The characterization of the banana germplasm collection from Rubona - Rwanda was investigated using morphological and cytological characteristics of the genomic groups. Genetic diversity was assessed using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis. The survey was conducted to evaluate the distribution of banana cultivars in the four major growing regions of Rwanda. A total of 90 accessions from the National Banana Germplasm Collection at Rubona Rwanda were characterized and six characters of the fingers (length, width, weight, green life, post green life and length/width ratio) were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The cooking and beer clones were separated. The cooking clones were further grouped into three clone sets: Musakala, Nakabululu, and one that constitutes Nakitembe and Nfuuka clone sets. The AAB genomic group was separated from AAA, AB and ABB genomic groups. The results from the survey showed that East African Highland bananas are the most important genotype group in the four major banana growing regions of Rwanda ranging between 60 - 90% of banana mats counted. Several new Highland banana cultivars were recorded, such as 'Intokatoke', 'Igihuna', 'Ingenge', 'Ingaju', 'Icyerwa', 'Mitoki', 'Madamu', 'Inkokobora', 'Intokekazi', 'Bugoyi', 'Ishoki'. Amongst these cultivars, some were classified as cooking and others as brewing bananas. However, in the National Banana Germplasm Collection at Rubona - Rwanda, the uses of these cultivars are recorded differently therefore increasing the need for agro-morphological characterization. The assessment of ploidy level of accessions from the National Banana Germplasm Collection at Rubona - Rwanda, by flow cytometry showed misclassification of some accessions such as 'Pomme', 'Kamaramasenge', 'Gisubi kayinja', 'Gisubi kagongo', and 'Dibis' which were classified as diploid, diploid, triploid, and tetraploid respectively. They IV were found to be triploid, triploid, triploid, diploid and triploid. All these bananas were recently introduced into Rwanda, while the endemic Highland bananas were triploid. The genomic group and genetic similarities of 49 accessions were investigated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers. The genomic group of bananas assessed were established using OPA-18 (PILLAY et al., 2000) and OPG-17 primers. These primers showed bands 441 and 443 base pairs (bp) respectively for the accessions having only the B genome. Whilst they were absent for the accessions " having an A genome. The genetic similarity was estimated via a Simple Matching coefficient which showed the lowest value 0.46 measured between 'Ingumba' and 'Ishika 'and the highest value of 0.85 between 'Kirayenda' and 'Inyabukuwe'. The data of matrix of coefficient of similarity was subjected to cluster analysis with unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA). Each accession was clearly separated demonstrating the usefulness of RAPDs in analysis of genetic diversity. The results of this study are very important to the Curator of the banana germplasm collection in Eastern Central Africa and for the future breeding of this crop. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

År 2009 hade dokumentärfilmen Bananas!* premiär. Filmen skildrar rättegången i en långdragen konflikt mellan nicaraguanska bananarbetare och fruktföretaget Dole, där skadliga bekämpningsmedel anses ha gjort bananarbetare sterila. Bananas!* skapade debatt inför premiärvisningen vid Los Angeles filmfestival, då Dole ansåg att filmens innehåll bar på osanning, och ville stoppa filmen. Efter visningen stämde Dole filmens regissör Fredrik Gertten, producenten Margarete Jangård och filmbolaget WG Film. Detta blev starten på en kamp mellan ett företag och ett journalistiskt arbete, och en medial uppståndelse blev till. Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur tidningar i USA och Sverige rapporterade om konflikten kring Bananas!*. Tidningarna Los Angeles Times och Sydsvenskan analyseras för att ta reda på hur olika karaktärer i konflikten framställdes. Breven och den stämningsansökan som Dole skickade, där företaget uttryckte sin misstro gentemot filmen, analyseras även för att ta reda på hur Dole ramade in händelsen och hur detta kan ha påverkat tidningarnas rapportering. Detta med hjälp av teorier som framing, nyhetsvärdering och nyhetsretorik. Resultatet av denna undersökning visar att framställningen av karaktärerna skiljer sig åt i de två tidningarna. I Sydsvenskan är den generella framställningen av Fredrik Gertten positiv och av Dole negativ, medan framställningen av bananarbetarna och advokaten Juan Dominguez blir något positiv. Los Angeles Times framställer Dominguez, och delvis bananarbetarna, på ett negativt sätt, medan Dole och Gertten till stor del blir neutrala i dessa artiklar. Undersökningen visar även att Doles inramning av konflikten kan ha påverkat vad tidningarnas rapportering fokuserade på, där Sydsvenskan fokuserade mer på Doles felaktiga agerande och deras stämningsansökan medan Los Angeles Times rapportering överensstämmer med Doles inramning.

The objective of this diploma thesis is to analyse all factors influencing the international trade in bananas. First chapter describes in general banana sector in national economies including ecological, social and political consequences related to the banana production. Second chapter is about the development of the trade from a macroeconomic point of view and concentrates also on the trade rules of the European Union as the main import region of the world. Third chapter is oriented on a business perspective of the trade and focuses on the marketing chain and position of the most important companies in this domain. One part of the chapter concentrates on the business on the European market. Final chapter summarizes all critical factors of the trade and shows a possible future functioning of the marketing chain with regard to actual tendencies in the world economy.

Orientador: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Coorientador: Edson Perito Amorim / Coorientador: Igor Minatel / Coorientador: Magali Leonel / Banca: Camila Renata Correa Camacho / Banca: Eduardo Purgatto / Banca: Angelo Pedro Jacomino / Banca: Santino Seabra Júnior / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o perfil físico-químico e bioquímico, de genótipos de bananeiras (Musa spp.), com ênfase em amido resistente, carotenoides, aminas bioativas, compostos fenólicos e minerais. Todos os genótipos (bananas e plátanos) fazem parte do programa de seleção de germoplasmas da Embrapa que visa obter cultivares biofortificados e com melhor qualidade na pós-colheita. Os frutos obtidos de cada genótipo foram avaliados ao longo do amadurecimento em 3 estádios (verde: estádio 2; maduro: estádio 5 e super maduro: estádio 7) e 4 métodos de cocção (fervura em água - com e sem casca, micro-ondas - com e sem casca e fritura). No primeiro capítulo, constam as análises físico-químicas e bioquímicas de 19 genótipos de bananas e plátanos. Foi verificada ampla variação no comprimento, diâmetro dos frutos, massa fresca dos frutos, relação polpa casca e atributos físico-químicos, diferenciando os subgrupos e/ou diferentes tipos de bananas. A banana de sobremesa 'Ney Poovan' contém alto teor de sólidos solúveis totais e relação polpa-casca, um resultado interessante para a promoção do consumo in natura desse fruto. Os resultados encontrados mostram que bananas e plátanos são fontes importantes de compostos fenólicos. Os genótipos 'Ney Poovan', 'Ouro da Mata', 'Pelipita' e 'Tiparot' foram os que se destacaram nestes compostos antioxidantes. Níveis elevados de carotenoides foram encontrados em plátanos e/ou bananas de cocção e elevados teores de vitamina C foram verif... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the physico-chemical and biochemical profile of 22 accessions of banana trees (Musa spp), with emphasis on resistant starch, carotenoids, bioactive amines, phenolic compounds and minerals. All accesses (bananas or plantains) are part of the Embrapa germplasm selection program, which aims to obtain cultivars biofortified and with improved postharvest quality. Fruits obtained from each access were evaluated at 3 ripening stages (green: stage 2; ripe: stage 5; and super-ripe, stage 7) and 3 cooking methods (boiling, microwaving and stir-frying). In the first chapter, the physical-chemical and biochemical analyzes of 19 accessions were included. It was verified a wide variation in length, fruit diameter, fresh mass, pulp ratio and physical-chemical attributes, differentiating the subgroups and/or bananas types. The banana for dessert 'Ney Poovan' contain high total soluble solid content and pulp-to-peel ratio, an interesting result to promotion the in natura consumption of this fruit. Results show that bananas and plantains are important sources of phenolic compounds. The genotypes 'Ney Poovan', 'Ouro da Mata', 'Pelipita' and 'Tiparot' were the ones with remarkable antioxidant compounds. Increased levels of carotenoid were found in cooking bananas and/or plantains. High levels of vitamin C were observed in plantains (AAB) and dessert banana 'Prata' (AAB), especially in ripe fruits. The genotypes 'Pelipita' and 'Samurá B' are promising for industrial use, mainly for the production of banana chips, in both green and ripe fruits. In the second chapter, pulp and peel of 22 accessions were analyzed to obtain the profile of carotenoids and pro-vitamin A potential. The provitamin A carotenoids (pVACs) content varied according to the genotypes and high quantities were identified in plantains (e.g. 'Samurá B.'). Carotenoid content ... / Doutor

Thesis (M.Sc.)(Microbiology)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes summary. Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

This project looks at the history of the Afro-Costa Ricans in Costa Rica and their relationship with the Costa Rican government. The goal is to show that the geography of the country contributed to the marginalization and invisibility of this minority group. This has been done using archival materials from collections based in Costa Rica and secondary texts found in the United States. Upon examination of these materials it was clear that the province of Limón became a space connected with blackness and there were inequalities between citizens of the coastal province and the central valley. This research highlights the Afro- diaspora in Costa Rica, the flawed Costa Rican democracy and the effect of American Imperialism on Latin America. / text

Thesis (Ph.D.(Plant Pathology)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Orientador: / Coorientador: / Banca: / usar p/ notas tambem / Resumo: Introdução: A constipação intestinal é uma queixa extremamente comum em pediatria e está cada vez mais em ascensão. Defecações dolorosas, em 95% dos casos, causam postura retentiva, que podem provocar distensão progressiva da ampola retal, podendo levar ao escape fecal involuntário. Como tratamento inicial, é necessário treinamento e programação das evacuações, e dieta balanceada. Quando não há resposta aos tratamentos, é fundamental considerar sua forma orgânica (5%), sendo a Doença de Hirschsprung o diagnóstico de maior incidência. Seu tratamento é sempre cirúrgico. No entanto, no pós-operatório, parte dos pacientes evolui com constipação crônica. O papel da fibra alimentar na prevenção e no tratamento tem sido discutido com frequência devido aos benefícios à saúde. O amido resistente, encontrado em alguns alimentos, como na banana verde tem sido estudado devido aos potenciais benefícios à saúde humana. Por não ser digerido e não absorvidos no intestino delgado, apresenta comportamento semelhante aos das fibras alimentares. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência terapêutica da complementação alimentar de biomassa da banana verde no tratamento da constipação crônica funcional e em pacientes com constipação orgânica associada ao pós-operatório da Doença de Hirschsprung. Pacientes e Métodos: Foram avaliados 34 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos: G1 - Grupo constipado funcional (22 pacientes) e G2 - Grupo de pacientes em pós-operatório de doença de Hirschsprung com constipação (12 pacientes). O acompanhamento ocorreu por 9 semanas consecutivas. O funcionamento intestinal foi avaliado em dois momentos: 1 semana anterior ao início da complementação (M0) e 8 semanas após (M1), através do preenchimento de questionário com as seguintes variáveis: escala de Bristol, dias com evacuação presente na semana, número de escapes fecais na semana, uso e dosagem consumida... / Abstract: Introduction: Constipation is an extremely common complaint in pediatrics and is increasingly on the rise. Painful bowel movements in 95% of cases, cause retentive posture, which can cause progressive distention of the rectum, which may lead to involuntary soiling. As an initial treatment, training and scheduling of evacuations and balanced diet is necessary. When there is no response to the treatment, it is essential to consider its organic form (5%), and Hirschsprung's disease is the most common diagnosis. Treatment is always surgical. However, postoperatively, some patients evolve with chronic constipation. The role of dietary fiber in the prevention and treatment has been discussed with frequency because of the health benefits. Resistant starch, found in some foods, such as in green bananas has been studied for potential benefits to human health. Because it is not digested and not absorbed in the small intestine, features similar to those of fiber behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of dietary supplementation of biomass of green banana in the treatment of chronic functional constipation and in patients with organic constipation associated with postoperative Hirschsprung's Disease. Patients and Methods: 34 patients divided into two groups were evaluated: G1- Constipated functional group (22 patients) and G2 - Group of patients in the postoperative Hirschsprung's disease with constipation (12 patients). The program took place for 9 consecutive weeks. The bowel function was assessed at two time points: 1 prior to the start of supplementation (M0) and after 8 weeks (M1) week by completing a questionnaire with the following variables: scale Bristol, days in the week with this evacuation, number of fecal leaks in the week, use and laxative dosage consumed. Patients consumed 2 tablespoons green banana biomass increased in the daily diet for 8 consecutive weeks. Results: With respect to the scale of ... / Mestre

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-05-03T15:23:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1342752 bytes, checksum: 830cdb006358d1a367932bde92e59c1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T15:23:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1342752 bytes, checksum: 830cdb006358d1a367932bde92e59c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo buscou otimizar e validar a extração sólido-líquido com partição em baixa temperatura (ESL/PBT), adaptar e validar a extração QuEChERS (do inglês Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe Method) e comparar os dois métodos validados para determinação de seis agrotóxicos (azoxistrobina, bifentrina, clorotalonil, clorpirifós, difenoconazol e imazalil) na polpa e na casca de banana da cultura Prata, seguida da análise por cromatografia gasosa com detector por captura de elétrons (CG/DCE). Os resultados obtidos para os parâmetros analíticos avaliados mostraram eficiência adequada na etapa de clean-up, tanto para a ESL/PBT, como para QuEChERS em ambas as matrizes. Em relação ao efeito de matriz observou-se que os componentes da matriz influenciam na quantificação dos agrotóxicos, sendo que cada composto apresentou comportamento distinto. Comparando as curvas analíticas dos extratos utilizando a ESL/PBT e o QuEChERS, não existem diferenças significativas para nenhum dos agrotóxicos estudados. Os métodos apresentaram-se seletivos para as duas matrizes. O coeficiente de correlação para ambos os métodos foram 0,995 nas duas matrizes, indicando boa linearidade. Na polpa, a ESL/PBT apresentou menores valores de limite de detecção (LD entre 2,1-5,7 μg kg-1) e quantificação (LQ entre 6,8-17,3 μg kg-1) comparado com o QuEChERS (LD entre 4,2-14,7 μg kg-1 e LQ entre 12,9-44,6 μg kg-1). Para a casca, o QuEChERS apresentou menores valores de limite de detecção (LD entre 3,1-14,7 μg kg-1) e quantificação (LQ entre 9,5-44,6 μg kg-1) comparado com a ESL/PBT (LD entre 3,0-29,8 μg kg-1 e LQ entre 9,2-90,2 μg kg-1). Tanto a polpa como a casca, em ambos os métodos, apresentaram limites de quantificação abaixo dos limites máximos de resíduos (LMR) estabelecidos pela União Europeia e Codex Alimentarius. Os métodos foram precisos, apresentando coeficientes de variação entre 0,5%-16,4%. Os métodos se mostraram exatos para a maioria dos agrotóxicos, tanto na polpa, como na casca da banana. Foi observado que, de modo geral, as mudanças químicas ocorridas nos diferentes estádios de maturação da banana, não interferiram nas respostas cromatográficas dos agrotóxicos. Além disso, foi observado também que os extratos obtidos em ambos os métodos se mantêm estáveis por mais de cinco semanas, independente da matriz. Os métodos validados podem ser aplicados para determinação desses agrotóxicos na banana inteira (polpa e casca) apresentando porcentagens de recuperação entre 80,1%-140,1%. Os métodos validados foram aplicados em amostras de banana adquiridas no comércio de Viçosa, utilizando tanto a ESL/PBT como o QuEChERS, na polpa como na casca. Não foram encontrados resíduos dos agrotóxicos estudados em nenhuma das amostras. / This study aimed to optimize and validate the solid-liquid extraction with partition at low temperature (SLE/PLT), adapt and validate QuEChERS extraction (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe Method) and compare both of validated methods for determination of six pesticides (azoxystrobin, bifenthrin, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, difenoconazole and imazalil) in banana ́s pulp and peel, followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC/ECD) analysis. The results for analytical parameters showed adequate efficiency for the clean-up stage for both SLE/PLT, and QuEChERS in both matrixes. In relation to matrix effect has been observed that matrix ́s components influence the quantification of pesticides, each compound showed different behavior. Comparing analytical curves of the extracts using SLE/PLT and QuEChERS, there are no significant differences for any of the pesticides studied. The methods presented were selective for the two matrixes. The correlation coefficients for both methods were for both matrixes were ≤ 0.995, indicating good linearity. In pulp, SLE/PLT showed lower detection limits values (LOD between 2.1 to 5.7 μg kg-1) and quantification limits (LOQ between 6.8 to 17.3 μg kg-1) compared to QuEChERS (LOD between 4.2 to 14.7 μg kg-1 and LQ between 12.9 to 44.6 μg kg-1). For peel, QuEChERS showed lower detection limit values (LOD between 3.1 to 14.7 μg kg-1) and quantification limits (LOQ between 9.5 to 44.6 μg kg-1) compared to SLE/PLT (LOD between 3.0 to 29.8 μg kg-1 and LQ between 9.2 to 90.2 μg kg-1). Both, pulp and peel, with both methods, presented quantification limits below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union and Codex Alimentarius. The methods used were accurate, with coefficients of variation between 0.5% -16.4%. The methods proved accurate for most pesticides, both in banana ́s pulp and peel. It was observed that, in general, the chemical changes occurring in different banana ripening stages, did not interfere with chromatographic responses of pesticides. Furthermore, it was also observed that the extracts obtained with both methods are stable for more than five weeks, regardless of the matrix. Validated methods can be applied to determination of these pesticides in the whole banana (peel and pulp) having recovery percentages between 80.1% -140.1%. The validated methods were applied in banana samples collected in Viçosa, using both SLE/PLT as QuEChERS, for both matrixes. No pesticide residues were found in any of the samples studied.