This study examined the influence of landscape features on stream nutrient concentrations within the Ichawaynochaway Creek watershed in southwestern Georgia. Baseflow concentrations of both dissolved (SRP, NO3, NH4) and total (TN, TP) nutrients were measured at 17 sampling sites monthly for a period of six months (July 2012 to January 2013). A long-term dataset (January 2008 to March 2012) was also analyzed for baseflow/stormflow comparisons of dissolved nutrient concentrations. Relationships among land-use, geology, soils, physiographic features and nutrients were analyzed at both the sub-watershed and riparian corridor scales. SRP concentrations were lower and NO3 concentrations higher than reported in previous studies of the region. Due to dry conditions during the sampling period, nutrient input was likely limited to groundwater contributions and land-use effects were minimal. Trends among water quality variables varied between the upper and lower portions of the watershed, suggesting differences in nutrient transport pathways due to spatial variation.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 75 pages. / Thesis (M.S.C.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Analytical baseflow separation techniques such as those used in the automated hydrograph separation program HYSEP rely on a single input parameter that defines the period of time after which surface runoff ceases and all streamflow is considered baseflow. In HYSEP, this input parameter is solely a function of drainage basin contributing area. This method cannot be applied universally since in most regions the time of surface runoff cessation is a function of a number of different hydrologic and hydrogeologic basin characteristics, not just contributing drainage area. This study demonstrates that streamflow conductivity can be used as a natural tracer that integrates the different hydrologic and hydrogeologic basin characteristics that influence baseflow response. Used as an indicator of baseflow as a component of total flow, streamflow conductivity allows for an empirical approach to hydrograph separation using a simple mass balance algorithm. / ABSTRACT: Although conductivity values for surface-water runoff and ground-water baseflow must be identified to apply this mass balance algorithm, field studies show that assumptions based on streamflow at low flow and high flow conditions are valid for estimating these end member conductivities. The only data required to apply the mass balance algorithm are streamflow conductivity and discharge measurements. Using minimal data requirements, empirical hydrograph separation techniques can be applied that yield reasonable estimates of baseflow. This procedure was performed on data from 10 USGS gaging stations for which reliable, real-time conductivity data are available. Comparison of empirical hydrograph separations using streamflow conductivity data with analytical hydrograph separations demonstrates that uncalibrated, graphical estimation of baseflow can lead to substantial errors in baseflow estimates. / ABSTRACT: Results from empirical separations can be used to calibrate the runoff cessation input parameter used in analytical separation for each gaging station. In general, collection of stream conductivity data at gaging stations is relatively recent, while discharge measurements may extend many decades into the past. Results demonstrate that conductivity data available for a relatively short period of record can be used to calibrate the runoff cessation input parameter used for analytical separation. The calibrated analytical method can then be applied over a much longer period record since discharge data are the only requirement. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

No description available.

The Mississippi Alluvial Plain, a robust agricultural region in the South-Central United States, provides commodities across the United States and around the world. Water for irrigation, which is necessary due to irregular rainfall patterns during the growing season, is withdrawn largely from the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial aquifer, one of the most intensely used aquifers in the United States. The groundwater-dependent region has observed recent declines in groundwater and streamflow levels, raising concerns about the availability and use of fresh-water resources. Declining water levels have prompted investigation into the current understanding of groundwater and surface-water interaction. Previous research does not adequately quantify the unobservable exchange of water between surface-water bodies and the underlying aquifer. This research was designed to advance the current understanding of the interaction between groundwater and surface water through the quantification of spatial and temporal trends in streamflow and groundwater level changes and the use of high-resolution spatial estimates of streambed hydraulic conductivity. Changes in streamflow and groundwater levels were quantified with the use of hydrograph-separation techniques and trend analyses. High-resolution estimates of streambed hydraulic conductivity were found through the correlation of waterborne continuous resistivity profiling data to hydraulic conductivity and streambed hydraulic conductivity estimates were incorporated into the existing Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer Study (MERAS) groundwaterlow model. Site-specific empirical relationships between resistivity and hydraulic conductivity were developed with near-stream borehole geophysical logs to improve model estimates of streambed hydraulic conductivity. Results of the quantification of changes in streamflow and groundwater levels suggested agricultural groundwater withdrawals for irrigation to be the primary source of groundwater-level declines. Results from the incorporation of high-resolution estimates of streambed hydraulic conductivity showed that the existing groundwaterlow model is sensitive to changes in streambed hydraulic conductivity, which may impact model accuracy. The incorporation of streambed hydraulic conductivity estimates derived from site-specific empirical relationships impacted MERAS model water-budget estimates. Information gained from this research will be used to improve the existing groundwaterlow model, which acts as a decision-support tool for water-resource managers at state and local levels to make informed water-use decisions for the conservation of fresh-water resources for sustainable agricultural irrigation practices.

Este projeto teve como objetivo investigar a variação isotópica do oxigênio (?18O) e do hidrogênio (?D) de aqüíferos subterrâneos rasos (não confinados) em quatro regiões onde foram definidas transecções, partindo do canal principal em direção ao topo da vertente. As transecções foram estabelecidas no gradiente topográfico encontrado, em quatro sub-bacias ao longo da bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba. Esta região possui uma população de aproximadamente 3,5 milhões de habitantes e uma economia baseada na agricultura e na indústria. Baseando-se em estudos anteriores sobre a variação isotópica do ?18O e ?D das águas das chuvas e dos rios (Martinelli et al. 2004), onde foi identificada uma sazonalidade nos dados e variações possivelmente associadas à utilização da água em áreas urbanas (uso industrial), os estudos foram estendidos para as fontes de águas subterrâneas (fluxo de base) para o canal principal (rio Piracicaba). A sazonalidade definida por um verão chuvoso (novembro - abril) e inverno seco (maio - outubro) foi coberta com amostragens mensais (final do período seco de 2005; período chuvoso de 2005-2006 e seco de 2006) e quinzenais (período chuvoso 2006-2007) das águas da chuva, de poços rasos, nascentes e rios que drenam as sub-bacias estudadas. Os valores do ?18O e do ?D encontrados na precipitação acumulada entre coletas nas sub-áreas apresentaram maiores variações (extremos; ?18O médio de -0,4 a -13,0? ) quando comparados aos valores das águas superficiais (?18O médio de -5,1 a -9,2? ) e subterrâneas (?18O médio de -6,9 a -7,1? ), sendo que as últimas (poços rasos e nascentes) apresentaram variações ainda menores ao longo do período estudado. A precipitação e o escoamento de base possuem composição isotópica do ?18O relativamente distintas, uma vez que a média ponderada da precipitação (-8,6? observada para o período estudado) foi diferente dos valores médios encontrados nas águas subterrâneas não confinadas (-7,0? em média). O escoamento superficial para o canal principal (rio Piracicaba) teve seu valor isotópico influenciado pela precipitação no período das chuvas (podendo apresentar variações dentro deste período), caso contrário, os sinais isotópicos das águas superficiais seriam mais semelhantes aos sinais isotópicos encontrados no fluxo de base, caracterizando a contribuição deste na manutenção das menores vazões. Contudo, observou-se que o valor médio do ?18O de todos os rios e ribeirões estudados (-5,7? ) foi cerca de 1,2? mais enriquecido do que o valor médio dos poços e nascentes (-6,9? ), no período seco. As amplitudes do ?18O encontradas nxa precipitação e água subterrânea não confinada foram utilizadas em estimativas do tempo de residência médio da água no aqüífero lívre como uma primeira aproximação. / This project had the objective to investigate the oxygen (?18O) and hydrogen (?D) isotopic variation of shallow unconfined aquifers in four regions, in transects defined from the river to the limit of the drainage area. The transects were established within a topographical gradient in four sub-catchments of the Piracicaba river hydrographic basin. The population in this basin is almost three and a half millions inhabitants and an economy based on agriculture and industry is responsible for about 10% of the total Brazilian gross production. Based on a well documented isotopic variation of rainwater and river water done previously (Martinelli et al. 2004), where data seasonality and a possible variation related to water use in urban areas were identified, the studies were extended to the groundwater (baseflow) sources to the major channel (Piracicaba river) of the basin. The seasonality defined by a wet summer (november - april) and a dry winter (may - september) was covered with monthly (end of dry season of 2005; rainy season of 2005-2006 and dry season of 2006) and every two weeks sampling (rainy season 2006-2007) of rain water, shallow wells, springs and surface water (rivers) that drain the studied sub-basins. The ?18O and ?D individual values of composite precipitation in the studied sub-areas presented higher variation (extreme values; mean ?18O from -0,4 to -13,0? ) when compared to the values found for surface water (mean ?18O from -5,1 to -9,2? ) and groundwater (wells and springs; mean ?18O from -6,9 a -7,1? ), being the values of groundwater almost constant within the studied period. Precipitation and baseflow have relative different isotopic composition of ?18O, once the weighted average of precipitation (-8,6? observed for the whole studied period) is different from the average values found for unconfined groundwater (-7,0? in average). Values of surface runoff to the main channel (Piracicaba river) were similar to those found in precipitation in the rainy season (presenting variations within this period), otherwise, the isotopic signals of surface water were rather more similar to those found in baseflow, characterizing the contribution of baseflow in the lower flows. However, average value of ?18O of all rivers and streams studied (-5,7? ) were about 1,2? more enriched than the average value of wells and springs (-6,9? ) in the dry season. The amplitudes of ?18O found in precipitation and groundwater were used as a first aproximation to estimate mean residence time of unconfined groundwater.

This study characterizes the mass transport of ions in two streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, comparing transport between stormflow and baseflow periods. By comparing ion mass transport between these two hydrological conditions, the importance of soil and the governing biogeochemical processes will be underscored. Two water quality monitoring study sites were located on the Middle Prong of the Little Pigeon River and Ramsey Prong within the same basin. These remote sites were equipped with YSI 6920 multi-parameter sonde to record continuous 15-min data of pH, depth, conductivity, turbidity, and temperature. Additionally, ISCO 6712 composite samplers were used to collect stream samples during storm events. Baseflow was collected by grab samples prior to storm events, and stormflow collected by ISCO samplers. Throughfall samples were collected after storm events. All samples were analyzed for pH, ANC, and conductivity using an autotitrator. Inductively coupled plasma spectrometry and ion chromatography were used to determine major cations, trace metals, and anions (Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Aln+, Cu, Fe, Mn, Si, Zn, SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, NH4+). Stage-discharge relationships were developed at each site utilizing a combination of field measurements and modeling. Velocity and area field measurements were taken to calculate discharges for mid- to low-flow stages while mid- to upper-flow stages were modeled using RIVER2D and verified with field measurements. Stage-discharge curves and sample ion concentrations were used to compute ion mass transport for a two year period in 2006 through 2008. Differences in mass transport of ions between baseflow and stormflow periods found that greater mass transport of ions, except protons, occurred during baseflow periods. These results indicate that on an annual basis ions are stored from input throughfall sources and released gradually through groundwater flow over time more than rapid interflow transport during storm events. This information illustrates the importance of soils and groundwater storage in the regulation of ion transport and streamwater quality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Este projeto teve como objetivo investigar a variação isotópica do oxigênio (?18O) e do hidrogênio (?D) de aqüíferos subterrâneos rasos (não confinados) em quatro regiões onde foram definidas transecções, partindo do canal principal em direção ao topo da vertente. As transecções foram estabelecidas no gradiente topográfico encontrado, em quatro sub-bacias ao longo da bacia hidrográfica do rio Piracicaba. Esta região possui uma população de aproximadamente 3,5 milhões de habitantes e uma economia baseada na agricultura e na indústria. Baseando-se em estudos anteriores sobre a variação isotópica do ?18O e ?D das águas das chuvas e dos rios (Martinelli et al. 2004), onde foi identificada uma sazonalidade nos dados e variações possivelmente associadas à utilização da água em áreas urbanas (uso industrial), os estudos foram estendidos para as fontes de águas subterrâneas (fluxo de base) para o canal principal (rio Piracicaba). A sazonalidade definida por um verão chuvoso (novembro - abril) e inverno seco (maio - outubro) foi coberta com amostragens mensais (final do período seco de 2005; período chuvoso de 2005-2006 e seco de 2006) e quinzenais (período chuvoso 2006-2007) das águas da chuva, de poços rasos, nascentes e rios que drenam as sub-bacias estudadas. Os valores do ?18O e do ?D encontrados na precipitação acumulada entre coletas nas sub-áreas apresentaram maiores variações (extremos; ?18O médio de -0,4 a -13,0? ) quando comparados aos valores das águas superficiais (?18O médio de -5,1 a -9,2? ) e subterrâneas (?18O médio de -6,9 a -7,1? ), sendo que as últimas (poços rasos e nascentes) apresentaram variações ainda menores ao longo do período estudado. A precipitação e o escoamento de base possuem composição isotópica do ?18O relativamente distintas, uma vez que a média ponderada da precipitação (-8,6? observada para o período estudado) foi diferente dos valores médios encontrados nas águas subterrâneas não confinadas (-7,0? em média). O escoamento superficial para o canal principal (rio Piracicaba) teve seu valor isotópico influenciado pela precipitação no período das chuvas (podendo apresentar variações dentro deste período), caso contrário, os sinais isotópicos das águas superficiais seriam mais semelhantes aos sinais isotópicos encontrados no fluxo de base, caracterizando a contribuição deste na manutenção das menores vazões. Contudo, observou-se que o valor médio do ?18O de todos os rios e ribeirões estudados (-5,7? ) foi cerca de 1,2? mais enriquecido do que o valor médio dos poços e nascentes (-6,9? ), no período seco. As amplitudes do ?18O encontradas nxa precipitação e água subterrânea não confinada foram utilizadas em estimativas do tempo de residência médio da água no aqüífero lívre como uma primeira aproximação. / This project had the objective to investigate the oxygen (?18O) and hydrogen (?D) isotopic variation of shallow unconfined aquifers in four regions, in transects defined from the river to the limit of the drainage area. The transects were established within a topographical gradient in four sub-catchments of the Piracicaba river hydrographic basin. The population in this basin is almost three and a half millions inhabitants and an economy based on agriculture and industry is responsible for about 10% of the total Brazilian gross production. Based on a well documented isotopic variation of rainwater and river water done previously (Martinelli et al. 2004), where data seasonality and a possible variation related to water use in urban areas were identified, the studies were extended to the groundwater (baseflow) sources to the major channel (Piracicaba river) of the basin. The seasonality defined by a wet summer (november - april) and a dry winter (may - september) was covered with monthly (end of dry season of 2005; rainy season of 2005-2006 and dry season of 2006) and every two weeks sampling (rainy season 2006-2007) of rain water, shallow wells, springs and surface water (rivers) that drain the studied sub-basins. The ?18O and ?D individual values of composite precipitation in the studied sub-areas presented higher variation (extreme values; mean ?18O from -0,4 to -13,0? ) when compared to the values found for surface water (mean ?18O from -5,1 to -9,2? ) and groundwater (wells and springs; mean ?18O from -6,9 a -7,1? ), being the values of groundwater almost constant within the studied period. Precipitation and baseflow have relative different isotopic composition of ?18O, once the weighted average of precipitation (-8,6? observed for the whole studied period) is different from the average values found for unconfined groundwater (-7,0? in average). Values of surface runoff to the main channel (Piracicaba river) were similar to those found in precipitation in the rainy season (presenting variations within this period), otherwise, the isotopic signals of surface water were rather more similar to those found in baseflow, characterizing the contribution of baseflow in the lower flows. However, average value of ?18O of all rivers and streams studied (-5,7? ) were about 1,2? more enriched than the average value of wells and springs (-6,9? ) in the dry season. The amplitudes of ?18O found in precipitation and groundwater were used as a first aproximation to estimate mean residence time of unconfined groundwater.

No description available.

Vários trabalhos relacionados ao tema produção de água estão sendo realizados, tendo em comum a associação da cobertura florestal com o escoamento em bacias hidrográficas. Entretanto, não existem estudos onde foram verificados os locais onde esta cobertura tem efeito ótimo, pois, este é dependente das condições edafoclimáticas de cada bacia. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as alterações na produção de água ocasionadas pela posição das áreas com cobertura florestal em relação às de solos rasos em uma bacia hidrográfica. Os estudos foram realizados na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão dos Marins em Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, por meio da modelagem hidrológica utilizando o modelo distribuído GSSHA. Para a calibração foram utilizados dados meteorológicos, fluviométricos e pluviométricos dos anos de 1999 e 2000, além da obtenção, em laboratório, da condutividade hidráulica e da curva de retenção dos solos da bacia. Foram realizadas sondagens SPT e testes de infiltração de água no solo para determinar a espessura dos solos na bacia e a condutividade hidráulica da zona saturada (lençol freático) desta. A espessura dos solos foi representada por um modelo numérico, elaborado a partir das espessuras medidas e da utilização do modelo HAND. A profundidade do lençol freático foi representada por outro modelo numérico, elaborado a partir da espessura do solo e da profundidade deste lençol medida em campo. Uma nova metodologia que, a partir do coeficiente CN, estima o coeficiente de rugosidade de Manning foi utilizada, apresentando resultados satisfatórios. Nos processos de calibração e validação o modelo apresentou coeficientes de índices de correlação adequados. Foram feitas simulações hidrológicas para 15 anos em três cenários de uso e ocupação do solo, que foram elaborados de modo a comparar uma mesma área de cobertura florestal em diferentes posições da bacia, em função da presença de solos rasos nas proximidades dos cursos d\'água. Foram analisados, entre os cenários para todo o período simulado: o escoamento total e o de base; parâmetros dos hidrogramas (em eventos selecionados da série histórica); posição do lençol freático; umidade do solo; e, curva de permanência. Os resultados permitiram concluir que na área de estudo não há influência da posição da cobertura florestal em relação aos solos rasos para a produção de água. Devido à existência de poucos trabalhos a campo e, também, de modelagem que abordem o efeito da localização da cobertura florestal na produção de água, incentiva-se a realização de novas pesquisas, necessárias, entre outras razões, para a determinação dos locais prioritários a reflorestar ou manter florestado em programas de conservação ambiental. / Several works related to the theme of water production are being made, having in common the association of forest cover with runoff in watersheds. However, no studies were found where the places where this land cover has optimum effect, because it is dependent on climatic and physiographic conditions of each watershed. The objective of this study is to evaluate changes in water yield caused by the spatial distribution of forest cover in relation to the shallow soils in a watershed. The studies were conducted in the watershed \"Ribeirão dos Marins\" in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, through the hydrologic modeling using the distributed model GSSHA. For calibration were used data of meteorological, rainfall and stream flow to the years 1999 and 2000, in addition of the hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention curve obtained in laboratory. SPT tests and water infiltration tests were conducted to determine the thickness of the soils and hydraulic conductivity of the saturated zone (water table) in the watershed. The thickness of the soil was represented by a numerical model, based on those thicknesses measures and the model HAND. The depth of the water table was represented by another numerical model, drawn from the soil thickness and depth of field measured. A new methodology that estimates the Manning coefficient from the CN coefficient was used with satisfactory results. In the processes of calibration and validation of the model, the coefficients showed adequate correlation indexes. Hydrological simulations were made for 15 years in three land cover and land use scenarios, which have been prepared in order to compare the same area of forest cover in different positions of the basin, due to the presence of shallow soils near watercourses. Were analyzed, among the scenarios simulated for the entire period: total flow and baseflow; parameters of hydrographs (in selected events of the series); position of the water table, available water content; and flow duration curves. The results showed that in the study area there is no influence of the position of forest cover in relation to shallow soils to the water yield. Because there are few studies that address the effect of the location of forest cover in water yield is encouraged to conduct further research, among other reasons, for the determination of the priority sites to the reforestation in environmental conservation programs.

Vários trabalhos relacionados ao tema produção de água estão sendo realizados, tendo em comum a associação da cobertura florestal com o escoamento em bacias hidrográficas. Entretanto, não existem estudos onde foram verificados os locais onde esta cobertura tem efeito ótimo, pois, este é dependente das condições edafoclimáticas de cada bacia. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as alterações na produção de água ocasionadas pela posição das áreas com cobertura florestal em relação às de solos rasos em uma bacia hidrográfica. Os estudos foram realizados na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão dos Marins em Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, por meio da modelagem hidrológica utilizando o modelo distribuído GSSHA. Para a calibração foram utilizados dados meteorológicos, fluviométricos e pluviométricos dos anos de 1999 e 2000, além da obtenção, em laboratório, da condutividade hidráulica e da curva de retenção dos solos da bacia. Foram realizadas sondagens SPT e testes de infiltração de água no solo para determinar a espessura dos solos na bacia e a condutividade hidráulica da zona saturada (lençol freático) desta. A espessura dos solos foi representada por um modelo numérico, elaborado a partir das espessuras medidas e da utilização do modelo HAND. A profundidade do lençol freático foi representada por outro modelo numérico, elaborado a partir da espessura do solo e da profundidade deste lençol medida em campo. Uma nova metodologia que, a partir do coeficiente CN, estima o coeficiente de rugosidade de Manning foi utilizada, apresentando resultados satisfatórios. Nos processos de calibração e validação o modelo apresentou coeficientes de índices de correlação adequados. Foram feitas simulações hidrológicas para 15 anos em três cenários de uso e ocupação do solo, que foram elaborados de modo a comparar uma mesma área de cobertura florestal em diferentes posições da bacia, em função da presença de solos rasos nas proximidades dos cursos d\'água. Foram analisados, entre os cenários para todo o período simulado: o escoamento total e o de base; parâmetros dos hidrogramas (em eventos selecionados da série histórica); posição do lençol freático; umidade do solo; e, curva de permanência. Os resultados permitiram concluir que na área de estudo não há influência da posição da cobertura florestal em relação aos solos rasos para a produção de água. Devido à existência de poucos trabalhos a campo e, também, de modelagem que abordem o efeito da localização da cobertura florestal na produção de água, incentiva-se a realização de novas pesquisas, necessárias, entre outras razões, para a determinação dos locais prioritários a reflorestar ou manter florestado em programas de conservação ambiental. / Several works related to the theme of water production are being made, having in common the association of forest cover with runoff in watersheds. However, no studies were found where the places where this land cover has optimum effect, because it is dependent on climatic and physiographic conditions of each watershed. The objective of this study is to evaluate changes in water yield caused by the spatial distribution of forest cover in relation to the shallow soils in a watershed. The studies were conducted in the watershed \"Ribeirão dos Marins\" in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, through the hydrologic modeling using the distributed model GSSHA. For calibration were used data of meteorological, rainfall and stream flow to the years 1999 and 2000, in addition of the hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention curve obtained in laboratory. SPT tests and water infiltration tests were conducted to determine the thickness of the soils and hydraulic conductivity of the saturated zone (water table) in the watershed. The thickness of the soil was represented by a numerical model, based on those thicknesses measures and the model HAND. The depth of the water table was represented by another numerical model, drawn from the soil thickness and depth of field measured. A new methodology that estimates the Manning coefficient from the CN coefficient was used with satisfactory results. In the processes of calibration and validation of the model, the coefficients showed adequate correlation indexes. Hydrological simulations were made for 15 years in three land cover and land use scenarios, which have been prepared in order to compare the same area of forest cover in different positions of the basin, due to the presence of shallow soils near watercourses. Were analyzed, among the scenarios simulated for the entire period: total flow and baseflow; parameters of hydrographs (in selected events of the series); position of the water table, available water content; and flow duration curves. The results showed that in the study area there is no influence of the position of forest cover in relation to shallow soils to the water yield. Because there are few studies that address the effect of the location of forest cover in water yield is encouraged to conduct further research, among other reasons, for the determination of the priority sites to the reforestation in environmental conservation programs.