sugar cane bagasse, obtained by theOabove mentioned pre-treatments, to ethanol under the fermentation conditions of 32QC, 200 rpm and pH 2.5-3.0 Batch cu1ture initia11y containing 24.5 go of D-xylose/t, yie1ded 0.158 9 of ethanol/g of D-xylose consumed. During D-glucose fermentation at an initia1 concentration of. 21.5 9 of D-glucose/L the productti.on of ethanol of the enzymatic hydrolysates of the hemicel1ulose fraction of the sugar cane bagasse, gave 0.098 and 0.10 9 ethanol/g of reducing . sugars consumed for fractions IV and 11, respectively. Both acid hydrolysates of these fractions gave negligible quantities of ethanol. The low yield of ethanol obtained were the.result of the sub-optimal fermentation conditions, particularly the aeration condition through out the process which promote mainly biomass production / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Thesis (MScEng (Process Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world’s depleting fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gas emissions have given rise to much research into renewable and cleaner energy. Biomass is unique in providing the only renewable source of fixed carbon. Agricultural residues such as Sugarcane Bagasse (SB) are feedstocks for ‘second generation fuels’ which means they do not compete with production of food crops. In South Africa approximately 6 million tons of raw SB is produced annually, most of which is combusted onsite for steam generation. In light of the current interest in bio-fuels and the poor utilization of SB as energy product in the sugar industry, alternative energy recovery processes should be investigated. This study looks into the thermochemical upgrading of SB by means of pyrolysis. Biomass pyrolysis is defined as the thermo-chemical decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen or other reactants. Slow Pyrolysis (SP), Vacuum Pyrolysis (VP), and Fast Pyrolysis (FP) are studied in this thesis. Varying amounts of char and bio-oil are produced by the different processes, which both provide advantages to the sugar industry. Char can be combusted or gasified as an energy-dense fuel, used as bio-char fertilizer, or upgraded to activated carbon. High quality bio-oil can be combusted or gasified as a liquid energy-dense fuel, can be used as a chemical feedstock, and shows potential for upgrading to transport fuel quality. FP is the most modern of the pyrolysis technologies and is focused on oil production. In order to investigate this process a 1 kg/h FP unit was designed, constructed and commissioned. The new unit was tested and compared to two different FP processes at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) in Germany. As a means of investigating the devolatilization behaviour of SB a Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) study was conducted. To investigate the quality of products that can be obtained an experimental study was done on SP, VP, and FP. Three distinct mass loss stages were identified from TGA. The first stage, 25 to 110°C, is due to evaporation of moisture. Pyrolitic devolatilization was shown to start at 230°C. The final stage occurs at temperatures above 370°C and is associated with the cracking of heavier bonds and char formation. The optimal decomposition temperatures for hemicellulose and cellulose were identified as 290°C and 345°C, respectively. Lignin was found to decompose over the entire temperature range without a distinct peak. These results were confirmed by a previous study on TGA of bagasse. SP and VP of bagasse were studied in the same reactor to allow for accurate comparison. Both these processes were conducted at low heating rates (20°C/min) and were therefore focused on char production. Slow pyrolysis produced the highest char yield, and char calorific value. Vacuum pyrolysis produced the highest BET surface area chars (>300 m2/g) and bio-oil that contained significantly less water compared to SP bio-oil. The short vapour residence time in the VP process improved the quality of liquids. The mechanism for pore formation is improved at low pressure, thereby producing higher surface area chars. A trade-off exists between the yield of char and the quality thereof. FP at Stellenbosch University produced liquid yields up to 65 ± 3 wt% at the established optimal temperature of 500°C. The properties of the bio-oil from the newly designed unit compared well to bio-oil from the units at FZK. The char properties showed some variation for the different FP processes. At the optimal FP conditions 20 wt% extra bio-oil is produced compared to SP and VP. The FP bio-oil contained 20 wt% water and the calorific value was estimated at 18 ± 1 MJ/kg. The energy per volume of FP bio-oil was estimated to be at least 11 times more than dry SB. FP was found to be the most effective process for producing a single product with over 60% of the original biomass energy. The optimal productions of either high quality bio-oil or high surface area char were found to be application dependent. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As gevolg van die uitputting van fossielbrandstofreserwes, en die toenemende vrystelling van kweekhuisgasse word daar tans wêreldwyd baie navorsing op hernubare en skoner energie gedoen. Biomassa is uniek as die enigste bron van hernubare vaste koolstof. Landbouafval soos Suikerriet Bagasse (SB) is grondstowwe vir ‘tweede generasie bio-brandstowwe’ wat nie die mark van voedselgewasse direk affekteer nie. In Suid Afrika word jaarliks ongeveer 6 miljoen ton SB geproduseer, waarvan die meeste by die suikermeulens verbrand word om stoom te genereer. Weens die huidige belangstelling in bio-brandstowwe en ondoeltreffende benutting van SB as energieproduk in die suikerindustrie moet alternatiewe energie-onginningsprosesse ondersoek word. Hierdie studie is op die termo-chemiese verwerking van SB deur middel van pirolise gefokus. Biomassa pirolise word gedefinieer as die termo-chemiese afbreking van organiese bio-materiaal in die afwesigheid van suurstof en ander reagense. Stadige Pirolise (SP), Vakuum Pirolise (VP), en Vinnige Pirolise word in hierdie tesis ondersoek. Die drie prosesse produseer veskillende hoeveelhede houtskool en bio-olie wat albei voordele bied vir die suikerindustrie. Houtskool kan as ‘n vaste energie-digte brandstof verbrand of vergas word, as bio-houtskoolkompos gebruik word, of kan verder tot geaktiveerde koolstof geprosesseer word. Hoë kwaliteit bio-olie kan verbrand of vergas word, kan as bron vir chemikalië gebruik word, en toon potensiaal om in die toekoms opgegradeer te kan word tot vervoerbrandstof kwaliteit. Vinnige pirolise is die mees moderne pirolise tegnologie en is op bio-olie produksie gefokus. Om die laasgenoemde proses te toets is ‘n 1 kg/h vinnige pirolise eenheid ontwerp, opgerig en in werking gestel. Die nuwe pirolise eenheid is getoets en vegelyk met twee verskillende vinnige pirolise eenhede by Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (FZK) in Duitsland. Termo-Gravimetriese Analise (TGA) is gedoen om die ontvlugtigingskenmerke van SB te bestudeer. Eksperimentele werk is verrig om die kwaliteit van produkte van SP, VP, vinnige pirolise te vergelyk. Drie duidelike massaverlies fases van TGA is geïdentifiseer. Die eerste fase (25 – 110°C) is as gevolg van die verdamping van vog. Pirolitiese ontvlugtiging het begin by 230°C. Die finale fase (> 370°C) is met die kraking van swaar verbindings en die vorming van houtskool geassosieer. Die optimale afbrekingstemperatuur vir hemisellulose en sellulose is as 290°C en 345°C, respektiewelik, geïdentifiseer. Daar is gevind dat lignien stadig oor die twede en derde fases afgebreek word sonder ‘n duidelike optimale afbrekingstemperatuur. Die resultate is deur vorige navorsing op TGA van SB bevestig. SP en VP van bagasse is in dieselfde reaktor bestudeer, om ‘n akkurate vergelyking moontlik te maak. Beide prosesse was by lae verhittingstempo’s (20°C/min) ondersoek, wat gevolglik op houtskoolformasie gefokus is. SP het die hoogste houtskoolopbrengs, met die hoogste verbrandingsenergie, geproduseer. VP het hootskool met die hoogste BET oppervlakarea geproduseer, en die bio-olie was weens ‘n dramatiese afname in waterinhoud van beter gehalte. Die meganisme vir die vorming van ‘n poreuse struktuur word deur lae atmosferiese druk verbeter. Daar bestaan ‘n inverse verband tussen die kwantiteit en kwaliteit van die houtskool. Vinnige pirolise by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch het ‘n bio-olie opbrengs van 65 ± 3 massa% by ‘n vooraf vasgestelde optimale temperatuur van 500°C geproduseer. Die eienskappe van bio-olie wat deur die nuwe vinnige pirolise eenheid geproduseer is het goed ooreengestem met die bio-olie afkomstig van FZK se pirolise eenhede. Die houtskool eienskappe van die drie pirolise eenhede het enkele verskille getoon. By optimale toestande vir vinnige pirolise word daar 20 massa% meer bio-olie as by SP en VP geproduseer. Vinnige pirolise bio-olie het ‘n waterinhoud van 20 massa% en ‘n verbrandingswarmte van 18 ± 1 MJ/kg. Daar is gevind dat ten opsigte van droë SB die energie per enheidsvolume van bio-olie ongeveer 11 keer meer is. Vinnige pirolise is die mees doeltreffende proses vir die vervaardiging van ‘n produk wat meer as 60% van die oorspronklike biomassa energie bevat. Daar is gevind dat die optimale hoeveelhede van hoë kwaliteit bio-olie en hoë oppervlakarea houtskool doelafhanklik is.

The growing demand for energy in the world, the implications of climate change, the increasing damages to our environment and the diminishing fossil fuel reserves have created the appropriate conditions for renewable energy development. Biofuels such as bioethanol can be produced by breaking down the lignocellulosic structure of plant materials to release fermentable sugars. Sweet sorghum bagasse has been shown to be an important lignocellulosic crop residue and is potentially a significant feedstock for bioethanol production. The aim of this study was to investigate suitable microwave assisted pretreatment conditions of sweet sorghum bagasse for bioethanol production. A chemical pretreatment process of sweet sorghum bagasse, using different concentrations (1 to 7 wt%) of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2) was applied to break up the lignocellulosic matrix of sweet sorghum bagasse. The pretreated broth, which contained pentose and hexose sugars, was fermented using a combination of Zymomonas mobilis ATCC31821 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce bioethanol at pH 4.8 and 32oC for 24 hours. The highest reducing sugar yield of 0.82 g/g substrate was obtained with microwave irradiation at 180 W for 20 minutes in a 5 wt% sulphuric acid solution. The highest ethanol yield obtained was 0.5 g/g from 5 wt% H2SO4 pretreated bagasse at 180 W using a 10:5% v/v of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zymomonas mobilis ratio, whereas for 3 wt% Ca (OH)2 microwave pretreatment, a sugar yield of 0.27 g/g substrate was obtained at 300 W for 10 minutes. Thereafter, an ethanol yield of 0.13 g/g substrate was obtained after 24 hours of fermentation when using a 10:5% v/v of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zymomonas mobilis ratio. The effect of microwave pretreatment on the bagasse was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The reducing sugars formed were quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that microwave pretreatment using 5 wt% H2SO4 is a very effective pretreatment that can be used to obtain sugars from sweet sorghum bagasse. The analytic results also showed physical and functional group changes after microwave pretreatment. This confirms that microwave irradiation is very effective in terms of breaking up the lignocellulose structure and improving fermentable sugar yield for fermentation. Bioethanol yields obtained from microwave pretreatment using different solvents also show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis ATCC31821 is a good combination for producing ethanol from sweet sorghum bagasse. Sweet sorghum bagasse is clearly a very effective and cheap biomass that can be used to produce bioethanol, since very high yields of fermentable sugars were obtained from the feedstock. / Thesis (MSc (Engineering Sciences in Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The growing demand for energy in the world, the implications of climate change, the increasing damages to our environment and the diminishing fossil fuel reserves have created the appropriate conditions for renewable energy development. Biofuels such as bioethanol can be produced by breaking down the lignocellulosic structure of plant materials to release fermentable sugars. Sweet sorghum bagasse has been shown to be an important lignocellulosic crop residue and is potentially a significant feedstock for bioethanol production. The aim of this study was to investigate suitable microwave assisted pretreatment conditions of sweet sorghum bagasse for bioethanol production. A chemical pretreatment process of sweet sorghum bagasse, using different concentrations (1 to 7 wt%) of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2) was applied to break up the lignocellulosic matrix of sweet sorghum bagasse. The pretreated broth, which contained pentose and hexose sugars, was fermented using a combination of Zymomonas mobilis ATCC31821 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce bioethanol at pH 4.8 and 32oC for 24 hours. The highest reducing sugar yield of 0.82 g/g substrate was obtained with microwave irradiation at 180 W for 20 minutes in a 5 wt% sulphuric acid solution. The highest ethanol yield obtained was 0.5 g/g from 5 wt% H2SO4 pretreated bagasse at 180 W using a 10:5% v/v of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zymomonas mobilis ratio, whereas for 3 wt% Ca (OH)2 microwave pretreatment, a sugar yield of 0.27 g/g substrate was obtained at 300 W for 10 minutes. Thereafter, an ethanol yield of 0.13 g/g substrate was obtained after 24 hours of fermentation when using a 10:5% v/v of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Zymomonas mobilis ratio. The effect of microwave pretreatment on the bagasse was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The reducing sugars formed were quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that microwave pretreatment using 5 wt% H2SO4 is a very effective pretreatment that can be used to obtain sugars from sweet sorghum bagasse. The analytic results also showed physical and functional group changes after microwave pretreatment. This confirms that microwave irradiation is very effective in terms of breaking up the lignocellulose structure and improving fermentable sugar yield for fermentation. Bioethanol yields obtained from microwave pretreatment using different solvents also show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis ATCC31821 is a good combination for producing ethanol from sweet sorghum bagasse. Sweet sorghum bagasse is clearly a very effective and cheap biomass that can be used to produce bioethanol, since very high yields of fermentable sugars were obtained from the feedstock. / Thesis (MSc (Engineering Sciences in Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Les effets du vieillissement accéléré, comme la décoloration et la perte de propriétés mécaniques, limitent les utilisationsdes composites bois-polymère (WPC) dans les applications en extérieur. Dans la présente étude, il a été tenté d'étudier l'influence de l'utilisation de fibres délignifiées de bagasse (canne a sucre) en renfort sur les propriétés des WPC et de suivre leur effet sur le contrôle de la photo- et de la bio-dégradation (vis-à-vis des champignons et des termites). A côté des échantillons délignifiés, les effets d'une finition finition transparente ont également été étudiés sur la qualité de surface et la réduction des défauts causés par la photo- et la bio-dégradation d'échantillons pigmentés et non pigmentés. Afin de faciliter l'analyse des données et avoir des résultats plus fiables, des analyses statistiques ont été effectuées sur des données provenant de différentes techniques de mesure. Toujours dans cette étude, les effets positifs et négatifs de l'utilisation de pigments granulaires ont été étudiés. Les résultats ont montré que l'utilisation de fibres délignifiées, selon le type de solvant et le niveau de délignification, provoque des changements sur la qualité de surface et les propriétés mécaniques. En outre, les échantillons délignifiés ont montré une perte de rigidité comparés aux échantillons non-délignifiées. Après vieillissement, les échantillons délignifiés ne montraient pas de réduction du changement de couleur total causé par le vieillissement. Toutefois, les fibres délignifiées accompagnées de pigments entrainent, dans une certaine mesure, une stabilisation de la rigidité des échantillons exposés au vieillissement par rapport aux échantillons non-exposés.De plus, les échantillons avec la finition transparente ont montré des résultats très prometteurs. La finition réduit le changement de couleur total du au vieillissement, et un prétraitement de surface favorise le maintien de l'efficacité de la finition, dans toutes les étapes de la photo et la bio-dégradation. Par ailleurs, les échantillons délignifiés à 70% et les échantillons ayant subi un vieillissement montrent une plus forte biodégradation et une plus grande perte de masse par rapport aux témoins. L'étude métrologique montre que le test non-destructif par vibration est une méthode fiable pour étudier les propriétés mécaniques des WPC et les effets du vieillissement. Néanmoins, il n'a pas été montré d'effet important de la délignification sur le contrôle du vieillissement. Les études sur la corrélation entre les variables ont montré que les changements avant et après le vieillissement peuvent être prédits à partir des résultats de tests non-destructifs. / The effects of weathering, such as color fading and loss in mechanical properties, limit the performance of wood-polymer composites (WPC) in outdoor applications. In the current study, it has been tried to investigate the influence of using delignified sugar cane bagasse fibers as a reinforcement on properties of WPC and follow the effects that it cause on controlling photo and bio-degradation (fungi and termite attacks). Beside delignified samples, the effects of clear coating also have been studied on surface quality and reduction of defects caused by photo and bio-degradations of pigmented and non-pigmented samples. To facilitate the data analysis and having more reliable results, some statistical analyses have been carried out on data from different variables. Also in this study the positive and negative effects of using granule pigments in master batch of components have been investigated. Results have shown that using delignified fibers, depending on type of solvent and level of delignification, cause changes on surface qualities and mechanical properties. As well, delignified samples have shown loss in MOE compare to non-delignified samples. After weathering, none of the delignified samples had reduced the total color change caused by weathering. However delignified fibers with pigments, to some extent, stabilized the MOE in weathered samples compared to un-weathered samples. In addition, clear coated samples have shown very promising results. Total color change was reduced in coated samples and by means of pre-treatments of surface, coating remained efficient in all steps of the photo and bio-degradations. This is while the 70% delignified samples and weathered samples showed higher degradation and weight loss compared to controls and un-weathered ones. Methodology investigation did show that vibration none-destructive test is the reliable method to study the mechanical properties of WPC and weathering effects. Nevertheless, it did not show the significant effects of delignification on controlling weathering. Studies on correlation between variables have shown changes before and after weathering which can be used in further studies on modeling.

MBL 3 Research Report / This study investigated the economic significance of using bagasse as a source of raw material for pulp and paper manufacturing. The study also compared this issue with the currently undergoing practices of cogeneration, where bagasse is burnt in the sugar mill boilers to produce steam and generate electricity.