Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francielli Capa.pdf: 196798 bytes, checksum: 632195ca474fed051f976290ba0da6a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / The object of this research is to understand the evolution of the slopes of the middle valley of Marrecas River, established in basaltic rocks, located in southwestern of Paraná state, through the characterization of two colluvial deposits. Colluviums deposits are set on the slopes of the urban area in Francisco Beltrão, one of them located in the Hill of Calvary and the other one in the hill of São Cristóvão district. Descriptions were carried out of stratigraphic sections and analysis of granulometry, mineralogy of fractionated clay and micromorphological (micro factory ). In the neighborhood of São Cristóvão three colluvial units were identified: i) Unit I, located at the base of the section, massive crushed rock mud ii) Unit II, massive muddy gravel and iii) Unit III massive crushed rock mud. On the other hand, on the section of the Hill of Calvary four colluvial units were identified: i) Unit I, muddy gravel with supported matrix and massive structure and ii) Unit II, muddy gravel with massive structure, iii) Unit III, muddy gravel with massive clasts supported and iv) unit IV, similar to Unit II. It is suggested that the colluvial units were generated by movements of mass like landslides / slips, with flows of high concentration of water and sediment. Two types of mass movements were individualized: a) the flow of land for units I and III of the section São Cristóvão and units II and IV of the section Hill of Calvary, and b) flow of debris for unit II of Sao Cristóvão section and unit I of the Hill of Calvary. The analysis of the micro factory / micromorphology of the colluvial units exhibited predominantly porphyritic matrix with microstructure on cracks and locally in blocks. It is suggested that the slope of the neighborhood of São Cristóvão, it was exposed for a significant time, the weathering causing the lateritic soil profile (ferruginous or fersialitico) to develop. On the slope of the Hill of Calvary the superficial surface is shallower due to the higher frequency of action of the superficial runoff before the mass movements. Both the colluvial deposits of the slopes studied record the prevalence of events of morphogenesis in the last stages of evolution, thus promoting the retreat of the slopes due to exceptional rainfall events. The study of evolutionary phenomena in two slopes of the middle valley of Marrecas River suggests that the morphogenesis appeared in the scale of the middle valley of Marrecas River, being the last events associated with the expansion of valleys and retreat of slopes. The question is whether other slopes had also experienced the environmental instability and presented superficial formation correlated to the slopes studied / O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é compreender a evolução das encostas do médio vale do Rio Marrecas, estabelecida em rochas basálticas, localizada no sudoeste do Paraná, através da caracterização de dois depósitos de colúvio. Os depósitos de colúvios são estabelecidos em encostas do sítio urbano do município de Francisco Beltrão, uma localizada no Morro do Calvário e outra em morro do bairro São Cristóvão. Foram realizadas descrições de seções estratigráficas e análises granulometria, mineralogia da fração argila e micromorfológica (microfábrica). Na seção do morro do bairro São Cristóvão foram identificadas três unidades coluviais: i) unidade I, localizada na base da seção, lama cascalhenta maciça; ii) unidade II, cascalho lamoso maciço e iii) unidade III lama cascalhenta maciça. Já na seção do Morro do Calvário identificou-se quatro unidades coluviais: i) unidade I, cascalho lamoso com matriz suportada e estrutura maciça; ii) unidade II, lama cascalhenta com estrutura maciça; iii) unidade III, cascalho lamoso com clástos suportados maciça; e iv) unidade IV, semelhante a unidade II. Sugere-se que as unidades coluviais foram geradas por movimentos de massa do tipo deslizamentos/escorregamentos, com fluxos de alta concentração de água e sedimentos. Foi individualizado dois tipos de movimento de massa: a) fluxo de terra para as unidades I e III da seção São Cristóvão e as unidades II e IV da seção Morro do Calvário; e b) fluxo de detritos para a unidade II da seção São Cristóvão e unidade I da seção Morro do Calvário. A análise da microfábrica/micromorfológia das unidades coluviais exibiu predominantemente matriz porfírica com microestrutura em rachaduras e, localmente, em blocos. Sugere-se que a encosta do bairro São Cristóvão, foi exposta, durante um tempo significativo, ao intemperismo fazendo com que o perfil de solo laterítico (ferruginoso ou fersialítico) se desenvolvesse. Na encosta do Morro do Calvário a cobertura superficial é mais rasa, devido a maior frequencia de ação do escoamento superficial antes dos movimentos de massa. Ambos os depósitos colúvio das encostas estudadas registram o predomínio de eventos de morfogênese nos últimos estágios evolutivos, promovendo assim, o recuo das encostas em decorrência de eventos pluviométricos excepcionais. O estudo dos fenômenos evolutivos em duas encostas do médio vale do Rio Marrecas, sugerem que a morfogênese atuou em escala do médio vale do Rio Marrecas, sendo os últimos eventos associados a expansão do vale e recuo das encostas. Resta saber se outras encostas também passaram por instabilidade ambiental e apresentam formações superficiais correlacionáveis as encostas estudadas

Ngauruhoe is an active basaltic andesite to andesite composite cone volcano at the southern end of the Tongariro volcanic complex, and most recently erupted in 1954-55 and 1974-75. These eruptions constructed the inner crater of Ngauruhoe, largely composed of 1954-55 deposits, which are the basis of this study. The inner crater stratigraphy, exposed on the southern wall, is divided into seven lithostratigraphic units (A to G), while the northern stratigraphy is obscured by the inward collapse of the crater rim. The units are, from oldest to youngest: Unit A, (17.5 m thick), a densely agglutinated spatter deposit with sharp clast outlines; Unit B, (11.2 m) a thick scoria lapilli deposit with local agglutination and scattered spatter bombs up to 1 m in length; Unit C, (6.4 m thick) a clastogenic lava deposit with lateral variations in agglutination; and Unit D, (10 m thick) a scoria lapilli with varying local agglutination. The overlying Unit E (15 cm thick) is a fine ash fallout bed that represents the final vulcanian phase of the 1954-55 eruption. Unit F is a series of six lapilli and ash beds that represent the early vulcanian episode of the 1974-75 eruption. The uppermost Unit G (averaging 10 m thick) is a densely agglutinated spatter deposit that represents the later strombolian phase of the 1974-75 eruption. Units A-D juvenile clasts are porphyritic, with phenocrysts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, minor olivine, within a microlitic glassy groundmass. Quartzose and greywacke xenoliths are common in most units, and are derived from the underlying basement. The 1954-55 and 1974-75 eruptions are a product of a short-lived, continental arc medium-K calc-alkaline magma. The magma originated from the mantle, then filtered through the crust, undergoing assimilation and fractionation, and evolving to basaltic andesite and andesite compositions. The magma body stagnated in shallow reservoirs where it underwent further crustal assimilation and fractionation of plagioclase and olivine, and homogenisation through magma mixing. Prior to the 1954-55 eruption a more primitive magma body was incorporated into the melt. The melt homogenised and fed both the 1954-55 and 1974-75 eruptions, with a residence time of at least 20 years. The 1954-55 eruption produced alternating basaltic andesite and andesite strombolian activity and more intense fire fountaining, erupting scoria and spatter that built up the bulk of the inner crater. A period of relative quiescence allowed the formation of a cooled, solid cap rock that resulted in the accumulation of pressure due to volatile exsolution and bubble coalescence. The fracturing of the cap rock then resulted in a vulcanian eruption, depositing a thin layer of fine ash and ballistic blocks. The 1974-75 eruption commenced with the rupturing of the near-solid cap rock from the 1954-55 eruption in an explosive vulcanian blast, the result of decompressional volatile exsolution and bubble coalescence, and possible magma-water interaction. The eruption later changed to strombolian style, producing a clastogenic lava that partially flowed back into the crater.

Most basaltic volcanoes are affected by recurrent lateral instabilities during their evolution. Numerous factors have been shown to be involved in the process of flank destabilization occurring over long periods of time or by instantaneous failures. However, the role of these factors on the mechanical behaviour and stability of volcanic edifices is poorly-constrained as lateral failure usually results from the combined effects of several parameters. Our study focuses on the morphological and structural comparison of two end-member basaltic systems, La Reunion (Indian ocean, France) and Stromboli (southern Tyrrhenian sea, Italy). We showed that despite major differences on their volumes and geodynamic settings, both systems present some similarities as they are characterized by an intense intrusive activity along well-developed rift zones and recurrent phenomena of flank collapse during their evolution. Among the factors of instability, the examples of la Reunion and Stromboli evidence the major contribution of intrusive complexes to volcano growth and destruction as attested by field observations and the monitoring of these active volcanoes. Classical models consider the relationship between vertical intrusions of magma and flank movements along a preexisting sliding surface. A set of published and new field data from Piton des Neiges volcano (La Reunion) allowed us to recognize the role of subhorizontal intrusions in the process of flank instability and to characterize the geometry of both subvertical and subhorizontal intrusions within basaltic edifices. This study compares the results of numerical modelling of the displacements associated with high-angle and low-angle intrusions within basaltic volcanoes. We use a Mixed Boundary Element Method to investigate the mechanical response of an edifice to the injection of magmatic intrusions in different stress fields. Our results indicate that the anisotropy of the stress field favours the slip along the intrusions due to cointrusive shear stress, generating flank-scale displacements of the edifice, especially in the case of subhorizontal intrusions, capable of triggering large-scale flank collapses on basaltic volcanoes. Applications of our theoretical results to real cases of flank displacements on basaltic volcanoes (such as the 2007 eruptive crisis at La Reunion and Stromboli) revealed that the previous model of subvertical intrusions-related collapse is a likely mechanism affecting small-scale steeply-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Stromboli. Furthermore, our field study combined to modelling results confirms the importance of shallow-dipping intrusions in the morpho-structural evolution of large gently-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Piton de la Fournaise, Etna and Kilauea, with particular regards to flank instability, which can cause catastrophic tsunamis.

En comparaison aux éruptions basaltiques effusives, les éruptions basaltiques explosives sont relativement rares et leurs propriétés physiques sont mal comprises. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les causes à l’origine de l’explosivité des magmas basaltiques en caractérisant les produits volcaniques de l’éruption subplinienne trachybasaltique des Puys de La Vache-Lassolas (Chaîne des Puys, France) et des éruptions phréatomagmatiques et subpliniennes de magma basaltique tholéiitique du Grímsvötn (Islande). Les minéraux, verres matriciels et inclusions magmatiques (MI) ont été analysés à la microsonde électronique afin d’estimer les concentrations en éléments volatils (initiales et finales) et les pressions (P) et températures (T) de cristallisation, en utilisant la thermobarométrie basée sur l’équilibre clinopyroxène-liquide. Une étude expérimentale a été réalisée afin de mieux comprendre les limites de la thermobarométrie clinopyroxène-liquide à des pressions crustales et pendant l’ascension magmatique. Quatre éruptions de Grímsvötn ont été étudiées : deux phréatomagmatiques (celles de 1823 et 2004) et deux (sub-)pliniennes (1873 et 2011). Les éruptions subpliniennes ont des concentrations en éléments volatils plus élevées que celles des phréatomagmatiques. De plus, les premières sont également sujettes à une exsolution plus poussée du gaz dissous, ce qui se traduit par des émissions atmosphériques plus importantes. Quelle que soit l’explosivité d’une éruption du Grímsvötn, les équilibres clinopyroxène-liquide (verre matriciel ou MI) ont enregistré la même profondeur de cristallisation : ~15 km. Ceci suggère que la chambre magmatique superficielle du système magmatique du Grímsvötn puisse agir comme un réservoir dans lequel le gaz exsolvé d’un magma plus profond est stocké et accumulé entre les éruptions. La gamme de variabilité thermique des équilibres clinopyroxène-MI est plus restreinte pour les éruptions du 19ème siècle, ce qui suggère que le système magmatique du Grímsvötn était plus perméable en réponse à l’évènement volcano-tectonique du Laki (1783-84). La température moyenne des équilibres clinopyroxène-verre matriciel des quatre éruptions décroît avec le temps, suggérant que le système magmatique du Grímsvötn, dans son ensemble, est en cours de refroidissement. Les produits des Puys de La Vache-Lassolas ont enregistré une contribution magmatique plus profonde : vers 30 km. Les concentrations initiales en éléments volatils et leurs rapports sont plus proches de ceux des magmas d’arc que de tout autre contexte tectonique. Cette observation remet en question l’existence d’un point chaud sous la Chaîne des Puys. La contribution significative de magma d’origine profonde est en accord avec la cristallisation simultanée du clinopyroxène et de l’olivine. L’éruption des Puys de La Vache-Lassolas a émis 0,5 Tg de HF, 0,7 Tg de HCl et 7,3 Tg de SO2, illustrant le risque volcanique auquel est confrontée la population auvergnate. Afin de mieux contraindre les estimations pétrologiques de pression et température, une étude expérimentale au piston-cylindre a été réalisée. Elle porte sur la stabilité du clinopyroxène dans le magma tholéiitique de l’éruption 2014-15 d’Holuhraun (Islande). L’absence d’olivine dans la gamme de pression entre 0,5 et 1,0 GPa, associée à la présence de clinopyroxène indique que le clinopyroxène est la première phase au liquidus. Ceci confirme l’importance de la thermobarométrie clinopyroxène-liquide pour l’estimation des P et T de cristallisation des magmas tholéiitiques islandais. Les expériences au cours desquelles la pression a été diminuée de 1,0 à 0,5 GPa, puis maintenue constante, montrent que l’équilibre entre clinopyroxène et liquide n’est pas encore atteint après 24 heures à 0,5 GPa. Par conséquent, un temps de résidence de plusieurs jours à P et T constantes est nécessaire pour obtenir des estimations thermobarométriques fiables. / Explosive basaltic eruptions are rare compared to effusive ones and the underlying physical mechanisms are poorly understood. The goal of this thesis is to study the causes of basaltic magma explosivity by characterizing the volcanic products of the subplinian eruption of trachy-basalt at the Puys de La Vache-Lassolas complex (Chaîne des Puys, France) and of phreatomagmatic and sub-plinian eruptions of tholeiitic magma at Grímsvötn volcano (Iceland). Minerals, matrix glasses and melt inclusions (Mis) were analysed with an electron microprobe to estimate volatile concentrations (initial and final), and pressure (P) and temperature (T) of crystallization using clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometry. In addition, an experimental study was performed to better understand the limitations of clinopyroxeneliquid thermobarometry at moderate pressures and during magma ascent. Four eruptions were studied at Grímsvötn: two phreatomagmatic (AD1823 and AD2004) and two subplinian (AD1873 and AD2011). The subplinian eruptions have volatile concentrations higher than the phreatomagmatic ones, together with more efficient gas exsolution, leading to significantly higher atmospheric mass loading. Regardless of the eruptive regime, clinopyroxene-liquid (matrix glass or MI) equilibria in Grímsvötn magmas record the same depth of crystallization, namely ~15 km. This suggests that the shallow magma chamber of Grímsvötn plumbing system may only act as a reservoir in which gas exsolved from deeper origin is stored and accumulates between eruptions. The lower variability of clinopyroxene-MI equilibrium T in the 19th century eruptions, suggests important Grímsvötn magma system permeability following the Laki volcano-tectonic event end of 18th century. Average matrix glass-clinopyroxene equilibrium T decreases with time suggesting that Grímsvötn magma plumbing system as a whole may be slowly cooling over the last two centuries. Puys de La Vache-Lassolas products record a deeper magma contribution, from approximately 30 km depth. Initial volatile concentrations and ratios of the ~8.6 ka eruption are closer to those of arc magmas than to magmas from any other tectonic settings. This observation calls into a question the Chaîne des Puys hotspot hypothesis. The significant contribution of deep-derived magma is coherent with the crystallization of clinopyroxene contemporaneously with olivine. The Puys de La Vache-Lassolas eruption carried 0.5 Tg of HF, 0.7 Tg of HCl and 7.3 Tg of SO2 into the atmosphere illustrating the volcanic hazard to the Auvergne population. In order to better constrain petrological P-T estimations, a piston-cylinder experimental study of clinopyroxene stability in a tholeiitic magma (Holuhraun 2014-15, Iceland) was undertaken. The absence of olivine in the pressure range 0.5-1 GPa and the presence of clinopyroxene indicate that clinopyroxene is the first phase at the liquidus, confirming the importance of clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometers when estimating P and T of crystallization of Icelandic tholeiitic magmas. Experiments in which P was decreased from 1 to 0.5 GPa and then kept constant show that equilibrium between clinopyroxene and liquid is still not reached after 24 hours at 0.5 GPa. Thus a residence time of several days at constant P and T is required to obtain reliable thermobarometric estimates.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4458.pdf: 3504048 bytes, checksum: 2d58625c30daf18fd32a2c6a4a57ddf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Streams and rivers are loctic environments characterized for a strong and unidirectional water flow. These environments in general have the light incidence partial or totally obstructed by the canopy of the riparian vegetation showing a high dependence of allocthonus organic inputs. The stream fishes are usually small sized, with reproductive strategies adapted to the unstable environment and have great trophic plasticity. The endemism is very common in this ictiofauna. The studies on trophic ecology and resources partitioning are important for the understanding of the community dynamics in the environment and the maintenance of the species. The Lapa Stream Watershed is located in the central region of the São Paulo State on area of basaltic cuesta relief. The surroundings of these streams are relatively well preserved and the main economic activities of the region are farming and ecotourism. This study was performed throughout four seasonal fish collections, carried out between April of 2002 and February of 2003 in the diurnal and nocturnal periods. Twelve collection stations were distributed in Lapa and Cantagalo Streams and in Passa Cinco River and sampling were made using cast nets, baited traps, sieves, and gill nets. The diet of 29 species were studied and it was found that insetivory was the main alimentary habit, followed by iliophagy - algivory and omnivory. The alimentary overlapping was high in several species pairs, but the habitat segregation occurred in some of them. The diet of three species altered along the upstream downstream gradient. The patterns of simpatry had been analyzed in three genera: Bryconamericus, Apareiodon and Astyanax and the food was the main resource partitioned among these species followed by the space resource. The results had shown that the micro basin is still well preserved, but that investments in the maintenance and recovery are necessary. / Os riachos e rios são ambientes lóticos, caracterizados por um fluxo de água forte e unidirecional, com ictiofauna de pequeno porte e geralmente endêmica. Os estudos sobre ecologia trófica e partilha de recursos nestes ambientes são importantes no entendimento da dinâmica da comunidade no ambiente e na manutenção das espécies. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar a ecologia trófica da ictiofauna no córrego da Lapa e analisar os padrões de simpatria de espécies congenéricas nesta bacia. A microbacia do córrego da Lapa localiza-se na região central do estado de São Paulo em relevo de cuestas basálticas. O estudo foi realizado por meio de quatro coletas sazonais, realizadas entre abril de 2002 e fevereiro de 2003 nos períodos diurno e noturno. Foram amostradas 12 estações distribuídas nos córregos da Lapa, Cantagalo e no rio Passa Cinco com o auxílio de tarrafas, peneiras, peneirões, armadilhas iscadas e redes de emalhar. A dieta de 29 espécies foi analisada, sendo que o principal hábito alimentar foi o insetívoro, seguido por algívoro - iliófago e onívoro. A sobreposição alimentar foi alta em diversas espécies, mas houve segregação de hábitat em boa parte delas. A dieta de três espécies foi alterada no gradiente nascente foz. Os padrões de simpatria foram analisados em três gêneros: Bryconamericus, Apareiodon e Astyanax, sendo que o alimento foi o principal recurso partilhado pela maioria destas espécies, seguido pelo espaço. Os resultados mostraram que a microbacia encontra-se ainda bem preservada, mas que investimentos na sua manutenção e recuperação são necessários.

Esta pesquisa investigou os processos de gênese dos NITOSSOLOS VERMELHOS Férricos, buscando compreender quais os fatores que levam a diferenciação entre Nitossolos típicos, nos quais encontramos a sequência de horizontes A-Bni-C e Nitossolos latossólicos, mais comuns, de sequência A-Bni-Bw-C. A área de estudos é a bacia do córrego Miringuava, situada no município de Maringá-PR. Esta pequena bacia se insere em um setor da bacia do ribeirão Pinguim no qual ocorre uma transição, entre duas áreas de domínio latossólico, uma no alto curso do Pinguim, outra no baixo curso. A área apresenta-se dominada por Nitossolos e por associações entre Cambissolos e Neossolos Litólicos, que ocorrem devido à presença de diques de diabásio relacionados aos derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral. Para atingir este objetivo, investigamos a relação entre a declividade e a posição destes solos nas vertentes, a ocorrência de transporte de argila no interior destes perfis e sua eventual relação com a formação dos horizontes B níticos (Bni) e por fim, a relação da evolução destes sistemas pedológicos com a evolução do relevo regional. Os procedimentos adotados no estudo seguem a abordagem da Análise Estrutural da Cobertura Pedológica, proposta por Boulet (1982 a, b, c). Os resultados mostram que há uma relação entre declividade e a posição destes solos na vertente, embora não seja possível estabelecer um limite que possa ser extrapolado para toda a bacia do Pinguim. Revelam ainda indícios que apontam para processos de eluviação/iluviação nos perfis estudados e, por fim, que provavelmente os horizontes Bni se formaram a partir de antigos horizontes B latossólicos (Bw), como os encontrados no alto curso do ribeirão pinguim, e que há um processo atual de degradação dos horizontes Bni, que ocorre através da fragmentação de sua estrutura poliédrica em uma estrutura microagregada, sugerindo que há um processo de latossolização destes sistemas, que provavelmente evoluirão para uma cobertura pedológica semelhante à encontrada no setor do baixo curso do ribeirão Pinguim, dominado por Latossolos eutróficos. / This research investigated the genetic processes which give origin to the Red ferric Nitisols, trying to understand which factors lead to the differentiation between the typical Nitisols, with a horizon sequence A-Bni-C and the latosolic Nitisols, the most common type, with an A-Bni-Bw-C horizon sequence. The study area is the Miringuava Creek basin, located in the municipality of Maringá-PR, Brazil. This small hydrographic basin is placed in a sector of the Pinguim Creek basin, in which occurs a transition between two sectors dominated by Latosols, one in the high course of the Pinguim Creek and the other in the low course. The area is dominated by Nitisols and associations of shallow, poorly developed soils, which occur due to the presence of diabase dikes related to the basalts of the Serra Geral Formation. In order to accomplish the goal of this work, we investigated the relationship between slope and the positions of the soils in the hillslopes, clay transportation within the soil systems and finally, the relation between soil coverage and regional landform evolution. The procedures adopted for this research are based on the Structural Analisys of the Pedologic Coverage, proposed by Boulet (1982, a, b, c). The results show a relationship between slope and soil position, although it wasn´t possible to establish a limit which could be extrapolated for the entire area of the Pinguim Creek basin. The results also reveal evidence which point towards clay migration within the soil profiles studied in this work and finally, point to an evolution process in which the nitic horizons are formed from older latosolic horizons, such as the ones found in highest sectors of the Pinguim Creek basin, and that there is a present process of degradation of the nitic horizons, which through the fragmentation of the blocky structures into microgranular ones, suggesting that the Nitisols are evolving into younger eutrofic Latosols, similar to the ones found in the sectors of the low course of the Pinguim Creek.

Nos derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral são reconhecidas numerosas ocorrências de fraturas sub-horizontais de grande continuidade lateral. Tais fraturas, de até centenas de metros de extensão, foram consideradas estruturas típicas em derrames e constituem importantes descontinuidades na estabilidade de obras de engenharia e como rotas de percolação de fluídos. Descritas inicialmente no final da década de 60, as fraturas sub-horizontais em derrames basálticos foram intensamente estudadas até o início da década de 90, por ocasião da construção de grandes barragens sobre os derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral. No presente trabalho, a reunião das informações disponíveis sobre as fraturas sub-horizontais em basaltos permitiu estabelecer as relações entre suas formas de ocorrência e seus processos geradores, bem como a análise crítica dos modelos apresentados na literatura no que diz respeito a movimentações sobre fraturas sub-horizontais. As fraturas sub-horizontais possuem uma ampla variação de características, atribuída a diferentes processos genéticos e atuação de agentes secundários. Tais estruturas podem ocorrer como simples juntas sub-horizontais bastante contínuas, de abertura milimétrica, ou constituírem horizontes fraturados com espessura decimétrica a métrica (até 2 metros), apresentando fortes ondulações. Esses horizontes são caracterizados por fraturas pouco persistentes, que delimitam blocos tabulares com terminações em cunha e em forma de lentes. As fraturas sub-horizontais ocorrem em porções específicas dos derrames: abaixo da zona vesiculo-amigdaloidal do topo; em meio ao basalto maciço, normalmente no limite entre diferentes níveis de disjunções colunares; ou próximo à base do derrame. Os diferentes tipos de fraturas sub-horizontais foram classificados dentro do quadro de eventos sin-, tardi- e pós-magmáticos. As fraturas sub-horizontais sin-magmáticas correspondem a feições de fluxo formadas devido a esforços cisalhantes gerados pela diferença de velocidade de fluxo da lava. As fraturas sub-horizontais tardi-magmáticas correspondem a juntas de resfriamento geradas pelo avanço das frentes de resfriamento que se deslocam das periferias para o centro do derrame. As fraturas sub-horizontais pós-magmáticas correspondem a dois principais tipos de estruturas: juntas de alívio e fraturas de cisalhamento. Tais estruturas podem ser neoformadas, ocorrendo em qualquer porção do derrame, ou se desenvolverem sobre fraturas sub-horizontais preexistentes. Na literatura, as fraturas sub-horizontais foram denominadas como juntasfalhas, devido a variedade de estruturas que apresentavam correlações com feições primárias do derrame e sinais de movimentações como estrias de atrito e deslocamentos de diques e fraturas verticais. Os deslocamentos observados nas fraturas sub-horizontais podem estar associados ao processo de alívio de tensões laterais em taludes, pelo entalhamento de vales fluviais, bem como a movimentações decorrentes de esforços tectônicos regionais. Estrias de fricção ao longo de fraturas sub-horizontais preexistentes têm indicado que tais deslocamentos são compatíveis com movimentações transcorrentes na bacia. Fraturas no fundo dos vales apresentam um padrão conjugado com fraturas sub-horizontais podendo apresentar feições de cisalhamento. / In the basaltic lava flows of Serra Geral Formation, numerous occurrences of subhorizontal fractures of extensive continuity are recognized. Such fractures, of up to hundreds of meters long, were considered typical structures in lava flows and are relevant discontinuities in the stability of engineering works and as fluid percolation routes. Described initially in the late 60s, the subhorizontal fractures in basaltic lava flows were intensely studied until the early 90s, when large dams were built over the rocks of Serra Geral Formation. In this work, a reunion of available information on subhorizontal fractures in basalts allowed to establish the relations between the ways they take place and their genetic processes, as well as the critical analysis of the models presented in the literature with respect to movements on such subhorizontal fractures. Subhorizontal fractures have a wide variety of characteristics, due to different genetic processes and action of secondary agents. Such structures may occur as quite continuous simple subhorizontal joints, of millimetric opening, or fractured undulate horizons with decimetric to metric (up to 2 meters) thickness. Such horizons are characterized by low lateral continuity, limiting tabular blocks with wedge and lensshaped endings. The subhorizontal fractures occur in specific portions of the flows: below the upper crust zone; in the massive basalt, usually at the boundaries between different levels of columnar joints; or near the base of the flow. The different types of subhorizontal fractures were classified within the syn-, late- and post-magmatic events. The synmagmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to features of flow formed due to shear stress generated by lava flow speed difference. The late magmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to cooling joints generated by moving forward of those cooling fronts displacing from the peripheral areas to the middle of the flow. The postmagmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to two different types of structures: release joints and shear fractures. Such structures may be neoformed, and occur in any portion of the flow, or being developed over the preexisting subhorizontal fractures. In the literature, the subhorizontal fractures were named as joint-faults, due to the variety of structures that presented correlations with the flow primary features and signs of movements such as friction striae and displacement of vertical dikes and fractures. The displacements observed in the subhorizontal fractures may be associated with the process of lateral stress release in slopes, by erosion in river valleys, as well as regional tectonic movements. Friction striae along preexisting subhorizontal fractures have shown that displacements are compatible with transcurrent movements in the basin. Fractures in the valley bottoms present a pattern of conjugate subhorizontal fractures and it may also present shear features.

Mgr. Petr Schnabl - Dissertation Paleomagnetism and magnetomineralogy of rocks from the Bohemian Massif and Tethyan Realm Abstract The thesis deals with paleomagnetic and rock magnetic properties of Silurian/Devonian and Jurassic/Cretaceous limestones, Paleogene/Neogene basaltic rocks and altered Silurian basalts. The main goal is to determine the history of the Earths' magnetic field from the Silurian to the present. Two lithostratigraphic formations are defined in the Jičín volcanic field on the basis of volcanology, paleomagnetism and radiometric dating. The Trosky Formation (24.6?/18.3 - 15.7 Ma) is composed of several Strombolian-type volcanoes, while the Kozákov Formation (5.2 - 4.6 Ma) is represented by effusive products with a crater vent of a single giant volcano. One Pliocene (4.3-3.3 Ma) and two Pleistocene phases (2.6 -2.1 Ma and 1.8 - 1.1 Ma) of volcanic activity Magnetostratigraphy is a very important tool for the definition of the J/K boundary. The boundary between the Crassicolaria and Calpionella zones is present within geopolarity zone M19n. The boundary between the ammonite zones Jacobi and Durangites also lies close to this point. Paleomagnetic directions of Silurian and Devonian rocks in the Bohemian Massif are very difficult to interpret and have been studied as a challenging problem...

Foram determinadas as concentrações de terras raras (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb e Lu) e outros elementos-traço (Cs, Rb, Ba, U, Th, Ta, Hf, Co e Sc) em 51 amostras representativas de derrames e soleiras das regiões norte e nordeste da Província Magmática do Paraná, que ocorrem no norte do estado de São Paulo e no sul de Minas Gerais. O método utilizado para estas determinações foi a técnica de ativação com nêutrons térmicos e epitérmicos, seguida de espectrometria gama de alta resolução, que forneceu resultados com elevados níveis de precisão e de exatidão (geralmente com valores inferiores a 10%), conforme atestado pelas concentrações determinadas no material geológico de referência JB-1. Os dados obtidos foram analisados conjuntamente com determinações de elementos maiores, menores e dos traços Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cr e Ni, realizadas por fluorescência de raios ? X. As rochas investigadas são quimicamente representadas por basaltos toleíticos, andesi-basaltos toleíticos e lati-basaltos, enquanto as mais evoluídas (MgO < 3%), que ocorrem de modo muito subordinado, são representadas por latitos e lati-andesitos, além de um riodacito. As rochas básicas (SiO2 < 55% e/ou MgO > 3%) são caracterizadas por apresentarem conteúdos de TiO2 maiores que 3%, sendo que grande maioria possui fortes semelhanças com os magmas-tipo Pitanga, embora tenham sido encontrados alguns derrames, localizados no norte do estado de São Paulo, geoquimicamente semelhantes aos magmas-tipo Urubici (típicos do sul da província). Rochas básicas com concentrações de TiO2 entre 2% e 3% foram também raramente encontradas, as quais representam equivalentes intrusivos de derrames Paranapanema. As rochas mais evoluídas só foram encontradas em soleiras e possuem características geoquímicas que indicam diferenciação a partir de magmas do tipo Pitanga. O comportamento de elementos maiores, menores e traços nas rochas intrusivas e extrusivas do tipo Pitanga, incluindo as mais diferenciadas, é compatível com um processo de evolução por cristalização fracionada envolvendo plagioclásios, clinopiroxênios e titano-magnetitas. A comparação entre derrames e soleiras do tipo Pitanga indica a atuação significativa de processos de diferenciação in situ nas rochas intrusivas, que causaram uma maior variabilidade composicional (soleiras: MgO entre 2,3% e 6,4%; derrames: MgO entre 3,2% e 5,5%). As rochas mais diferenciadas são também caracterizadas por anomalias positivas de európio, que sugerem o acúmulo de plagioclásio devido a esse processo de fracionamento. Os dados obtidos também reforçam que não houve participação significativa de componentes astenosféricos do tipo N-MORB, E-MORB e OIB na gênese das rochas básicas investigadas, as quais possuem grande similaridade geoquímica com os basaltos da Cadeia Rio Grande (sítio 516F) e Cadeia Walvis (sítio 525A), especialmente com os desta última, indicando o envolvimento do componente mantélico EMI. / It is presented the determination of rare earth (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) and other trace (Cs, Rb, Ba, U, Th, Ta, Hf, Co and Sc) element concentrations in 51 representative samples of flows and sills from northern and northeastern Paraná Magmatic Province, particularly those located at north of São Paulo State and south of Minas Gerais. The employed analytical method to those determinations was thermal and epithermal neutron activation analysis, followed by high resolution gamma ray spectrometry, which provided high precision and accuracy results (in general better than 10%), as verified by determinations in the international geological reference material JB-1. The obtained results were integrated with major, minor and trace (Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cr and Ni) elements determined by X-ray fluorescence. The investigated rocks are mainly represented by tholeiitic basalts, tholeiitic andesi-basalts and lati-basalts, with subordinate relatively evolved (MgO < 3wt%) lithotypes, which are represented by latites and lati-andesites, besides one rhyodacite. The basic rocks (SiO2 < 55% and/or MgO > 3%) are characterized by presenting TiO2 contents higher than 3wt%, very similar to Pitanga magma-type, although some flows, located at northern São Paulo State, geochemically similar to Urubici magma-type (typical of southern Paraná) were also found. Basic rocks having TiO2 contents between 2 and 3 wt% were rarely encountered and represent intrusive equivalents of Paranapanema flows. The more evolved rocks were just found in sills and have geochemical characteristics that indicate differentiation from Pitanga magma-types. Major, minor and trace element behaviour of intrusive and extrusive rocks of Pitanga type, including those differentiated ones, is compatible with evolution by fractional crystallization of plagioclases, clinopyroxenes and titanium magnetites. The comparison between flows and sills of Pitanga type indicates the significant role of in situ differentiation in the genesis intrusive rocks, causing its larger compositional variability (sills: MgO between 2.3 and 6.4wt%; flows: MgO between 3.2 and 5.5wt%). The most evolved rocks are also characterized by positive europium anomalies, which suggest plagioclase accumulation caused by such fractionation process. The obtained data also corroborate the lack of significant participation of N-MORB, E-MORB and OIB asthenospheric mantle components in the genesis of basic rocks, which present very close geochemical similarity with Rio Grande Rise (site 516F) and Walvis Ridge (site 525A) basalts, particularly with the last ones, indicating the involvement of EMI mantle component.

Foram determinadas as concentrações de terras raras (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb e Lu) e outros elementos-traço (Cs, Rb, Ba, U, Th, Ta, Hf, Co e Sc) em 51 amostras representativas de derrames e soleiras das regiões norte e nordeste da Província Magmática do Paraná, que ocorrem no norte do estado de São Paulo e no sul de Minas Gerais. O método utilizado para estas determinações foi a técnica de ativação com nêutrons térmicos e epitérmicos, seguida de espectrometria gama de alta resolução, que forneceu resultados com elevados níveis de precisão e de exatidão (geralmente com valores inferiores a 10%), conforme atestado pelas concentrações determinadas no material geológico de referência JB-1. Os dados obtidos foram analisados conjuntamente com determinações de elementos maiores, menores e dos traços Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cr e Ni, realizadas por fluorescência de raios ? X. As rochas investigadas são quimicamente representadas por basaltos toleíticos, andesi-basaltos toleíticos e lati-basaltos, enquanto as mais evoluídas (MgO < 3%), que ocorrem de modo muito subordinado, são representadas por latitos e lati-andesitos, além de um riodacito. As rochas básicas (SiO2 < 55% e/ou MgO > 3%) são caracterizadas por apresentarem conteúdos de TiO2 maiores que 3%, sendo que grande maioria possui fortes semelhanças com os magmas-tipo Pitanga, embora tenham sido encontrados alguns derrames, localizados no norte do estado de São Paulo, geoquimicamente semelhantes aos magmas-tipo Urubici (típicos do sul da província). Rochas básicas com concentrações de TiO2 entre 2% e 3% foram também raramente encontradas, as quais representam equivalentes intrusivos de derrames Paranapanema. As rochas mais evoluídas só foram encontradas em soleiras e possuem características geoquímicas que indicam diferenciação a partir de magmas do tipo Pitanga. O comportamento de elementos maiores, menores e traços nas rochas intrusivas e extrusivas do tipo Pitanga, incluindo as mais diferenciadas, é compatível com um processo de evolução por cristalização fracionada envolvendo plagioclásios, clinopiroxênios e titano-magnetitas. A comparação entre derrames e soleiras do tipo Pitanga indica a atuação significativa de processos de diferenciação in situ nas rochas intrusivas, que causaram uma maior variabilidade composicional (soleiras: MgO entre 2,3% e 6,4%; derrames: MgO entre 3,2% e 5,5%). As rochas mais diferenciadas são também caracterizadas por anomalias positivas de európio, que sugerem o acúmulo de plagioclásio devido a esse processo de fracionamento. Os dados obtidos também reforçam que não houve participação significativa de componentes astenosféricos do tipo N-MORB, E-MORB e OIB na gênese das rochas básicas investigadas, as quais possuem grande similaridade geoquímica com os basaltos da Cadeia Rio Grande (sítio 516F) e Cadeia Walvis (sítio 525A), especialmente com os desta última, indicando o envolvimento do componente mantélico EMI. / It is presented the determination of rare earth (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and Lu) and other trace (Cs, Rb, Ba, U, Th, Ta, Hf, Co and Sc) element concentrations in 51 representative samples of flows and sills from northern and northeastern Paraná Magmatic Province, particularly those located at north of São Paulo State and south of Minas Gerais. The employed analytical method to those determinations was thermal and epithermal neutron activation analysis, followed by high resolution gamma ray spectrometry, which provided high precision and accuracy results (in general better than 10%), as verified by determinations in the international geological reference material JB-1. The obtained results were integrated with major, minor and trace (Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cr and Ni) elements determined by X-ray fluorescence. The investigated rocks are mainly represented by tholeiitic basalts, tholeiitic andesi-basalts and lati-basalts, with subordinate relatively evolved (MgO < 3wt%) lithotypes, which are represented by latites and lati-andesites, besides one rhyodacite. The basic rocks (SiO2 < 55% and/or MgO > 3%) are characterized by presenting TiO2 contents higher than 3wt%, very similar to Pitanga magma-type, although some flows, located at northern São Paulo State, geochemically similar to Urubici magma-type (typical of southern Paraná) were also found. Basic rocks having TiO2 contents between 2 and 3 wt% were rarely encountered and represent intrusive equivalents of Paranapanema flows. The more evolved rocks were just found in sills and have geochemical characteristics that indicate differentiation from Pitanga magma-types. Major, minor and trace element behaviour of intrusive and extrusive rocks of Pitanga type, including those differentiated ones, is compatible with evolution by fractional crystallization of plagioclases, clinopyroxenes and titanium magnetites. The comparison between flows and sills of Pitanga type indicates the significant role of in situ differentiation in the genesis intrusive rocks, causing its larger compositional variability (sills: MgO between 2.3 and 6.4wt%; flows: MgO between 3.2 and 5.5wt%). The most evolved rocks are also characterized by positive europium anomalies, which suggest plagioclase accumulation caused by such fractionation process. The obtained data also corroborate the lack of significant participation of N-MORB, E-MORB and OIB asthenospheric mantle components in the genesis of basic rocks, which present very close geochemical similarity with Rio Grande Rise (site 516F) and Walvis Ridge (site 525A) basalts, particularly with the last ones, indicating the involvement of EMI mantle component.