The repeated batch operation mode is generally considered to have the advantage of a higher productivity in comparison with other modes such as batch and continuous culture. This process is similar to fed batch process except that some culture volume is periodically removed from the vessel and replaced with fresh medium. In this study, batch cultivations of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) in shake flasks and in bioreactor was set up in a Edinburg minimal media (EMM2m) supplemented with glucose at 20 g/1. From these experiments the basic growth kinetics of S.pombe have been investigated. In order to determine the best operating conditions and to gain a better understanding of this organism, the effect of various culture conditions such as age and size of inoculum and the effect of initial glucose concentration on growth kinetics and on culture performance was studied. These results indicate that glucose is a limiting nutrient and can consume by the cells after 18 of the inoculation. The preliminary repeated batch cultivations in shake flasks were carried out under different harvest fractions. Variation in cell number during batches was observed using 80% as harvest fraction but cell concentration and glucose consumption in each cycle can be remain constant (steady state response) during repeated batch cultivation with 90% as harvest fraction. Therefor harvest fraction of 90% and dilution cycle time of 18 hr was selected for repeated batch cultivation in a bioreactor. Under this feeding policy, the experiments were accomplished using 9 and 20 batch cycles. Reproducible culture response was resulted by using this strategy. However In most cycle, cell number did not oscillated but in some cycles a fluctuation was observed which seems to represent chaotic cell dynamics. This study show that repeated batch cultivation can be applied as very reliable process and reproducible results can expected when other growth condition are constant. Thus applying this process is successful most of the time and high yield and productivity can be expected.

N-linked glycosylation often imparts important properties to protein therapeutics. An essential step in this intracellular process is the transfer of oligosaccharide from dolichol monophosphate (Dol-P) to a potential glycosylation site. Variability in the success rate of this reaction affects the extent of protein glycosylation. The critical role of Dol-P suggests that its availability may influence the extent of glycosylation by limiting the pool of lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs), the glycosyl donor. To test this hypothesis, the impact of Dol-P supplementation on protein glycosylation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was investigated. Although exogenous Dol-P was incorporated by CHO cells and processed into LLOs in a dose-dependent manner, Dol-P supplementation had no marked effects on LLO or overall cellular glycosylation levels. While concentrations of exogenous Dol-P exceeding 100 µg/ml were detrimental to CHO cell viability, maximum non-toxic supplemental doses of Dol-P had no significant impact on the glycosylation of recombinant interferon-γ produced by batch cultures of CHO cells. These results show that glycosylation in CHO cells cannot be readily enhanced by Dol-P feeding under normal culture conditions. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

QC 20100618

Face à la montée de la prise de conscience des enjeux écologiques actuels, la recherche se tourne vers le développement des bioprocédés pour développer de nouvelles solutions aux problèmes environnementaux. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de la faisabilité d’un procédé de capture de CO2 à partir de la culture de la microalgue Chlorella vulgaris en photobioréacteur continu. Ce travail a permis d’identifier l’algue C. vulgaris comme une candidate prometteuse pour cette application. En effet C. vulgaris présente une capacité de production de biomasse et de fixation de CO2 très intéressante pour cette application. Les études menées lors de ce travail de thèse ont également permis de mettre à jour les interactions complexes entre les cellules algales et le CO2 présent à de fortes concentrations. De même, elles ont apporté un approfondissement à la compréhension des verrous existants pour le développement d’un procédé de captage du CO2 et de la nécessité de prendre en compte tous les paramètres de culture (lumière, concentration en nitrate). A partir des études menées, il a été possible de proposer un modèle pour la croissance de C. vulgaris en photobioréacteur continu. Bien que de futures études soient encore nécessaires pour être en mesure de parfaitement modéliser le comportement de l’algue lors de cultures en photobioréacteur, ce modèle présente une bonne corrélation avec les expérimentations. Enfin une étude de pré-dimensionnement a été proposée qui a permis de mettre en lumière les nombreux points d’interrogations encore existants avant d’être en mesure d’adapter le procédé de laboratoire à une échelle industrielle / Faced with the growing awareness of environmental issues, the research turns to the development of bioprocesses to develop new solutions to environmental problems. This thesis concerns the study of the feasibility of a process for CO2 capture from the culture of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in a continuous photobioreactor. This work has identified the algae C. vulgaris as a promising candidate for this application. Indeed C. vulgaris has a capacity of biomass production and CO2 biofixation very interesting for this application. Studies in this thesis allowed us to update the complex interactions between the algal cells and high CO2 concentrations. Also they have provided a deeper understanding of existing locks for the development of a process for CO2 capture and the need to take into account all the parameters of culture (light, nitrate concentration). A model for the growth of C. vulgaris in continuous photobioreactor has been proposed. This model shows good correlation with experiments; although future studies are still needed to be able to fully simulate the behaviour of algae in photobioreactor cultures. Finally a study of pre-design has been proposed allowing highlighting the many questions that still exist before being able to adapt the laboratory process to an industrial scale.

No description available.

The objective of this work is to better understand themetabolism and physiology ofEscherichiacoli(W3110) in defined medium cultures with thelong-term goal of improving cell yield and recombinant proteinproductivity. The order of amino acid utilization inE. colibatch cultures was investigated in a medium with16 amino acids and glucose. Ser, Pro, Asp, Gly, Thr, Glu andAla were rapidly consumed and depleted at the end of theexponential phase, while His, Arg, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Phe, Lysand Tyr were consumed slowly during the following linear growthphase. The uptake order correlated to the maximum specificconsumption rate. Of the rapidly consumed amino acids onlyglyine and threonine improved growth when added individually.Serine was the first amino acid to be consumed, but inhibitedglucose uptake initially, which presumably is related to thefunction of PTS. Valine inhibited cell growth could be releasedby isoleucine. The critical medium concentration of valinetoxicity was 1.5 - 3 µmol L-1. Valine uptake was associated with exchange ofisoleucine out of the cells. Glycine significantly increased the cell yield,Yx/s,and growth rate ofE. coliin batch cultures in a glucose-mineral medium.Maximum effect occurred at pH 6.8, at 6 - 12 mmol L-1glycine, and below 1.15 g dw L-1.13C NMR technique was employed to identify [1-13C], [2-13C]and [1,2-13C]acetate in the cultures supplied with [2-13C]glycine. The NMR data revealed that littledegradation of added glycine occurred, and that serine/glycinebiosynthesis was repressed below 1.15 g dw L-1, implicating that glycine was a source ofglycine, serine, one-carbon units, and threonine. Above 1.15 gdw L-1, 53% of the consumed glycine carbon was excretedas acetate. Degradation of glycine was associated with anincreased uptake rate, cleavage by GCV, and degradation of bothglycine- and glucose-derived serine to pyruvate. This switch inmetabolism appears to be regulated by quorum sensing. A cell density-dependent metabolic switch occurred also inthe central metabolism. A 2 - 3 fold decrease in mostglycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites, but an increase inacetyl-CoA, occurred after the switch. The acetate productionrate decreased throughout the culture with a temporary increaseat the switch point, but the intracellular acetate poolremained relatively constant. Two mixtures of amino acids were fed together with glucosein fed-batch cultures ofE. coliW3110 pRIT44T2, expressing the recombinantprotein ZZT2. One mixture contained 20 amino acids and theother 5 so-called 'protein amino acids': Ala, Arg, Met, His andPhe. Although the amino aids increased the cell yield anddecreased the proteolysis rate in both cases, ZZT2 productionwas decreased. A decrease of ZZT2 synthesis rate is consideredto be the reason. Further studies of the 5 amino acidsindicated that a few amino acids disturb metabolism. Carbon mass balances were calculated in glucose limitedfed-batch cultures ofE. coli. In the end, the carbon recovery was ~90% basedon biomass, CO2and acetate, but ~100% if the all carbon in themedium was included. Outer membrane (OM) constituents,lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, and carbohydratescontributed to 63% of the extracellular carbon. Little celllysis occurred and the unidentified (~30%) carbon was assumedto constitute complex carbohydrates. A novel cultivationtechnique Temperature-Limited Fed-Batch (TLFB) is developed toprevent OM shedding in high-cell density cultures. <b>Keywords</b>: Escherichia coli, amino acids, glycine, quorumsensing, metabolic switch, metabolite pools, carbon balance,outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, batch culture, fed-batchculture

No description available.

<p>The objective of this work is to better understand themetabolism and physiology of<i>Escherichiacoli</i>(W3110) in defined medium cultures with thelong-term goal of improving cell yield and recombinant proteinproductivity.</p><p>The order of amino acid utilization in<i>E. coli</i>batch cultures was investigated in a medium with16 amino acids and glucose. Ser, Pro, Asp, Gly, Thr, Glu andAla were rapidly consumed and depleted at the end of theexponential phase, while His, Arg, Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Phe, Lysand Tyr were consumed slowly during the following linear growthphase. The uptake order correlated to the maximum specificconsumption rate. Of the rapidly consumed amino acids onlyglyine and threonine improved growth when added individually.Serine was the first amino acid to be consumed, but inhibitedglucose uptake initially, which presumably is related to thefunction of PTS. Valine inhibited cell growth could be releasedby isoleucine. The critical medium concentration of valinetoxicity was 1.5 - 3 µmol L^-1. Valine uptake was associated with exchange ofisoleucine out of the cells.</p><p>Glycine significantly increased the cell yield,<i>Y</i>_x/s,and growth rate of<i>E. coli</i>in batch cultures in a glucose-mineral medium.Maximum effect occurred at pH 6.8, at 6 - 12 mmol L^-1glycine, and below 1.15 g dw L^-1.¹³C NMR technique was employed to identify [1-¹³C], [2-¹³C]and [1,2-¹³C]acetate in the cultures supplied with [2-¹³C]glycine. The NMR data revealed that littledegradation of added glycine occurred, and that serine/glycinebiosynthesis was repressed below 1.15 g dw L^-1, implicating that glycine was a source ofglycine, serine, one-carbon units, and threonine. Above 1.15 gdw L^-1, 53% of the consumed glycine carbon was excretedas acetate. Degradation of glycine was associated with anincreased uptake rate, cleavage by GCV, and degradation of bothglycine- and glucose-derived serine to pyruvate. This switch inmetabolism appears to be regulated by quorum sensing.</p><p>A cell density-dependent metabolic switch occurred also inthe central metabolism. A 2 - 3 fold decrease in mostglycolytic and TCA cycle metabolites, but an increase inacetyl-CoA, occurred after the switch. The acetate productionrate decreased throughout the culture with a temporary increaseat the switch point, but the intracellular acetate poolremained relatively constant.</p><p>Two mixtures of amino acids were fed together with glucosein fed-batch cultures of<i>E. coli</i>W3110 pRIT44T2, expressing the recombinantprotein ZZT2. One mixture contained 20 amino acids and theother 5 so-called 'protein amino acids': Ala, Arg, Met, His andPhe. Although the amino aids increased the cell yield anddecreased the proteolysis rate in both cases, ZZT2 productionwas decreased. A decrease of ZZT2 synthesis rate is consideredto be the reason. Further studies of the 5 amino acidsindicated that a few amino acids disturb metabolism.</p><p>Carbon mass balances were calculated in glucose limitedfed-batch cultures of<i>E. coli</i>. In the end, the carbon recovery was ~90% basedon biomass, CO₂and acetate, but ~100% if the all carbon in themedium was included. Outer membrane (OM) constituents,lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, and carbohydratescontributed to 63% of the extracellular carbon. Little celllysis occurred and the unidentified (~30%) carbon was assumedto constitute complex carbohydrates. A novel cultivationtechnique Temperature-Limited Fed-Batch (TLFB) is developed toprevent OM shedding in high-cell density cultures.</p><p><b>Keywords</b>: Escherichia coli, amino acids, glycine, quorumsensing, metabolic switch, metabolite pools, carbon balance,outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, batch culture, fed-batchculture</p>

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-12T15:48:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ismail Es - 2015.pdf: 2836759 bytes, checksum: cf319655f2dc3d3d3163758c27aa8a40 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-05-12T15:50:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ismail Es - 2015.pdf: 2836759 bytes, checksum: cf319655f2dc3d3d3163758c27aa8a40 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T15:50:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ismail Es - 2015.pdf: 2836759 bytes, checksum: cf319655f2dc3d3d3163758c27aa8a40 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Production of a starch-degrading cyclodextrin glicosiltransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) on solid-state culture and batch fermentation was evaluated by free and immobilized alkalophilic Bacillus sp on polymeric chitosan matrix. Immobilization procedure was performed by mixing bacterial cells with low molecular weight chitosan dissolved in HCl. Structure of free bacterial cell, polymeric chitosan matrix and immobilized cells were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The images obtained from SEM showed that the procedure used for immobilization was easy, cheap and effective. Three different starch sources as substrate were used: potato, corn and cassava. Qualitative analysis of CGTase production was determined by colorless area formation on solid culture containing phenolphthalein. Enzymatic indices, which indicated the production of CGTase on solid culture, were calculated for both free and immobilized cells on different starch sources. Enzyme activity of CGTase was determined before and after each purification step: ammonium sulfate precipitation, starch adsorption and dialysis. Biomass growth and substrate consumption were analyzed by Flow cytometry and modified phenol-sulfuric acid assay, respectively. Free cells reached very high numbers (2.5 × 107 ml-1) during batch culture, besides; immobilized cells maintained initial inoculum concentration (2.5 × 105 ml-1) during enzyme production. The maximum enzyme activity achieved by free cells was 21.25 U (35 h), 14.65 U (40 h) and 19.16 U (33 h) on cassava, potato and cornstarch, respectively. During batch culture, immobilized cells produced CGTase with the enzyme activity of 24.375 U (16 h) for cassava, 24.375 U (9 h) for potato starch and 21.25 U (8.5 h) for cornstarch in a shorter cultivation time. Consequently, immobilization decreased the production time and increased enzyme activity of CGTase. / A produção e atividade enzimática da “Ciclodextrina glicosiltransferase” (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) em cultura sólida e fermentação por batelada por bactérias alcalifílicas livres e imobilizadas em matriz polimérica de quitosana foi avaliada. O procedimento de imobilização foi realizado através da mistura das células bacterianas com quitosana de baixa massa molecular dissolvida em HCl. A estrutura da célula bacteriana livre, a matriz polimérica de quitosana e as células imobilizadas foram visualizadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As imagens obtidas por MEV mostraram que o procedimento utilizado para a imobilização foi realizado com sucesso e pode ser considerado como um procedimento simples, barato, rápido e eficaz. Foram utilizados três diferentes fontes do amido como substrato: mandioca, batata e milho. A análise qualitativa da produção da CGTase foi determinada pela formação de área amarela em cultura sólida contendo fenolftaleína. Índices enzimáticos, que indicam a produção da CGTase pelas colônias bacterianas em cultura sólida, foram calculados para ambas as células livres e imobilizadas em diferentes fontes de amido. A atividade enzimática da CGTase foi determinada antes e depois de cada passo de purificação: precipitação com sulfato de amônio, adsorção no amido e diálise. O crescimento da biomassa e consumo do substrato foram analisados por citometria de fluxo e ensaio modificado de fenol - ácido sulfúrico, respectivamente. Células livres atingiram concentrações muito elevadas (2.5 × 107 ml-1) durante a fermentação por batelada, porém as células imobilizadas continuaram com a concentração do inóculo inicial (2.5 × 105 ml-1) durante a produção da enzima. A atividade máxima da enzima obtida por células livres foi 21.25 U (35 h), 14.65 U (40 h) e 19.16 U (33 h) utilizando amido de mandioca, batata e milho, respectivamente. Durante a fermentação batelada, as células imobilizadas produziram a CGTase com a atividade enzimática de 24.375 U (16 h) para a mandioca, 24.375 U (9 h) para fécula de batata e 21.25 U (8.5 h) para o amido de milho. Consequentemente, a imobilização diminuiu o tempo de produção e aumentou a atividade da CGTase.

Alexandrium tamarense is a harmful algal species that can produce saxitoxins, a suite of powerful neurotoxins that bioaccumulate up the food chain and can have severe economic and health impacts. With harmful algal blooms increasing temporally and spatially, it is important for us to understand the relationship between harmful algal blooms and nutrients, particularly nitrogen from anthropogenic sources. To this end, the stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N) of medium nitrate, algal cells and toxin in both nitrogen-replete and nitrogen-limited batch cultures of A. tamarense were measured in order to assess the potential for using the δ¹⁵N of the toxin as a tracer of the nitrogen source used for growth. A. tamarense cells grown under nitrate-replete conditions were depleted by 1.5‰ relative to the growth medium, and saxitoxin was depleted by 1.5‰ relative to the whole cells. Under nitrate-limiting conditions, the isotopic difference between cells and saxitoxin changed as nitrate in the growth medium was depleted, indicating uncoupling of toxin synthesis and cell growth rates under changing external nutrient conditions. Determination of the absolute magnitude of the isotopic differences between the medium nitrate and either the cells or the saxitoxin was confounded by 1) using two different nitrate sources – one nitrate source was used to grow the inoculum and a different nitrate source was used for the experimental medium - with different ‰ values and 2) the presence of an unidentified, isotopically-light, nitrogen blank in the low-nitrate medium samples. I conclude that STX nitrogen isotope values have the potential to be used as nitrogen source indicators. However, overall fractionation between whole cells and STX is unknown due to the uncoupling between cell growth and STX synthesis observed during my nitrogen-limited experiment. Based on previous research on cell growth and toxin production dynamics under different nutrient regimes, it is also reasonable to assume that the observed results here may differ if a different nitrogen source was utilized by the cells for STX production. Further research could include isotope analysis of cultures grown on different nitrogen sources, such as ammonium and urea; isotopic analysis of additional compounds, such as amino acids; or use of additional stable isotopes, such as C or O. / text