Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第16396号 / 工博第3477号 / 新制||工||1525(附属図書館) / 29027 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 功, 教授 乾 晴行, 准教授 宇田 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

O condutor protônico zirconato de bário dopado com ítrio (BaZr1-xYxO3-δ, BZYx) é um material promissor para a aplicação como eletrólito sólido em células a combustível operacional em temperaturas intermediárias (400 a 700 oC). No entanto, sua natureza refratária (ponto de fusão ~ 2600 oC) faz com que para sua densificação, necessária para sua aplicação como eletrólito, sejam necessários altas temperaturas e longos tempos de tratamento térmico (1600 a 1800 °C por 24 a 48 h). Tais condições extremas causam um desvio da estequiometria de bário que afeta a química de defeitos do material e, consequentemente a diminuição da condutividade protônica do BZYx. Portanto, o processamento desse eletrólito sólido em menores temperaturas, preservando sua estequiometria, formando uma microestrutura densa e com baixa resistividade inter-granular são os principais objetivos e desafios da comunidade científica. Visando aumentar a sinterabilidade das partículas, o BZY foi preparado pelo método dos peróxidos oxidantes (OPM). O procedimento experimental original do OPM foi modificado e otimizado para viabilizar a formação do BZYx, com x = 10 a 50 mol% de Y3+. Dentre as modificações, a síntese foi feita com e sem o controle da atmosfera, em câmara de luvas sob atmosfera de nitrogênio e ao ar, respectivamente. As propriedades estruturais, morfológicas, térmicas, termodinâmicas e elétricas das composições de BZYx foram investigadas. As amostras produzidas foram calcinadas em diversas temperaturas e investigadas quanto à sua sinterabilidade e densificação. Os pós de BZYx, com x = 10 a 50 mol% de Y3+, produzidos com controle da atmosfera foram investigados quanto às suas propriedades termodinâmicas. Os valores de entalpia de formação a partir dos óxidos (ΔHf,ox) foram calculados com os dados obtidos por calorimetria de dissolução a alta temperatura. As amostras de BZY10 e BZY20 produzidas com controle da atmosfera atingiram condutividade elétrica total de 1,6 x 10-3 e 1,3 x 10-3 S/cm a 530 oC, respectivamente. A alta resistividade inter-granular contribui para a alta resistividade total das amostras. A análise por espectroscopia Raman e os valores de ΔHf,ox obtidos sugerem que para valores de Y3+ > 20 mol% ocorrem interações defeito-defeito na estrutura cristalina, causando à diminuição de sítios efetivos para a hidratação e a diminuição da mobilidade dos prótons na estrutura e, consequentemente, a diminuição da condutividade protônica total. / The proton conductor oxide yttrium doped barium zirconate (BaZr1-xYxO3-δ, BZYx) is a promising solid electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) operating at intermediate temperatures (400 to 700 oC). However, the BZY refractory nature (MP ~ 2600 oC) inhibits the achievement of the densification needed for application in SOFCs (relative density ≥ 95% T.D.), requiring long dwell times and high temperatures (T ≥ 1600 oC, t ≥ 24 h). Those extreme conditions cause barium stoichiometry deviation, which affects the defect chemistry and the depletion of proton conductivity. Therefore, BZY processing in less aggressive conditions, preserving cation stoichiometry, leading to dense microstructures with low intergranular resistivity are the great challenges of the scientific community nowadays. Aiming to increase particles sinterability, BZYx (x = 10 to 50 mol% of Y3+), solid solutions where synthesized by the Oxidant Peroxide Method (OPM). The original OPM experimental procedure was modified to allow the BZY formation with different dopant content. One of the modifications was to carry out the synthesis under laboratory and nitrogen atmospheres. The study of structural, thermal, morphological, thermochemical and electrical properties of all samples was performed. The samples where calcined at different temperatures and the particles sinterability and densification were also investigated. The thermochemical properties of BZYx solid solutions were investigated by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry, for evaluation of the formation enthalpies (ΔHf,ox). The total electrical conductivity of the BZY10 and BZY20 sintered samples synthesized under nitrogen was 1.6 x 10-3 and 1.3 x 10-3 S/cm at 530 oC, respectively. The blocking of charge carriers at interfaces contributes to the low total electrical conductivity. Raman spectroscopy analysis and the evaluated ΔHf,ox values obtained suggest that from 20 mol% Y3+, defect interaction might happen, leading to vacancy clustering. This effect might cause the depletion of mobile oxygen vacancies, affecting the mobility of protons, with a decrease in proton conductivity.

No description available.

O condutor protônico zirconato de bário dopado com ítrio (BaZr1-xYxO3-δ, BZYx) é um material promissor para a aplicação como eletrólito sólido em células a combustível operacional em temperaturas intermediárias (400 a 700 oC). No entanto, sua natureza refratária (ponto de fusão ~ 2600 oC) faz com que para sua densificação, necessária para sua aplicação como eletrólito, sejam necessários altas temperaturas e longos tempos de tratamento térmico (1600 a 1800 °C por 24 a 48 h). Tais condições extremas causam um desvio da estequiometria de bário que afeta a química de defeitos do material e, consequentemente a diminuição da condutividade protônica do BZYx. Portanto, o processamento desse eletrólito sólido em menores temperaturas, preservando sua estequiometria, formando uma microestrutura densa e com baixa resistividade inter-granular são os principais objetivos e desafios da comunidade científica. Visando aumentar a sinterabilidade das partículas, o BZY foi preparado pelo método dos peróxidos oxidantes (OPM). O procedimento experimental original do OPM foi modificado e otimizado para viabilizar a formação do BZYx, com x = 10 a 50 mol% de Y3+. Dentre as modificações, a síntese foi feita com e sem o controle da atmosfera, em câmara de luvas sob atmosfera de nitrogênio e ao ar, respectivamente. As propriedades estruturais, morfológicas, térmicas, termodinâmicas e elétricas das composições de BZYx foram investigadas. As amostras produzidas foram calcinadas em diversas temperaturas e investigadas quanto à sua sinterabilidade e densificação. Os pós de BZYx, com x = 10 a 50 mol% de Y3+, produzidos com controle da atmosfera foram investigados quanto às suas propriedades termodinâmicas. Os valores de entalpia de formação a partir dos óxidos (ΔHf,ox) foram calculados com os dados obtidos por calorimetria de dissolução a alta temperatura. As amostras de BZY10 e BZY20 produzidas com controle da atmosfera atingiram condutividade elétrica total de 1,6 x 10-3 e 1,3 x 10-3 S/cm a 530 oC, respectivamente. A alta resistividade inter-granular contribui para a alta resistividade total das amostras. A análise por espectroscopia Raman e os valores de ΔHf,ox obtidos sugerem que para valores de Y3+ > 20 mol% ocorrem interações defeito-defeito na estrutura cristalina, causando à diminuição de sítios efetivos para a hidratação e a diminuição da mobilidade dos prótons na estrutura e, consequentemente, a diminuição da condutividade protônica total. / The proton conductor oxide yttrium doped barium zirconate (BaZr1-xYxO3-δ, BZYx) is a promising solid electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) operating at intermediate temperatures (400 to 700 oC). However, the BZY refractory nature (MP ~ 2600 oC) inhibits the achievement of the densification needed for application in SOFCs (relative density ≥ 95% T.D.), requiring long dwell times and high temperatures (T ≥ 1600 oC, t ≥ 24 h). Those extreme conditions cause barium stoichiometry deviation, which affects the defect chemistry and the depletion of proton conductivity. Therefore, BZY processing in less aggressive conditions, preserving cation stoichiometry, leading to dense microstructures with low intergranular resistivity are the great challenges of the scientific community nowadays. Aiming to increase particles sinterability, BZYx (x = 10 to 50 mol% of Y3+), solid solutions where synthesized by the Oxidant Peroxide Method (OPM). The original OPM experimental procedure was modified to allow the BZY formation with different dopant content. One of the modifications was to carry out the synthesis under laboratory and nitrogen atmospheres. The study of structural, thermal, morphological, thermochemical and electrical properties of all samples was performed. The samples where calcined at different temperatures and the particles sinterability and densification were also investigated. The thermochemical properties of BZYx solid solutions were investigated by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry, for evaluation of the formation enthalpies (ΔHf,ox). The total electrical conductivity of the BZY10 and BZY20 sintered samples synthesized under nitrogen was 1.6 x 10-3 and 1.3 x 10-3 S/cm at 530 oC, respectively. The blocking of charge carriers at interfaces contributes to the low total electrical conductivity. Raman spectroscopy analysis and the evaluated ΔHf,ox values obtained suggest that from 20 mol% Y3+, defect interaction might happen, leading to vacancy clustering. This effect might cause the depletion of mobile oxygen vacancies, affecting the mobility of protons, with a decrease in proton conductivity.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14574号 / 工博第3042号 / 新制||工||1453(附属図書館) / 26926 / UT51-2009-D286 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 粟倉 泰弘, 教授 杉村 博之, 教授 田中 功 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Compostos condutores protônicos de zirconato de bário dopado com ítrio, BaZr0,8Y0,2O3-δ, preparados por síntese de estado sólido, foram compactados e sinter izados com ZnO e B2O3 como aditivos. Os corpos cerâmicos sinter izados foram analisados por difração de raios X e espectroscopia de impedância. Superfícies polidas e atacadas termicamente foram observadas em microscópio de varredura por sonda. As medidas de densidade mostraram que a maior densificação foi obtida com óxido de zinco nas proporções de 2 e 5 peso%, atingindo aproximadamente 95% da densidade teórica. As medidas de resistividade elétrica evidenciaram a menor resistividade elétrica do composto cerâmico BaZr0,8Y0,2O3-δ, com 5 peso% de ZnO. Os aditivos de sinter ização, óxido de boro e óxido de zinco, foram eficientes para se obter compostos com menores valores de resistividade elétrica que os obtidos em compostos sinter izados sem aditivos. / BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ, protonic conductors, prepared by the ceramic route, were pressed and sintered with ZnO and B2O3 sinter ing aids. The sintered pellets were analyzed by X-ra y diffraction and impedance spectroscopy. Polished and thermally etched surfaces of the pellets were observed in a scanning probe microscope. The highest values of apparent densit y, 95%T.D., were obtained with 2 and 5 wt.% ZnO. The lowest value of electr ical resistivit y was obtained in BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ, compounds with 5 wt.% ZnO. Boron oxide and zinc oxide sinter ing aids were efficient to improve the apparent densit y as well as the electr ical conductivit y of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ, protonic conductors.

Compostos condutores protônicos de zirconato de bário dopado com ítrio, BaZr0,8Y0,2O3-δ, preparados por síntese de estado sólido, foram compactados e sinter izados com ZnO e B2O3 como aditivos. Os corpos cerâmicos sinter izados foram analisados por difração de raios X e espectroscopia de impedância. Superfícies polidas e atacadas termicamente foram observadas em microscópio de varredura por sonda. As medidas de densidade mostraram que a maior densificação foi obtida com óxido de zinco nas proporções de 2 e 5 peso%, atingindo aproximadamente 95% da densidade teórica. As medidas de resistividade elétrica evidenciaram a menor resistividade elétrica do composto cerâmico BaZr0,8Y0,2O3-δ, com 5 peso% de ZnO. Os aditivos de sinter ização, óxido de boro e óxido de zinco, foram eficientes para se obter compostos com menores valores de resistividade elétrica que os obtidos em compostos sinter izados sem aditivos. / BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ, protonic conductors, prepared by the ceramic route, were pressed and sintered with ZnO and B2O3 sinter ing aids. The sintered pellets were analyzed by X-ra y diffraction and impedance spectroscopy. Polished and thermally etched surfaces of the pellets were observed in a scanning probe microscope. The highest values of apparent densit y, 95%T.D., were obtained with 2 and 5 wt.% ZnO. The lowest value of electr ical resistivit y was obtained in BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ, compounds with 5 wt.% ZnO. Boron oxide and zinc oxide sinter ing aids were efficient to improve the apparent densit y as well as the electr ical conductivit y of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ, protonic conductors.

Perovskite based artificial superlattices has recently been extensively investigated due to the immense promise in various device applications. The major applications include non-volatile random access memories, microwave devices, phase shifters voltage tunable capacitor applications etc. In this thesis we have taken up the investigation of two different types of symmetric superlattices, viz. BaZrO3/BaTiO3 and SrTiO3/BaZrO3, with possible applicability to voltage tunable devices. Chapter 1 deals with the introduction to the perovskite based functional oxides. Their various applications and the specific requirements for voltage tunable device applications has also been discussed in detail. The basic properties of BaTiO3 and SrTiO3, which are well documented in the literature, have been reviewed. The fundamental physics of interfacial interactions that influence the properties of superlattices is also discussed using existing models. The reason behind the choice of constructing artificial superlattices of BaZrO3/BaTiO3 and SrTiO3/BaZrO3 and the motivation behind this thesis is outlined. Chapter 2 gives a brief description of the basic characterization techniques that has been employed for studying the thin films. These include pulsed laser deposition of oxide thin films, structural characterization using X-Ray Diffraction and Atomic Force Microscope and electrical characterization of thin film metal-insulator-metal structures. The basic principle behind the techniques has also been included in various sections of this chapter. Chapter 3 introduces the reader to basic properties of the less studied perovskite material BaZrO3, one of the parent components of Ba(Zr,Ti)O3 based ceramics for high frequency applications. BaZrO3 is the common material in both the types of superlattices studied in this thesis. Initially the growth of polycrystalline BaZrO3 on (111)Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si has been elaborated in this chapter. After characterizing the crystalline quality of the films and optimizing the growth conditions, epitaxial BaZrO3 films has been grown on (001) SrTiO3 substates. Dielectric properties of epitaxial BaZrO3 film have been measured as a function of temperature and frequencies. The electric field tunability of BaZrO3 films has been calculated from capacitance-voltage data for comparison with superlattice structures. Chapter 4 deals with the basic considerations involving growth of artificial superlattices and multilayers using pulsed laser ablation technique. The fundamental differences between formation of multilayers and superlattices have also been discussed, and the basic considerations for optimizing growth parameters are analyzed in this chapter. X-ray θ-2θ and φ-scans have been performed to investigate crystal quality of superlattices. The growth rates calculated from the satellite reflections in X-ray θ-2θ scans indicate fair degree of control over the growth and φ-scans confirms epitaxial cube-on cube growth of both types of superlattices. Atomic Force microscopy has been used to hcaracterize the film quality and surface morphology of superlattice structures and it has been found that the films have a very smooth surface with rms roughness of the order of few nanometres. Chapter5 deals with the detailed electrical characterization of both types of superlattices structures. Dielectric response showed nearly temperature invariance for both types of superlattices. Polarization measurements show that the heterostructures are in paraelectric state. Even for paraelectric/ferroelectric BaZrO3/BaTiO3 superlattices, stress induced stabilization of the paraelectric state is exhibited in low period superlattices. Paraelectric/paraelectric-SrTiO3/BaZrO3 superlattices exhibited a tunability of ~20% at intermediate modulation periods and an extremely stable dissipation factor with respect to temperature which is very attractive for device application point of view. A maximum tunability of ~40% has been observed for lowest period BaZrO3/BaTiO3 superlattice. Relatively high Quality Factors has been observed for both type of superlattices and their dependence on the modulation periods has been analyzed. Dielectric relaxation data showed that Maxwell-Wanger type of behaviour is exhibited but the presence of a conductance component G had to be realized in the equivalent circuit representation, which originates from the observation of a square law dependence of the alternating current on the frequency. Finally DC electrical characteristics were investigated as a function of temperature to determine the type of conduction mechanism that is involoved. The data has been analyzed using existing theories of high field conduction in thin dielectric films and it has been found that at different temperature ranges, the conduction mechanism varied from bulk limited Poole-Frenkel to Space Charge limited conduction. The activation energy calculation indicate that the physical processes responsible for dielectric relaxation and dc conduction are identical.

In this thesis, the focus is on studying BaZrO3-BaCeO3 based proton conductors due to that they represent very promising proton conductors to be used for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFCs). Here, dense BaZr0.5Ce0.3Y0.2O3-δ (BZCY532) ceramics were selected as the major studied materials. These ceramics were prepared by different sintering methods and doping strategies. Based on achieved results, the thesis work can simply be divided into the following parts: 1) An improved synthesis method, which included a water-based milling procedure followed by a freeze-drying post-processing, was presented. A lowered calcination and sintering temperature for a Hf0.7Y0.3O2-δ (YSH) compound was achieved. The value of the relative density in this work was higher than previously reported data. It is also concluded that this improved method can be used for mass-production of ceramics. 2) As the solid-state reactive sintering (SSRS) represent a cost-effective sintering method, the sintering behaviors of proton conductors BaZrxCe0.8-xLn0.2O3-δ (x = 0.8, 0.5, 0.1; Ln = Y, Sm, Gd, Dy) during the SSRS process were investigated. According to the obtained results, it was found that the sintering temperature will decrease, when the Ce content increases from 0 (BZCLn802) to 0.3 (BZCLn532) and 0.7 (BZCLn172). Moreover, the radii of the dopant ions similar to the radii of Zr4+ or Ce4+ ions show a better sinterability. This means that it is possible to obtain dense ceramics at a lower temperature. Moreover, the conductivities of dense BZCLn532 ceramics were determined. The conductivity data indicate that dense BZCY532 ceramics are good candidates as either oxygen ion conductors or proton conductors used for ITSOFCs. 3) The effect of NiO on the sintering behaviors, morphologies and conductivities of BZCY532 based electrolytes were systematically investigated. According to the achieved results, it can be concluded that the dense BZCY532B ceramics (NiO was added during ball-milling before a powder mixture calcination) show an enhanced oxygen and proton conductivity. Also, that BZCY532A (NiO was added after a powder mixture calcination) and BZCY532N (No NiO was added in the whole preparation procedures) showed lower values. In addition, dense BZCY532B and BZCY532N ceramics showed only small electronic conductivities, when the testing temperature was lower than 800 ℃. However, the BZCY532A ceramics revealed an obvious electronic conduction, when they were tested in the range of 600 ℃ to 800 ℃. Therefore, it is preferable to add the NiO powder during the BZCY532 powder preparation, which can lower the sintering temperature and also increase the conductivity. 4) Dense BZCY532 ceramics were successfully prepared by using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method at a temperature of 1350 ℃ with a holding time of 5 min. It was found that a lower sintering temperature (&lt; 1400 ℃) and a very fast cooling rate (&gt; 200 ℃/min) are two key parameters to prepare dense BZCY532 ceramics. These results confirm that the SPS technique represents a feasible and cost-effective sintering method to prepare dense Ce-containing BaZrO3-BaCeO3 based proton conductors. 5) Finally, a preliminary study for preparation of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ (SDC) and BZCY532 basedcomposite electrolytes was carried out. The novel SDC-BZCY532 based composite electrolytes were prepared by using the powder mixing and co-sintering method. The sintering behaviors, morphologies and ionic conductivities of the composite electrolytes were investigated. The obtained results show that the composite electrolyte with a composition of 60SDC-40BZCY532 has the highest conductivity. In contrast, the composite electrolyte with a composition of 40SDC-60BZCY532 shows the lowest conductivity. In summary, the results show that BaZrO3-BaCeO3 based proton-conducting ceramic materials represent very promising materials for future ITSOFCs electrolyte applications. / <p>QC 20150423</p>