Novel designs of planar antennas including the feed network for improving the antenna performance improvement (CP axial-ratio bandwidth, XPL, port decoupling for dual-polarized operation, and harmonic control) or achieving dual-band operation are presented. This thesis, comprises five sections. Firstly, for obtaining broadband CP designs, the Wilkinson power divider and branch-line coupler are used. The 3-dB axial ratio CP bandwidths of all proposed antennas are larger than 30%. Secondly, the dual broadband patch antennas including a stopband network are proposed. Thirdly, the dual-polarized patch antenna with high XPL and isolation between two ports by using a Wilkinson power divider with a 180¢X phase shift between its two ports is proposed. Fourthly, the dual-band and dual-polarized patch antenna suitable for base-station antenna applications for mobile communications systems is studied. Finally, the harmonic control study of a square microstrip antenna is presented.

Several broadband dual-polarized patch antenna designs are presented and studied. Good isolation (< ¡V30 dB) between the two feeding ports of the proposed broadband dual-polarized patch antenna has been obtained. This dissertation reports four different innovative designs. Firstly, a new design of the aperture-coupled patch antenna with modified H-shaped coupling slots for achieving dual-polarized radiation with high isolation over a wide bandwidth is studied. Secondly, Optimized feeding of the dual-polarized aperture-coupled patch antenna with H-shaped coupling slots for achieving highly decoupled feeding ports is experimentally investigated. Thirdly, an aperture-coupled patch antenna with a cross slot for compact dual-polarized operation in the 1800-MHz band suitable for applications in personal communication system is presented. Finally, new designs of the broadband dual-polarized patch antenna with hybrid feeds suitable for DCS base-station application are proposed.

In wireless location system, geometric relationship between the base station (BS) and the mobile station (MS) may affect the accuracy of MS location estimate. The effect is called Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP). Given the information of geometric configuration of BS and MS locations, the GDOP value can be calculated accordingly. In fact, the GDOP value is considered as ratio factor between the location error and measurement noise. A higher GDOP value indicates larger location error in the location estimator. Therefore the GDOP can be utilized as an index for observing the location precision of the MS under different geometric layout. The accuracy of location estimation can be improved by changing the BS device element locations. In the thesis, a time different of arrival (TDOA) wireless location system with mobile base station (MBS) is considered. Changing the geometric layout between the BS and the MS by relocating the MBS, the GDOP effect can be reduced and the accuracy of location estimation also can therefore be improved. Since the simulated annealing (SA) is capable of escaping the local minimum and finding the global minimum in an objective function, the SA algorithm is used in finding the best solution in a defined function based on the GDOP distribution. The best solution is then the destination of an MBS in the process of MS location estimation. When relocating an MBS from its initial location to the best location, it is likely that the MBS enters regions with high GDOP effects. To avoid the problem, the steepest descent (SD) algorithm is utilized for path planning. First, we establish the objective function which consists of the GDOP information and the angle of movement. A nearby location that has the minimum value of objective function is selected as the next move. The process continues until the MBS reaches the destination. A variety of cases are investigated by computer simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can effectively find the best locations for MBSs to relocate. Based on the relocation and path planning, the GDOP effects can be reasonably reduced, and therefore the higher location accuracy is achieved.

<p>This master thesis investigates how well suited the model-based testing process is for testing a new feature of a Base Station Controller. In model-based testing the tester designs a behavioral model of the system under test, or some part of the system. This model is then given to a test generation tool that will analyze the model and produce interesting test cases. These test cases can either be run on the system in an automatic or manual way depending on what type of setup there is.</p><p>In this report it is suggested that the behavioral model should be produced in as early a stage as possible and that it should be a collaboration between the test team and the design team.</p><p>The advantages with the model-based testing process are a better overview of the test cases, the test cases are always up to date, it helps in finding errors or contradictions in requirements and it performs closer collaboration between the test team and the design team. The disadvantages with model-based testing process are that it introduces more sources where an error can occur. The behavioral model can have errors, the layer between the model and the generated test cases can have errors and the layer between the test cases and the system under test can have errors. This report also indicates that the time needed for testing will be longer compared with manual testing.</p><p>During the pilot, when a part of a new feature was tested, of this master thesis a test generation tool called Qtronic was used. This tool solves a very challenging task which is generating test cases from a general behavioral model and with a good result. This tool provides many good things but it also has its shortages. One of the biggest shortages is the debugging of the model for finding errors. This step is very time consuming because it requires that a test case generation is performed on the whole model. When there is a fault in the model then this test generation can take very long time, before the tool decides that it is impossible to cover the model.</p><p>Under the circumstances that the Qtronic tool is improved on varies issues suggested in the thesis, one of the most important issues is to do something about the long debugging time needed, then the next step can be to use model-based testing in a larger evaluation project at BSC Design, Ericsson.</p>

My project was to develop a hardware and software platform consisting of client nodes and a base station interconnected wirelessly. The nodes collect physical data for their local environment - I implemented a temperature measurement and a battery level reading. These measurements were placed in a packet which was then relayed via other nodes to the base station. The base station is attached to a USB dongle to a computer which collects the data and stores it into a log file for later analysis. In designing such a network, my goal was to learn about routing protocols, take key concepts learned in classes, such as different modulation schemes and the study of wireless degradation in various environments due to reflections and interference, and explore an implementation of a commercial wireless system. Such a system could be modified to fit a multitude of applications such as environmental data collection for farmers, low power networks for data communication for disaster recovery teams, or sensor networks or implemented in a house to collect data over long period and analyze variances in different regions and implement automated control through a feedback loop. To implement my code, I used TI’s EZ430-RF2500. This development kit contains the TI MSP430F2274, a 16MHz, 16 bit RISC processor which in active mode only pulls 270µA. The MSP430F2274 is coupled with a TI CC2500 which is a 2.4GHz RF transceiver used to communicate with the other devices. The EZ430-RF2500 connects to the computer via a USB dongle with proprietary firmware loaded which allows for programming and serial communication with the computer. I built a network using three devices; one connected to a laptop acting as the access point and two remote devices powered by two AAA batteries acting as the end devices or clients. I performed a study of packet success rates in different environments, specifically inside a residential home, outside in a residential neighborhood and in a rural area. In close ranges (distances less than 50’) there were no noticeable differences in performance between the three environments. I could not exceed 50’ inside the residential environment due to the size of the tested house. Beyond 50’ in the two outside environments, the results surprisingly did not differ greatly; successful transmissions were accomplished at distances only 10’ further in Town Lake; that is that successful transmissions were capable up to 95’ at Town Lake and 85’ in my uban neighborhood. As a representative finding, in the urban environment, the clients were successfully transmitting at an 80% success rate at 80’ pulling 84.48mW (26.4mA at 3.2V) while transmitting with 2-FSK. / text

Sammanfattning   Förutsättning   I examensarbetet har det ingått ett verkligt ärende som handläggs av mig som MBK-ingenjör inom Lantmäteriet. Det är ett naturvårdsuppdrag från Länsstyrelsen och innefattar bl a inmätning och utstakning av gräns på ett blivande naturreservat.   Naturvårdsuppdraget Huskeberget ligger ca 5 km norr om Södra Finnskoga och sydväst om Höljes i norra Värmland. Omkrets 2,38 km. Områdets höjd är ca 550 m över havet och ligger på sydöstra sluttningen av Huskeberget.   Fix   Lantmäteriet använder idag Leica Viva CS15/GS15 mätutrustning vid inmätning av brytpunkter och gränser. I detta fall det blivande naturreservatet. Under vissa omständigheter kan det ta tid att få fix-lösning eller helt utebli. Dessa omständigheter kan bero på ett flertal faktorer bl a kraftiga jonosfärsstörningar och/eller GPRS-nätets täckningsområde för mottagning av SWEPOS nätverks-RTK tjänst.   Inriktning   Fokus har lagts på att utvärdera ett alternativ till nätverks-RTK, en sk enkelstations-RTK med uppkoppling till en tillfällig referensstation.   Närmare undersökning har gjorts på tiden för initialisering vid varje enskild inmätning som sedan jämförts i de två mätmetoderna. Tiden för själva arbetet sätts sedan i relation till resultatet från undersökningen för att ge en helhetsbild av tidsåtgång i arbetet med vardera mätmetoden.   Resultat   Efter alla brytpunkter mätts in visade det sig att i just det här området inte fanns några anmärkningsvärda problem att få fix-lösning med någon av de valda mätmetoderna. Resultatet visar därmed små skillnader i tidsjämförelser.   En oplanerad testmätning med nätverks-RTK gjordes i tät skog alldeles intill en inmätt brytpunkt utan framgång att få fix-lösning. Detta för att belysa problematiken med att få fix-lösning vid mätning i tät skog.   Rapporten innehåller en kortfattad beskrivning av delar av arbetet i Lantmäteriets handläggning av naturvårdsuppdrag.

With the development of IEEE 802.16j multihop relay protocol, the requirement to enhance the network capacity in a wireless network has been met e ectively. In this thesis, we study the capacity enhancement problem for a broadband wireless access network which is achieved by optimal placement of Relay Stations (RSs) along with the presence of a Base Station (BS) and multiple Candidate Positions (CPs). We present a mixed integer programming formulation for the crucial task of RS placement. Weighted objective is also explored to include preferential RS placement. The proposed formulations are solved in a matter of seconds. It is observed that with preferential RS placement, the same demand can be met with 73% fewer RSs with a slight, 6%, decrease in the overall network capacity. Moving forward, the objective is broadened to combine and include joint BS and RS placements for a given network. This model formulation provides better overall capacity than combined capacities of RS placement formulations. Maximin objective is introduced to distribute the excess bandwidth to all subscriber stations (SS) rather than assigning it to only one SS. With this approach, bandwidth allocated to each SS is increases by an average of 35.18%.

Η κινητή τηλεφωνία αποτελεί ένα από τα σημαντικότερα αντικείμενα μελέτης των σύγχρονων τηλεπικοινωνιακών δικτύων. Η εξέλιξή της ξεκίνησε από το 1800 με την ανακάλυψη της ασύρματης διάδοσης και συνεχίστηκε με ραγδαίο ρυθμό μέχρι σήμερα με την λειτουργία των κινητών δικτύων τέταρτης γενιάς (LTE). Πλέον βρισκόμαστε σε μία εποχή όπου χάρη στην εξαιρετική πρόοδο των κινητών επικοινωνιών μπορούμε να μιλάμε για την επίτευξη υψηλών ρυθμών μετάδοσης, αδιάλειπτη παροχή επικοινωνιών ανεξαρτήτου απόστασης και υποστήριξη πληθώρας πολυμεσικών εφαρμογών και υπηρεσιών. Είναι αδιαμφισβήτητο το γεγονός οτι η κινητή τηλεφωνία διαδραματίζει πρωταγωνιστικό ρόλο σε διάφορες πτυχές της καθημερινής μας ζωή και αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο στοιχείο της δομής της κοινωνίας μας. Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των τεχνικών παραμέτρων για την υλοποίηση της διαδικασίας της κυτταρικής σχεδίασης στην γεωγραφική περιοχή της Πάτρας. Συγκεκριμένα στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται η μεθοδολογία του σχεδιασμού ενός κυτταρικού δικτύου κινητών επικοινωνιών (cell planning). Παρουσιάζονται τα εξελικτικά στάδια του κυτταρικού σχεδιασμού και οι εμπλεκόμενες παράμετροι. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναλύονται οι αρχές που διέπουν τη λειτουργία των κυτταρικών δικτύων κινητών επικοινωνιών. Αρχικά γίνεται μία αναδρομή στην ιστορική εξέλιξη των κινητών δικτύων ξεκινώντας από την συμβατική κινητή τηλεφωνία και φτάνοντας μέχρι τα δίκτυα τέταρτης γενιάς. Στη συνέχεια αναλύονται οι θεμελιώδεις έννοιες της κυτταρικής κάλυψης και της επαναχρησιμοποίησης των συχνοτήτων. Τέλος γίνεται αναφορά στις μεθόδους διαχείρισης των πόρων, στα είδη των παρεμβολών των κινητών δικτύων καθώς και στις διαδικασίες της μεταγωγής και της μαθηματικής μοντελοποίησης των κινητών δικτύων. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιούμε τον κυτταρικό σχεδιασμό του δικτύου κινητών επικοινωνιών στην γεωγραφική περιοχή της Πάτρας. Εφαρμόζοντας τα βήματα που περιγράφονται από τη μεθοδολογία της κυτταρικής σχεδίασης δημιουργούμε ένα πλάνο κυττάρων για την γεωγραφική κάλυψη της Πάτρας και υλοποιούμε τον σχεδιασμό των συχνοτήτων χρησιμοποιώντας την τεχνική της στατικής καταχώρησης των συχνοτήτων (FCA) και αξιολογώντας τη διαχείριση των πόρων μέσα από τον υπολογισμό του λόγου C/I. Τέλος υλοποιούμε την ιεραρχική δομή του δικτύου. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο ακολουθούμε μία διαφορετική προσέγγιση στη διαχείριση των διαθέσιμων πόρων, η οποία βασίζεται στον διαχωρισμό του διαθέσιμου φάσματος σε ζώνες συχνοτήτων (FCA_36/20/4). Με βάση το συγκεκριμένο σενάριο σχεδίασης επανασχεδιάζουμε το κινητό δίκτυο της Πάτρας δημιουργώντας το αντίστοιχο πλάνο κυττάρων και την συνολική δομή του κυτταρικού συστήματος. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μία σύγκριση μεταξύ των δύο σεναρίων σχεδιασμού του τρίτου και τέταρτου κεφαλαίου. Η σύγκριση εστιάζεται στις διαφορές που εντοπίζονται ως προς την κυτταρική κάλυψη, την διαχείριση των πόρων και την προστασία του δικτύου από τις παρεμβολές με βάση τις διαφορετικές πολιτικές σχεδίασης που ακολουθήθηκαν. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο καταγράφονται τα γενικά συμπεράσματα που προκύπτουν από τη διαδικασία της κυτταρικής σχεδίασης και κατά την πορεία της συγγραφής της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας. / One of the most significant current discussions in technological philosophy is the development of mobile phone networks since it is an increasingly important area in the study of modern telecommunication networks. The rapid development started in 1800 with the discovery of wireless propagation and continued rapidly until today with the operation of the fourth generation mobile networks (LTE). In recent years, we could argue that we live in an era that owing to the extraordinary progress of mobile communications we can talk about the achievement of high transmissions rates and the continuity of communications regardless of distance by providing a plethora of multimedia applications and services. There is no doubt that mobile communication plays a leading and principal role in various aspects of our lives since they are an integral part of the structure of our society. The aim of this study is to examine the technical parameters for the implementation of the process of cellular design in the geographical area of Patras. The study has been organized in the following way. More specifically, the first chapter describes the methodology of the design of a cellular mobile communication network (Cell planning) by presenting the evolutionary stages of the cell design and the parameters involved. The second chapter analyzes the principles underlying the operation of cellular mobile networks. Firstly, there is a flash back to the historical evolution of mobile networks starting from the conventional mobile communication and rising to fourth generation networks. Then, there is an analysis of the fundamental concepts of cell coverage and the reuse of frequencies. Finally, there is a reference to methods of resource management, types of interference in mobile networks as well as to the handover processes and the mathematical modeling of mobile networks. In the third chapter, we perform the cell design of mobile communication network in the geographic region of Patras. By applying the steps of the methodology of cell planning, we create a cell plan for the geographical coverage of Patras, implement the planning of frequencies by using the technique of static registration of frequencies (FCA) and we evaluate the management of resources by calculating the ratio C / I. Finally, we perform the hierarchical structure of the network. In the fourth chapter, we follow a different approach to the management of available resources, which is based on the separation of the available spectrum bands (FCA 36/20/4). Based on this design scenario we redesign the mobile network of Patras by creating the corresponding cell plan and the overall structure of the cellular system. In the fifth chapter, there is a comparison between the two scenarios planning of the third and fourth chapter. The comparison is focused on the differences found in the cell coverage, the management of resources and the protection of the network from interference based on the different design policies that were followed. In the sixth chapter, we record general conclusions that arising from the process of cell design as well as during the writing of the present study.

A radio base station (RBS) may become overloaded if too many mobile devices communicate with it at the same time. This could happen at for instance sport events or in the case of accidents. To prevent CPU overload, the RBS is provided with a controller that adjusts the acceptance rate, the maximum number of connection requests that can be accepted per time interval. The current controller is tuned in real radio base stations and the procedure is both time consuming and expensive. This, combined with the fact that the mobile data usage is predicted to increase puts more pressure on today's system. Thus, there is a need to be able to simulate the system in order to suggest an alternative controller. In this thesis, an implementation of the system is developed in Matlab in order to simulate the RBS system load control behaviour. A CPU load model is estimated using system identification. The current version of the CPU load controller and an alternative PI CPU load controller are implemented. Both are evaluated on different test cases and this shows that it is possible to increase the performance of the system with the alternative CPU load controller, both in terms of lower amount of rejected connection requests and decreased CPU load overshoot.

Telecom base stations are a critical part of society's information infrastructure. To ensure high quality base station software, automated testing is an important part of development. Ericsson measures the quality of automated tests with statement coverage, counting the number of statements executed by a test suite. Alone, however, statement coverage does not guarantee test quality. Mutation testing is a technique to improve test quality by injecting faults and verifying that test suites detect them. This thesis investigates whether mutation testing is a viable way to increase the reliability of test suites for base station software at Ericsson. Using the open-source mutation testing tool MiLu, we describe a practical method of using mutation testing that is viable for daily development. We also describe how mutation testing reveals a numbers of potential errors in the production code that current test suites miss even though they have very good statement coverage.