Nigeria, a former colony of Britain gained its independence on October l, 1960. Since the country's independence, it has experienced a prolonged military rule punctuated by short democratic regimes, but since 1999 it has managed to sustain a stable democratically elected government. Nigeria is a nation blessed with vast oil and other resources but the World Bank estimates that almost 70% of the Nigerian people live below the poverty level. A great potential for growth exits in this country of about 140 million people but there seems to be a missing wire needed to spark the fires of economic development. The Nigerian economic environment has not been very conducive to foreign direct investment due to problems with corruption and other obstacles to foreign investment. It is imperative that the financial sector be developed in Nigeria to provide a catalyst for a sustainable economic development in the country. While the banking sector should not be the only focus of a country's financial system, the banking sector has always been dominant in the Nigerian financial scene and evidence suggest that this will remain so at least until a capable capital-market can be developed to support it. This thesis seeks to analyze the critical role of banking in the economic development of Nigeria.

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Information systems concentrate data in computer files that have the potential to be accessed by large numbers of people in and outside of organisations. While security breaches and damages of information systems still come from organisational insiders, security breaches are increasing, especially in developing countries because organisations are now open to outsiders through the internet. As a result, automated data are more susceptible to error, destruction, fraud and misuse. The banking sector in Zimbabwe has introduced, of late, on-line banking facilities and these are heavily dependent on the use of internet. / The increase in computer crime has led to scepticism about the move made by the banks to introduce on-line banking. Some view this as a noble move which has made the banking system more efficient, reliable and secure, while others view it as a risky and insecure way of banking. The aim of this study was to assess whether on-line banking in the developing countries is secure or not. The researcher chose a descriptive-quantitative research design. Data was collected using a self constructed questionnaire. Convenience sampling and stratified random sampling techniques were used to select the main subjects of the study. Generally on average there was no significant difference between the perceptions of management bank personnel and non-management bank personnel on the security of on-line banking. The study recommends further future studies on the security of on-line banking in developing countries based on the perceptions of the customers themselves, who are using on-line banking services, the Common Criteria for Information Technology Security and also a study of the latent dimensions of on-line banking security as extracted by factor analysis, how they differ from elements of information security as derived from the theoretical framework and literature.

Admati und Hellwig erklärten 2013, dass sie nie eine kohärente Antwort auf die Frage bekommen hätten, warum Banken nicht 20 oder 30 % ihres Assetwertes an EK halten sollten. Dies war Anlass der vorliegenden Studie, die untersucht, wie man eine Quote von 30 % harten Kernkapitals ganz praktisch realisieren könnte. Wir haben fünf Gruppen von Lösungen für das 30 %-Problem gefunden, die man einsetzen könnte. Die fünf Gruppen sind: I. Stammaktien. Aktienkapital einer Aktiengattung. II. Gattungsaktien. Mehrere Gattungen von Aktien. III. Bail-in. Aktienkapital und nachrangige Verbindlichkeiten, die zusammen zu haftendem Eigenkapital im regulatorischen Sinne erklärt werden („Bail-in-Lösung“). IV. Innen-Außenverhältnis. Aktienkapital im Außenverhältnis und Zusatzvereinbarungen der Aktionäre im Innenverhältnis mit Tranchenbildung und Wasserfallprinzip. V. Zweckgesellschaft. Aktienkapital einer Gattung bereitgestellt durch eine Zweckgesellschaft, die sich mit diversen Schuldtiteln nach dem Wasserfallprinzip refinanziert. Persönlich glauben wir, dass bereits Konzept I (Stammaktien) gute Chancen hätte, realisiert werden zu können: 30 % Stammaktien sind zwar auf den ersten Blick ein wenig attraktiver, langweiliger, rendite- und risikoarmer Kapitalblock. Aber in den Core-Portfolien großer Fonds können sie trotzdem einen attraktiven Baustein darstellen – viel attraktiver als die heute oft verwendeten Staatsanleihen sicherer Länder. Mehr Variabilität der Finanzierungsformen wird möglich, wenn der Gesetzgeber vielfältigere Aktienkategorien (Konzept II) erlaubt. Hier glauben wir, dass ein solcher Ansatz zu starr ist und der Entwicklung der Finanzmärkte zu unflexibel folgen kann. Als Konzept III haben wir das vom Gesetzgeber/Regulator derzeit verfolgte Vorgehen, nämlich Bail-in-Instrumente zu nutzen, diskutiert. Dieses Konzept halten wir für weniger geeignet, weil die betroffenen Kapitalgeber Eigenkaptalrisiken tragen, dafür aber kein Stimmrecht bekommen und dazu noch den nicht marktmäßigen Entscheidungen der Aufsichtsorgane ausgesetzt sind. Das Konzept IV erfordert es, zwischen dem Innen- und dem Außenverhältnis der Gruppe der Aktionäre zu unterscheiden. Durch spezielle Regelungen im Innenverhältnis kann man die Vielfalt der Finanzierungsformen stark erhöhen und im Außenverhältnis trotzdem hartes Kernkapital bereitstellen. Und wenn man schließlich zur Finanzierung des Banken-Eigenkapitals mittels Zweckgesellschaft übergeht (Konzept V), kann man sich von allen Restriktionen befreien. / Admati and Hellwig stated in 2013 that they never received a consistent answer why banks should not have 20 or 30 % core or tier one capital of their asset value. This was the motivation to begin an assessment how to realize 30 % core capital in practice. We found five groups of solutions: (i) ordinary shares, (ii) shares of several categories or classes, (iii) bail-in-capital, (iv) shares with different relations among shareholders internally and with the outer world, (v) special purpose vehicle. Financing all equity with ordinary shares (i) seems not be appealing to investors at first sight. It appears to be a large boring block of homogeneous shares. However, we believe that this would be ideal for the core portfolios of large mutual funds. The second alternative would be to define a variety of different classes of shares as they already exist in many countries. In Germany ordinary and preference shares exist. Creating a wider variety of share classes could meet investors’ preferences better. The third alternative would be the bail-in-system which supervisory bodies are trying to install. However, we believe that this solution would be the least favorable of all because investors in bail-in-capital would bear risk like shareholders but would have no voting rights and depend on the actions of supervisors. The fourth solution is based upon ordinary shares. However, subgroups of shares are created by the use of specific arrangements among shareholders internally. Thanks to the application of the waterfall principle, profits and losses can be distributed asymmetrically among shareholders to meet their preferences more closely. The fifth solution is a variant of the fourth. The bank creates a special purpose vehicle which acquires all bank shares and refinances itself with a variety of financial contracts.

This paper discusses the attempt to achieve balanced economic growth in India. The process is viewed as a transition of society from a traditional stage to one characterized by industrialization and economic growth, and which involves major economic, social and political changes. It specifically deals with the Indian banking system and its structural development since independence as a means to hasten economic growth. These changes in the banking system, through social control, and eventually nationalization of the major commercial banks in India,, illustrate the increasing role of the State in gearing the banking sector towards meeting the goals of national economic planning. The above events are related to the struggle between the moderates and those who advocate a more socialist approach to solving the economic and social problems in India.

This thesis is dedicated to the Financial Law, namely to a special part of this branch of law - Banking Law, with a special focus on legal aspects of commercial and investment banking. This thesis concentrates on the specifics of the universal banking system applied in the Czech Republic. Chapter 1 deals with the general terms and concepts of the Banking Law, namely with the different types of banks and/or other financial institutions, as well as explanation of their different functions in the banking system of the Czech Republic. This chapter furthermore provides general overview of the structure of the banking and financial system of the Czech Republic. Chapter 2 covers the functions and characteristics of two fundamental types of banks, i.e. of commercial and investment banks and provides characteristics of their common features as well as the differences between them, from the perspectives of economics and law. Chapter 3 concentrates on three different banking models, namely on model of universal banking system, segmented banking system and hybrid banking system. This chapter also provides comparison of pros and cons of the above mentioned banking models. Chapter 4 looks in detail on a model of integration of investment banking into the banking system of the Czech Republic and furthermore, on...

The diploma thesis analyzes the impact of financial crisis, the decline in the economic system of Kazakhstan and in particular the impact on the banking system. The work is divided into three parts, which analyzing the impact of the crisis on the economy in the world and Kazakhstan, on the banking sector, and each chapter is accompanied by recommendations for their solution, and the overall summary. The first chapter defines the concept of financial crisis, disassembled typology and their origins. In addition, it is characterized by economy, banking and financial sectors in Kazakhstan and cause a crisis in the Republic. The second chapter analyzes the impact of financial crisis on the banking system in Kazakhstan, including an analysis of the banking sector itself. Subsequently, is evaluated the impact of the crisis by monitoring of bank assets, the quality of loans, deposits, foreign debt and rating. The third chapter is devoted to the consequences and lessons for the economy and banking sector of Kazakhstan and the various approaches to solving the crisis in the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. At the conclusion of the work were reviewed and accepted hypotheses set out in the introduction.

Este estudo utilizou a técnica DEA-SBM para avaliar a eficiência dos bancos brasileiros no ano de 2014 sob a ótica das três abordagens mais recorrentes neste tipo de avaliação: a abordagem da intermediação, produção e rentabilidade. Os escores de eficiência foram avaliados por quintil e pelo teste de mediana Mann-Whitney conforme (1) a origem do capital; (2) público x privado; (3) porte dos bancos; (4) segmento de atuação dos bancos e (5) os ratings dessas instituições. Para desenvolver este estudo foram necessários realizar seis etapas metodológicas. A primeira etapa foi de levantamento das informações financeiras de cada banco, consolidadas e referentes ao ano de 2014. Na segunda etapa foram selecionadas as variáveis analisadas para cada abordagem, compondo cada um dos modelos. Na terceira etapa foram realizadas as exclusões das DMUs com variáveis negativas ou sem informações. A quarta etapa foi de classificação dos bancos. Para classificar os bancos por porte utilizou-se como critério o ativo total, dividindo-os em quartis. A quinta etapa foi de identificação dos escores de eficiência, via software PIM-DEA. Os dados foram avaliados conforme o método DEA-SBM. A sexta e última etapa foi a de análise dos resultados e ocorreu após a obtenção dos escores. Os resultados das amostram foram analisados mediante o emprego de duas técnicas. Inicialmente, aplicou-se o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar se a distribuição dos escores para cada abordagem seguia uma distribuição normal. As análises permitiram extrair dez conclusões e sugerem que os bancos de capital público federal, de Micro Porte, do segmento de Varejo (com exceção para a abordagem de Intermediação) e com nota de rating AAA foram os mais eficientes. / This study has used the DEA-SBM technique to evaluate the efficiency of Brazilian banks in 2014 from the perspective of the three most frequent approaches in this type of evaluation: intermediation, production and profitability approaches. The efficiency scores were evaluated by quintile and the median Mann-Whitney test as (1) the origin of the capital; (2) public x private; (3) size of the banks; (4) of banks operating segment and (5) the ratings of these institutions. To develop this study took hold six methodological steps. The first step was to survey the financial information of each bank, and consolidated for the year 2014. In the second stage we selected the variables for each approach, making each model. In the third step were performed exclusions of DMUs with negative variables or without information. The fourth step was the classification of banks. To sort by size banks was used as a criterion the total assets, dividing them into quartiles. The fifth step was to identify the efficiency scores, DEA via PIM Software. The data were evaluated according to the DEA-SBM method. The sixth and final step was to analyze the results and occurred after obtaining scores. The results of amostram were analyzed by the use of both techniques. Initially, we applied the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to verify the distribution of the median for each approach followed a normal distribution. The analysis allowed to draw conclusions and ten showed that banks federal public capital, Micro Porte, the Retail segment (except for the intermediation approach) and AAA-rated note were the most efficient.

This study empirically investigates the validity of the competition and stability trade-off hypothesis for the Turkish banking system. To this end, we consider annual bank level accounting data for the 1990-2008 period and compute the most commonly used measures of banking stability and competition. The effects of macroeconomic factors and bank specific indicators including the ownership structure are also taken into account. The fixed effects panel estimation results suggest that the relation between competition and stability is not invariant to the use of alternative indicators. The results based on the Z-Index as a measure of bank stability support the competition-stability and competition-fragility views when concentration ratios and the H-Statistics are used as the alternative competition indicators, respectively. However, when nonperforming loan ratio, a proxy for loan portfolio risk, is used as a stability measure, exactly the opposite outcome is obtained. The results also change when the ownership structure of banks is considered. Consequently, in line with the literature stating that there is no clear-cut relation between competition and stability, the direction of this relation for the Turkish banking system changes with different model specifications.

<p>The main purpose of this research is to use Hermeneutic research approach to find out how Decision Support System (DSS) is used in banks and financial services. The research started from one stance, from which the further process could be extended to reach more complete picture of Decision Support System’s usage in strategic decision makings in banks. The research is also trying to find out the drawbacks and benefits of the DSS which have been used nowadays in banks. Furthermore, the future improvements of using DSS to make better decisions related with moral and different environments are also being discussed in the research findings.</p><p>During the primary data collection, resources from different channels have been used to support the research. The primary data sources include lectures and discussion in three banks’ visiting opportunities in Stockholm, Sweden, one interview with IT Vice president from Bank of America Merrill Lynch, New York, two interviews with a professor and a director respectively from Lund University and Financial Services Innovation Centre in University College Cork, Ireland.</p><p>Experiences from both academic and practical have been shared to strength the research’s validity and trustworthiness. Hermeneutic research approach addresses through the whole research process which needs to be open-minded and flexible.</p><p>Unawareness of DSS for people who are working in banks is one of the issues today. Different embedded models regarding various functions are not so clear to bank staff; thus there is a gap between human decisions and system decisions. There is a variation of requirements between central banks, retail banks, commercial banks, investment banks. Hence there should be a differentiation when implementing a system. Banking systems are widespread systems which are influenced by environment factors, political, economic, socio-cultural and technological variables.</p>