The Lyttelton Volcanic Complex, north-western Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, is comprised of five overlapping volcanic cones. Two magma systems are postulated to have fed Banks Peninsula’s basaltic intraplate volcanism, with simultaneous volcanism occurring in both the north-western and south-eastern regions of Banks Peninsula, to form Lyttelton and Akaroa Volcanic Complexes respectively. The elongate form of Banks Peninsula is postulated to relate to the upward constraining of magmatism in a north-west / south-east fault bounded zone. The Lyttelton Volcanic Complex resulted from the development of a pull-apart basin, with a number of releasing bend faults, controlling the location of eruptive sites. Cone structure further influenced the pathway magma propagated, with new eruptive sites developing on the un-buttressed flanks, resulting in the eruption and formation of a new cone, or as further cone growth recorded as an eruptive package. Each cone formed through constructional or eruptive phases, termed an eruptive package. Eruptive packages commonly terminate with a rubbly a’a to blocky lava flow, identified through stratigraphic relationships, lava flow trends and flow types, a related dyking regime, and radial erosional features (i.e. ridges and valleys). Within the overall evolving geochemical trend of the Lyttelton Volcanic Complex, are cyclic eruptive phases, intrinsically linked to eruptive packages. Within an eruptive package, crystal content fluctuates, but there is a common trend of increasing feldspar content, with peak levels corresponding to a blocky lava flow horizon, indicating the role of increased crystalinity and lava flow rheology. Cyclic eruptive phases relate to discreet magma batches within the higher levels of the edifice, with crystal content increasing as each magma batch evolves, limiting the ability of the volcanic system, over time, to erupt. Evolving magmas resulted in explosive eruptions following effusive eruptives, and / or result in the intrusion of hypabyssal features such as dykes and domes, of more evolved compositions (i.e. trachyte). Each eruptive package hosts a radial dyke swarm, reflecting the stress state of a shallow level magma chamber or a newly developed stress field due to gravitational relaxation in the newly constructed edifice, at the time of emplacement. Two distinct erosional structures are modelled; radial valleys and cone-controlled valleys. Radial valleys reflect radial erosion about a cone’s summit, while cone-controlled valleys are regions where eruptive packages and cones from different centres meet, allowing stream development. Interbedded epiclastic deposits within the Lyttelton lava flow sequences indicate volcanic degradation during volcanic activity. As degradation of the volcanic complex progressed, summit regions coalesced, later becoming unidirectional breached, increasing the area of the drainage basin and thus the potential to erode and transport extensive amounts of material away, ultimately forming Lyttelton Harbour, Gebbies Pass, and the infilled Mt Herbert region. Epiclastic deposits on the south-eastern side of Lyttelton Harbour indicate a paleo-valley system (paleo-Lyttelton Harbour) existed prior to 8.1 Ma, while the morphology of the Lyttelton Volcanic Complex directed the eruptive sites, style and resultant morphology of the proceeding volcanic groups.

Discharge of colored effluents without decoloration originated from textile industries may cause serious problems in the receiving environments. In this study, natural materials that are basaltic tephra and clinoptilolite were used to remove various dyestuffs used in the textile industry. Those materials are cheap and available in large quantities in Turkey. The investigation of adsorption of basic, acidic and reactive dyes on these materials is the objective of this study. During preliminary experiments it was seen that adsorption equilibrium was reached in about 2 days. In adsorption experiments, in order to obtain adsorption isotherms, a fixed amount of adsorbent and 100 mL dye solutions of different concentrations were placed in glass bottles which were shaken at 200 rpm and 25&plusmn / 2oC for 2 days. Then, samples were filtered and the equilibrium concentrations of dyestuffs in the solutions were determined by using spectrophotometer at appropriate wavelength corresponding to the maximum absorbency. After equilibrium concentrations of the solutions were obtained, Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants were calculated for the adsorbents used in this study. The removal efficiencies for cationic basic dyes are higher than those for anionic acidic and reactive dyes with the natural materials. Therefore, modification of surface properties of natural materials with a cationic surfactant was considered to increase the removal efficiencies of those for anionic dyes. After modification of the surface properties, adsorption capacities of adsorbents for anionic dyes were higher than those of natural materials. Finally, the adsorption capacity of activated carbon for the same dyes was determined to compare with that of natural and modified materials. The results showed that the adsorption of dyes on adsorbents used in this study fitted nicely the Langmuir Isotherm Equations.

No description available.

Les processus d'altération des verres basaltiques constituant le pourtour vitrifié des laves en coussins influencent les grands cycles géochimiques terrestres puisqu'ils contribuent à l'évolution de la composition des océans et de la croûte océanique et sont des acteurs de la dynamique du climat. Au regard de la diversité des communautés bactériennes peuplant ces aquifères, il est admis que l'altération de ces roches est un processus biologiquement catalysé. Toutefois, peu d'études ont cherché à quantifier cette contribution bactérienne, au regard de la diversité et de la complexité des interactions possibles. Ce travail vise à expliciter et quantifier l'influence des ligands bactériens et notamment des sidérophores sur les processus d'altération, en décomposant les systèmes naturels en situations expérimentales simplifiées. Dans cette optique, trois verres basaltiques modèles, porteurs ou non de Fe(II)/Fe(III), ont été synthétisés. Des expériences de dissolution de ces verres, à pH neutre et à 25 C, ont été réalisées (1) en conditions abiotiques (solutions de sidérophores purs, milieu de culture stérile), (2) en présence de la souche Pseudomonas aeruginosa mais en confinant le verre dans des membranes de dialyse, (3) au contact direct de la souche. En parallèle de ces expériences, des analyses des solides ont été menées et un protocole d'analyse verticale de la composition d'un verre altéré par LA-ICP-MS a notamment été mis au point. L'analyse des solutions/milieux d'altération par ICP-OES a permis d'évaluer les cinétiques et la stoechiométrie de la dissolution. Les expériences en conditions abiotiques révèlent qu'en présence de sidérophores, l'extraction préférentielle du fer structural (respectivement de l'aluminium pour un verre sans fer) via des réactions de complexation en surface des verres, est le moteur de la dissolution du réseau vitreux. Réciproquement, dans les cultures bactériennes, la production de sidérophore par Pseudomonas aeruginosa est déclenchée lorsque (1) aucun contact direct verre/bactérie n'est possible, (2) le fer est absent de l'environnement cellulaire, (3) certains métaux toxiques ou pouvant nuire aux métabolismes bactériens (typiquement l'aluminium) sont néanmoins présents et (4) le fer n'est disponible que sous sa forme réduite. Outre l'accélération de l'hydrolyse du réseau vitreux en présence de sidérophores, l'influence positive de la constitution d'un biofilm en surface des verres sur la dissolution de ces derniers a également été observée. Ces résultats mettent en évidence la forte affinité de la souche pour les verres basaltiques ainsi que le rôle central du fer, oxydé ou réduit, dans les mécanismes dégagés / The alteration of ocean basalts partly controls the composition of seawater and of the oceanic crust which in turn influences the Earth's mantle geochemistry and may also have a significant impact on Earth's climate over a geological timescale. Regarding the existence of an extensive subsurface biosphere within the basaltic basement of the uppermost oceanic crust, the weathering of basaltic glass is now considered as a bacterial mediated process. However, the diversity and complexity of the involved mechanisms interfere with the quantification of the impact of microorganisms. This work was conducted to determine and quantify the influence of organic ligands produced by the cells, and notably siderophores on the alteration processes. Simplified experimental systems were designed to gradually mimic natural environments. Fe(III)-, Fe(II)-bearing, and Fe-free synthetic basaltic glasses were prepared and submitted to dissolution experiments at 25 C and near neutral pH conditions in (1) abiotic conditions (pure siderophore solutions and sterile bacterial medium), (2) in the presence of the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa but isolated from the bacterial suspension by dialysis bags and (3) directly in contact with the strain. In parallel, solid analysis were conducted and LA-ICP-MS analysis protocols were notably developped. Dissolution kinetics and stoichiometry were determined by measuring elemental concentrations in solutions by ICP-OES. In abiotic conditions, the siderophore-promoted dissolution of the glass network appears to be driven by the complexation and the preferential extraction of iron (respectively aluminium for no-Fe bearing glasses). Reciprocally, in biotic systems, the siderophore production is stimulated when (1) no direct interaction between the glass and bacteria is possible, (2) the system is Fe-defficient, (3) toxic metals (e.g. aluminium) are nevertheless present and (4) iron is only available under its reduced form. In addition to the promotion of hydrolysis rates of the silicate network by siderophores, biofilms forming at the glass surfaces were shown to have a positive impact on the dissolution kinetics. These results show the specific affinity of the strain for basaltic glasses and the central role of iron under its oxidized or reduced form in the dissolution mechanisms

Cette thèse porte sur les mécanismes et cinétiques d'altération des verres basaltiques. Par une meilleure compréhension des processus contrôlant la durabilité de ces verres, elle tente d'établir un lien entre les études de laboratoire et l'altération des verres volcaniques en milieu naturel. La méthodologie suivie reprend celle utilisée pour les verres nucléaires. Ainsi, nous mesurons pour la première fois la vitesse résiduelle d'altération des verres basaltiques. L'effet protecteur de la pellicule d'altération est clairement mis en évidence. Par ailleurs, la représentativité des verres synthétiques est évaluée par le biais d'une étude sur l'effet du degré d'oxydation du fer sur la structure et l'altération du verre. Un effet mineur de la teneur en FeII sur la vitesse initiale et un effet négligeable sur la vitesse résiduelle sont établis. La vitesse résiduelle a été extrapolée à 5°C et comparée à la vitesse d'altération moyenne de verres basaltiques d'âges compris entre 1900 et 107 ans. Les verres naturels non-zéolitisés s'inscrivent dans cette tendance linéaire, suggérant un contrôle de la vitesse à long terme par la précipitation de phases secondaires argileuses. Le milieu naturel étant ouvert, une étude paramétrique a été menée pour quantifier l'effet du débit d'eau sur la composition chimique de la couche d'altération. L'application des lois ainsi obtenues à deux échantillons naturels conduit à des résultats cohérents. Ainsi, il semble possible d'unifier l'approche descriptive issue des milieux naturels à celle, mécanistique, développée au laboratoire. L'étape suivante consistera à développer une modélisation pour transposer ces résultats aux verres nucléaires. / This dissertation concerns basaltic glass alteration mechanisms and rates. Through a better understanding of the processes controlling the basaltic glass durability, this thesis attempts to establish a link between laboratory studies and volcanic glass alteration in natural environment. The methodology used here is similar to the one used for nuclear glasses. Thus, we measured for the first time the residual alteration rate of basaltic glasses. Protective effect of the alteration film is clearly established. Moreover, synthetic glass representativity is evaluated through a study focused on the effect of iron oxidation degree on the glass structure and leaching properties. A minor effect of FeII on the forward rate and a negligible effect on the residual rate are shown. The residual rate is extrapolated at 5°C and compared to the mean alteration rate of natural samples of ages ranging from 1900 to 107 years. Non-zeolitized natural glasses follow this linear tendency, suggesting a control of the long-term rate by clayey secondary phase precipitation. Natural environments are open environments: a parametric study was performed in order to quantify the water flow rate effect on chemical composition of the alteration layer. When applied to two natural samples, the obtained laws provide coherent results. It seems possible to unify the descriptive approach from the study of natural environments to the mechanistic approach developed at the laboratory. The next step will consist in developing a model to transpose these results to nuclear glasses.

L'évolution de la majorité des volcans basaltiques est marquée par des phénomènes récurrents d'instabilité latérale. De nombreux facteurs d'instabilité, impliqués dans des déstabilisations à long terme ou des effondrements de flancs instantanés, ont été recensés depuis l'événement majeur qui a frappé le Mont Saint-Helens en 1980. Cependant, le rôle de ces facteurs sur la stabilité mécanique des édifices est mal contraint dans la mesure où les glissements de flancs résultent en général de plusieurs causes simultanées. Notre étude se concentre sur une comparaison des caractéristiques morphologiques et structurales de deux systèmes basaltiques, La Réunion (Océan Indien, France) et Stromboli (Mer Tyrrhénienne, Italie). Nous avons montré que, bien qu'ayant des volumes et des contextes géodynamiques très différents, les systèmes sont tous deux caractérisés par une activité intrusive intense le long de rift zones et ont subi des déstabilisations latérales récurrentes durant leur évolution. Parmi les facteurs d'instabilité, les exemples de La Réunion et de Stromboli soulignent l'influence majeure des complexes intrusifs dans la croissance et le démantèlement des volcans, comme le prouvent les études de terrain et la surveillance des ces volcans actifs. Les modèles classiques considèrent que le processus d'instabilité latérale en domaine volcanique résulte de la mise en place d'une ou plusieurs intrusions verticales, entrainant des mouvements de flancs le long d'une surface de glissement pré-existante. De nouvelles données de terrain obtenues au Piton des Neiges (La Réunion), ainsi que des données de littérature sur d'autres édifices, ont permis de mettre en évidence le rôle des intrusions sub-horizontales dans les déstabilisations de flancs et de caractériser la géométrie des intrusions sub-verticales et sub-horizontales au sein des volcans basaltiques. Cette étude compare les résultats de la modélisation numérique des champs de déplacements de surface crées par la mise en place d'intrusions magmatiques à faible / fort pendage dans les édifices basaltiques, grâce à une méthode d'éléments frontières mixte (Mixed Boundary Element Method), dans le but de déterminer le comportement mécanique d'un édifice soumis à des injections magmatiques sous différents champs de contraintes. Les résultats de cette étude montrent qu'un champ de contraintes anisotrope favorise le glissement le long des intrusions, généré par la contrainte cisaillante co-intrusive, à l'origine de déplacements à l'échelle du flanc de l'édifice. Ces déplacements de grande ampleur, préférentiellement liés à des intrusions subhorizontales, peuvent probablement déclencher des grands glissements latéraux si leur amplitude dépasse le seuil de stabilité de l'édifice. L'application des résultats théoriques à des exemples réels de déformations enregistrées sur des volcans basaltiques (dont La Réunion et Stromboli, au cours de leurs crises éruptives de 2007) révèle que le modèle de déstabilisation associée à des intrusions sub-verticales est un mécanisme pouvant générer des effondrements de flancs sur des petits édifices à fortes pentes comme Stromboli. De plus, nos données de terrain et les résultats de modélisation confirment l'importance des intrusions sub-horizontales dans l'évolution morpho-structurale des grands édifices basaltiques à faibles pentes comme le Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion), l'Etna ou le Kilauea, et plus particulièrement dans les instabilités de flancs pouvant causer des tsunamis dévastateurs. / Most basaltic volcanoes are affected by recurrent lateral instabilities during their evolution. Numerous factors have been shown to be involved in the process of flank destabilization occurring over long periods of time or by instantaneous failures. However, the role of these factors on the mechanical behaviour and stability of volcanic edifices is poorly-constrained as lateral failure usually results from the combined effects of several parameters. Our study focuses on the morphological and structural comparison of two end-member basaltic systems, La Reunion (Indian ocean, France) and Stromboli (southern Tyrrhenian sea, Italy). We showed that despite major differences on their volumes and geodynamic settings, both systems present some similarities as they are characterized by an intense intrusive activity along well-developed rift zones and recurrent phenomena of flank collapse during their evolution. Among the factors of instability, the examples of la Reunion and Stromboli evidence the major contribution of intrusive complexes to volcano growth and destruction as attested by field observations and the monitoring of these active volcanoes. Classical models consider the relationship between vertical intrusions of magma and flank movements along a preexisting sliding surface. A set of published and new field data from Piton des Neiges volcano (La Reunion) allowed us to recognize the role of subhorizontal intrusions in the process of flank instability and to characterize the geometry of both subvertical and subhorizontal intrusions within basaltic edifices. This study compares the results of numerical modelling of the displacements associated with high-angle and low-angle intrusions within basaltic volcanoes. We use a Mixed Boundary Element Method to investigate the mechanical response of an edifice to the injection of magmatic intrusions in different stress fields. Our results indicate that the anisotropy of the stress field favours the slip along the intrusions due to cointrusive shear stress, generating flank-scale displacements of the edifice, especially in the case of subhorizontal intrusions, capable of triggering large-scale flank collapses on basaltic volcanoes. Applications of our theoretical results to real cases of flank displacements on basaltic volcanoes (such as the 2007 eruptive crisis at La Reunion and Stromboli) revealed that the previous model of subvertical intrusions-related collapse is a likely mechanism affecting small-scale steeply-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Stromboli. Furthermore, our field study combined to modelling results confirms the importance of shallow-dipping intrusions in the morpho-structural evolution of large gently-sloping basaltic volcanoes like Piton de la Fournaise, Etna and Kilauea, with particular regards to flank instability, which can cause catastrophic tsunamis.

Nos derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral são reconhecidas numerosas ocorrências de fraturas sub-horizontais de grande continuidade lateral. Tais fraturas, de até centenas de metros de extensão, foram consideradas estruturas típicas em derrames e constituem importantes descontinuidades na estabilidade de obras de engenharia e como rotas de percolação de fluídos. Descritas inicialmente no final da década de 60, as fraturas sub-horizontais em derrames basálticos foram intensamente estudadas até o início da década de 90, por ocasião da construção de grandes barragens sobre os derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral. No presente trabalho, a reunião das informações disponíveis sobre as fraturas sub-horizontais em basaltos permitiu estabelecer as relações entre suas formas de ocorrência e seus processos geradores, bem como a análise crítica dos modelos apresentados na literatura no que diz respeito a movimentações sobre fraturas sub-horizontais. As fraturas sub-horizontais possuem uma ampla variação de características, atribuída a diferentes processos genéticos e atuação de agentes secundários. Tais estruturas podem ocorrer como simples juntas sub-horizontais bastante contínuas, de abertura milimétrica, ou constituírem horizontes fraturados com espessura decimétrica a métrica (até 2 metros), apresentando fortes ondulações. Esses horizontes são caracterizados por fraturas pouco persistentes, que delimitam blocos tabulares com terminações em cunha e em forma de lentes. As fraturas sub-horizontais ocorrem em porções específicas dos derrames: abaixo da zona vesiculo-amigdaloidal do topo; em meio ao basalto maciço, normalmente no limite entre diferentes níveis de disjunções colunares; ou próximo à base do derrame. Os diferentes tipos de fraturas sub-horizontais foram classificados dentro do quadro de eventos sin-, tardi- e pós-magmáticos. As fraturas sub-horizontais sin-magmáticas correspondem a feições de fluxo formadas devido a esforços cisalhantes gerados pela diferença de velocidade de fluxo da lava. As fraturas sub-horizontais tardi-magmáticas correspondem a juntas de resfriamento geradas pelo avanço das frentes de resfriamento que se deslocam das periferias para o centro do derrame. As fraturas sub-horizontais pós-magmáticas correspondem a dois principais tipos de estruturas: juntas de alívio e fraturas de cisalhamento. Tais estruturas podem ser neoformadas, ocorrendo em qualquer porção do derrame, ou se desenvolverem sobre fraturas sub-horizontais preexistentes. Na literatura, as fraturas sub-horizontais foram denominadas como juntasfalhas, devido a variedade de estruturas que apresentavam correlações com feições primárias do derrame e sinais de movimentações como estrias de atrito e deslocamentos de diques e fraturas verticais. Os deslocamentos observados nas fraturas sub-horizontais podem estar associados ao processo de alívio de tensões laterais em taludes, pelo entalhamento de vales fluviais, bem como a movimentações decorrentes de esforços tectônicos regionais. Estrias de fricção ao longo de fraturas sub-horizontais preexistentes têm indicado que tais deslocamentos são compatíveis com movimentações transcorrentes na bacia. Fraturas no fundo dos vales apresentam um padrão conjugado com fraturas sub-horizontais podendo apresentar feições de cisalhamento. / In the basaltic lava flows of Serra Geral Formation, numerous occurrences of subhorizontal fractures of extensive continuity are recognized. Such fractures, of up to hundreds of meters long, were considered typical structures in lava flows and are relevant discontinuities in the stability of engineering works and as fluid percolation routes. Described initially in the late 60s, the subhorizontal fractures in basaltic lava flows were intensely studied until the early 90s, when large dams were built over the rocks of Serra Geral Formation. In this work, a reunion of available information on subhorizontal fractures in basalts allowed to establish the relations between the ways they take place and their genetic processes, as well as the critical analysis of the models presented in the literature with respect to movements on such subhorizontal fractures. Subhorizontal fractures have a wide variety of characteristics, due to different genetic processes and action of secondary agents. Such structures may occur as quite continuous simple subhorizontal joints, of millimetric opening, or fractured undulate horizons with decimetric to metric (up to 2 meters) thickness. Such horizons are characterized by low lateral continuity, limiting tabular blocks with wedge and lensshaped endings. The subhorizontal fractures occur in specific portions of the flows: below the upper crust zone; in the massive basalt, usually at the boundaries between different levels of columnar joints; or near the base of the flow. The different types of subhorizontal fractures were classified within the syn-, late- and post-magmatic events. The synmagmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to features of flow formed due to shear stress generated by lava flow speed difference. The late magmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to cooling joints generated by moving forward of those cooling fronts displacing from the peripheral areas to the middle of the flow. The postmagmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to two different types of structures: release joints and shear fractures. Such structures may be neoformed, and occur in any portion of the flow, or being developed over the preexisting subhorizontal fractures. In the literature, the subhorizontal fractures were named as joint-faults, due to the variety of structures that presented correlations with the flow primary features and signs of movements such as friction striae and displacement of vertical dikes and fractures. The displacements observed in the subhorizontal fractures may be associated with the process of lateral stress release in slopes, by erosion in river valleys, as well as regional tectonic movements. Friction striae along preexisting subhorizontal fractures have shown that displacements are compatible with transcurrent movements in the basin. Fractures in the valley bottoms present a pattern of conjugate subhorizontal fractures and it may also present shear features.

Esta pesquisa investigou os processos de gênese dos NITOSSOLOS VERMELHOS Férricos, buscando compreender quais os fatores que levam a diferenciação entre Nitossolos típicos, nos quais encontramos a sequência de horizontes A-Bni-C e Nitossolos latossólicos, mais comuns, de sequência A-Bni-Bw-C. A área de estudos é a bacia do córrego Miringuava, situada no município de Maringá-PR. Esta pequena bacia se insere em um setor da bacia do ribeirão Pinguim no qual ocorre uma transição, entre duas áreas de domínio latossólico, uma no alto curso do Pinguim, outra no baixo curso. A área apresenta-se dominada por Nitossolos e por associações entre Cambissolos e Neossolos Litólicos, que ocorrem devido à presença de diques de diabásio relacionados aos derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral. Para atingir este objetivo, investigamos a relação entre a declividade e a posição destes solos nas vertentes, a ocorrência de transporte de argila no interior destes perfis e sua eventual relação com a formação dos horizontes B níticos (Bni) e por fim, a relação da evolução destes sistemas pedológicos com a evolução do relevo regional. Os procedimentos adotados no estudo seguem a abordagem da Análise Estrutural da Cobertura Pedológica, proposta por Boulet (1982 a, b, c). Os resultados mostram que há uma relação entre declividade e a posição destes solos na vertente, embora não seja possível estabelecer um limite que possa ser extrapolado para toda a bacia do Pinguim. Revelam ainda indícios que apontam para processos de eluviação/iluviação nos perfis estudados e, por fim, que provavelmente os horizontes Bni se formaram a partir de antigos horizontes B latossólicos (Bw), como os encontrados no alto curso do ribeirão pinguim, e que há um processo atual de degradação dos horizontes Bni, que ocorre através da fragmentação de sua estrutura poliédrica em uma estrutura microagregada, sugerindo que há um processo de latossolização destes sistemas, que provavelmente evoluirão para uma cobertura pedológica semelhante à encontrada no setor do baixo curso do ribeirão Pinguim, dominado por Latossolos eutróficos. / This research investigated the genetic processes which give origin to the Red ferric Nitisols, trying to understand which factors lead to the differentiation between the typical Nitisols, with a horizon sequence A-Bni-C and the latosolic Nitisols, the most common type, with an A-Bni-Bw-C horizon sequence. The study area is the Miringuava Creek basin, located in the municipality of Maringá-PR, Brazil. This small hydrographic basin is placed in a sector of the Pinguim Creek basin, in which occurs a transition between two sectors dominated by Latosols, one in the high course of the Pinguim Creek and the other in the low course. The area is dominated by Nitisols and associations of shallow, poorly developed soils, which occur due to the presence of diabase dikes related to the basalts of the Serra Geral Formation. In order to accomplish the goal of this work, we investigated the relationship between slope and the positions of the soils in the hillslopes, clay transportation within the soil systems and finally, the relation between soil coverage and regional landform evolution. The procedures adopted for this research are based on the Structural Analisys of the Pedologic Coverage, proposed by Boulet (1982, a, b, c). The results show a relationship between slope and soil position, although it wasn´t possible to establish a limit which could be extrapolated for the entire area of the Pinguim Creek basin. The results also reveal evidence which point towards clay migration within the soil profiles studied in this work and finally, point to an evolution process in which the nitic horizons are formed from older latosolic horizons, such as the ones found in highest sectors of the Pinguim Creek basin, and that there is a present process of degradation of the nitic horizons, which through the fragmentation of the blocky structures into microgranular ones, suggesting that the Nitisols are evolving into younger eutrofic Latosols, similar to the ones found in the sectors of the low course of the Pinguim Creek.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-28T11:36:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Gustavo Brusius Wilbert_.pdf: 4731645 bytes, checksum: 08c801a9545a481516dfe01632256d9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-28T11:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Gustavo Brusius Wilbert_.pdf: 4731645 bytes, checksum: 08c801a9545a481516dfe01632256d9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / O setor da construção civil é responsável por um grande impacto ambiental, destacando-se dois principais fatores, a quantidade de matéria-prima consumida e de resíduos gerados. Estes resíduos, em grande parte apresentam um grande potencial de reciclagem. Dentre estes resíduos, os de concreto apresentam um excelente potencial de utilização. Inúmeras pesquisas já comprovaram a viabilidade de utilização do Agregado Reciclado de Concreto (ARC). Porém, a menor qualidade do ARC em comparação aos agregados naturais, resultada em queda no desempenho destes concretos, principalmente nas propriedades de durabilidade. Como consequência ocorre um enfraquecimento da zona de transição entre a argamassa velha e a nova. Em função desta queda de desempenho ao se utilizar ARC, a presente pesquisa teve por objetivo a análise desta zona de transição, através do estudo da interface entre duas argamassas de concreto por meio da técnica de nanoindentação. Para esta análise foram moldados agregados reciclados de concretos modificados, todos no traço referência (sem adição), e posteriormente aplicada uma nova camada de argamassas com diferentes traços. Os traços variaram entre dois tipos de adição (Finos Basálticos – FB e Cinza da Casca de Arroz – CCA), em diferentes teores de adição ao cimento, 0, 5, 10 e 15% para os finos e 0, 5 7,5 e 10% para a CCA. Após cura de 63 dias, as amostras foram preparadas para a realização dos ensaios. Para a análise das medidas de nanoindentação na interface, foram propostos três métodos de análise. As propriedades macroestruturais foram avaliadas aos 28 dias, como módulo de elasticidade dinâmico, resistência à compressão, resistência à tração por compressão diametral e absorção de água por capilaridade. Os resultados demonstraram a melhora das propriedades macroestruturais das argamassas com 15% de FB e CCA em relação à referência. Foram identificadas alterações na região de interface entre as argamassas no traço com 15% de finos de basalto e em todos os traços com CCA, que apresentaram os melhores resultados. A comparação entre a região mais próxima à zona de transição resultou, para todos os traços, em valores semelhantes aos obtidos em regiões de pastas mais distantes à zona de transição, demonstrando que o uso de uma argamassa antiga na condição seca (simulando um agregado reciclado seco) melhorou as condições da zona de transição com a argamassa nova. / Construction is responsible for a large environmental impact, highlighting two main factors: consume of raw materials and generation of waste materials. By other hand, construction and demolition waste has a good potential of recycling. Many studies have demonstrated the viability of using recycled concrete coarse aggregate (RCA) in new concrete. However, due to the RCA’s properties, most results point to a lower durability of the concrete. It is also consensus that the main reasons for the lower quality of the new concrete are the mortar layer adhered to the natural aggregate and the weakening in the new Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) between the old and the new mortar. This study analyze the new interfacial transition zone in these concretes through nanoindentation. There were produced recycled concrete aggregates without addition of filler, and over these aggregates there were produced a new mortar layer with different mix compositions. There were used basaltic filler and rice husk ash-RHA in different levels of addition: 0, 5, 10 and 15% for the filler, and 0, 5, 7,5 and 10% for the ash. Their interfaces were evaluated using different methodologies. Modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, tensile strength and capillarity were determined. The use of fines improved the mortar properties in relation to the reference, especially those with 15% filler and the samples with RHA. The region near to the ITZ shows similar elastic moduli values to those obtained in the paste, in all mortars, proving that using dry recycled aggregates the new mortar loose water to the aggregates and increase their mechanical properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francielli Capa.pdf: 196798 bytes, checksum: 632195ca474fed051f976290ba0da6a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-18 / The object of this research is to understand the evolution of the slopes of the middle valley of Marrecas River, established in basaltic rocks, located in southwestern of Paraná state, through the characterization of two colluvial deposits. Colluviums deposits are set on the slopes of the urban area in Francisco Beltrão, one of them located in the Hill of Calvary and the other one in the hill of São Cristóvão district. Descriptions were carried out of stratigraphic sections and analysis of granulometry, mineralogy of fractionated clay and micromorphological (micro factory ). In the neighborhood of São Cristóvão three colluvial units were identified: i) Unit I, located at the base of the section, massive crushed rock mud ii) Unit II, massive muddy gravel and iii) Unit III massive crushed rock mud. On the other hand, on the section of the Hill of Calvary four colluvial units were identified: i) Unit I, muddy gravel with supported matrix and massive structure and ii) Unit II, muddy gravel with massive structure, iii) Unit III, muddy gravel with massive clasts supported and iv) unit IV, similar to Unit II. It is suggested that the colluvial units were generated by movements of mass like landslides / slips, with flows of high concentration of water and sediment. Two types of mass movements were individualized: a) the flow of land for units I and III of the section São Cristóvão and units II and IV of the section Hill of Calvary, and b) flow of debris for unit II of Sao Cristóvão section and unit I of the Hill of Calvary. The analysis of the micro factory / micromorphology of the colluvial units exhibited predominantly porphyritic matrix with microstructure on cracks and locally in blocks. It is suggested that the slope of the neighborhood of São Cristóvão, it was exposed for a significant time, the weathering causing the lateritic soil profile (ferruginous or fersialitico) to develop. On the slope of the Hill of Calvary the superficial surface is shallower due to the higher frequency of action of the superficial runoff before the mass movements. Both the colluvial deposits of the slopes studied record the prevalence of events of morphogenesis in the last stages of evolution, thus promoting the retreat of the slopes due to exceptional rainfall events. The study of evolutionary phenomena in two slopes of the middle valley of Marrecas River suggests that the morphogenesis appeared in the scale of the middle valley of Marrecas River, being the last events associated with the expansion of valleys and retreat of slopes. The question is whether other slopes had also experienced the environmental instability and presented superficial formation correlated to the slopes studied / O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é compreender a evolução das encostas do médio vale do Rio Marrecas, estabelecida em rochas basálticas, localizada no sudoeste do Paraná, através da caracterização de dois depósitos de colúvio. Os depósitos de colúvios são estabelecidos em encostas do sítio urbano do município de Francisco Beltrão, uma localizada no Morro do Calvário e outra em morro do bairro São Cristóvão. Foram realizadas descrições de seções estratigráficas e análises granulometria, mineralogia da fração argila e micromorfológica (microfábrica). Na seção do morro do bairro São Cristóvão foram identificadas três unidades coluviais: i) unidade I, localizada na base da seção, lama cascalhenta maciça; ii) unidade II, cascalho lamoso maciço e iii) unidade III lama cascalhenta maciça. Já na seção do Morro do Calvário identificou-se quatro unidades coluviais: i) unidade I, cascalho lamoso com matriz suportada e estrutura maciça; ii) unidade II, lama cascalhenta com estrutura maciça; iii) unidade III, cascalho lamoso com clástos suportados maciça; e iv) unidade IV, semelhante a unidade II. Sugere-se que as unidades coluviais foram geradas por movimentos de massa do tipo deslizamentos/escorregamentos, com fluxos de alta concentração de água e sedimentos. Foi individualizado dois tipos de movimento de massa: a) fluxo de terra para as unidades I e III da seção São Cristóvão e as unidades II e IV da seção Morro do Calvário; e b) fluxo de detritos para a unidade II da seção São Cristóvão e unidade I da seção Morro do Calvário. A análise da microfábrica/micromorfológia das unidades coluviais exibiu predominantemente matriz porfírica com microestrutura em rachaduras e, localmente, em blocos. Sugere-se que a encosta do bairro São Cristóvão, foi exposta, durante um tempo significativo, ao intemperismo fazendo com que o perfil de solo laterítico (ferruginoso ou fersialítico) se desenvolvesse. Na encosta do Morro do Calvário a cobertura superficial é mais rasa, devido a maior frequencia de ação do escoamento superficial antes dos movimentos de massa. Ambos os depósitos colúvio das encostas estudadas registram o predomínio de eventos de morfogênese nos últimos estágios evolutivos, promovendo assim, o recuo das encostas em decorrência de eventos pluviométricos excepcionais. O estudo dos fenômenos evolutivos em duas encostas do médio vale do Rio Marrecas, sugerem que a morfogênese atuou em escala do médio vale do Rio Marrecas, sendo os últimos eventos associados a expansão do vale e recuo das encostas. Resta saber se outras encostas também passaram por instabilidade ambiental e apresentam formações superficiais correlacionáveis as encostas estudadas