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Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology: Fashion, Durban Institute of Technology, 2004. / This investigation focuses on the research and development of a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) on CD-ROM to prepare Fashion students for a digitally-based industry. / M

The term spa is associated with water treatment which is also known as balneotherapy. Spa towns or spa resorts (including hot springs resorts) typically offer thermal or mineral water for drinking and bathing. They also offer various health treatments. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters goes back to prehistoric times. Such practices have been popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan. Day spas are also quite popular, and offer various personal care treatments.

Foram estudadas as condições sanitárias e realizada a classificação das águas do mar destinadas à balneabilidade, de praias do Estado do Paraná. Para isto, foram selecionadas as praias de Leste (L), Gaivotas (G), Caravela 2 (CL), Betaras (B) e Marajá (MJ), com baixa afluência de banhistas e as de Matinhos (M), Caiobá (C) e Guaratuba (GB) com alta. Nestas praias foram predeterminados 22 locais de colheita e, através de amostragem sistemática e periódica, foi colhida uma amostra de água do mar de cada local, durante 50 semanas consecutivas entre 7 de janeiro e 15 de dezembro de 1980, perfazendo um total de 1100 amostras. A partir de cada amostra realizou-se a determinação dos Números Mais Prováveis (NMP) de bactérias coliformes totais e de coliformes fecais por 100 ml de água. Os NMP de bactérias coliforrnes totais e de coliforrnes fecais por 100 ml, observados para as amostras de água do mar obtidas nos 7 locais de colheita situados nas praias de Leste, Gaivotas, Caravela 2, Betaras e Marajá, foram de maneira geral baixos, não se verificando variação acentuada entre os valores encontrados. As ãguas nestes locais estudados mostraram-se em boas condições sanitárias, apesar de alguns valores apresentarem-se mais elevados, principalmente, no período de classificação de 17/Mar./80 a 14/Abr./80. As amostras de água do mar obtidas nos 15 locais de colheita das praias de Matinhos, Caiobi e Guaratuba, revelaram-se com os NMP de bactérias coliformes totais e de coliformes fecais por 100 ml mais elevados, sobretudo nos períodos compreendidos entre 7/Jan./ 80 e 14/Abr./80 e no de 17/Nov./80 a 15/Dez./80. Nestes períodos, as águas mostraram-se em geral, em piores condições sanitárias, enquanto nos demais, os NMP daquelas bactérias revelaram-se, na grande maioria das vezes, mais baixos. Durante o período da pesquisa foram realizadas, para cada local de colheita, 20 classificações das águas quanto a sua qualidade para fins de balneabilidade, sendo 10 relativas aos resultados dos NMP de bactérias coliformes totais e 10 de coliformes fecais por 100 ml de água. Cada classificação foi feita de acordo com o padrão nacional vigente do Ministério do Interior, no final de cada conjunto de 5 semanas consecutivas e, portanto, após terem sido analisadas 5 amostras de água correspondentes a cada um dos locais de colheita. De modo geral, as águas do mar das praias estudadas revelaram-se proprias à balneabilidade, ou melhor, com qualidade excelente, excetuando-se os locais M1 e M2 da praia de Matinhos e C4 da de Caiobá. Os locais M1 e M2 revelaram-se com águas impróprias à balneabilidade, sendo uma vez para ambos, com relação aos valores dos NMP de bactérias coliformes totais e 4 e uma vezes, respectivamente, quanto aos NMP de bactérias coliformes fecais. O local C4 foi classificado com águas impróprias à balneabilidade apenas uma vez, com base nos NMP de bactérias coliformes fecais encontrados. / Sea water from beaches of the State of Paraná, Brazil were studied considering sanitary conditions, in order to classify them regarding bathing conditions. The following beaches were chosen: Leste (L), Gaivotas (G), Caravela 2 (CL), Betaras (B) e Marajó (MJ), which present lüi\'v\' affluence and Matinhos (M), Caiobá (C) and Guaratuba (GB) presenting high affluence. Twenty-two predetermined collecting places were stablished. Using systematic and periodic sampling, samples were collected from each place during 50 consecutive weeks, between January 15 through December 15, 1980, totalling 1,100 samples. On each sample Most Probable Number (MPN) of total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml of water were determined. MPN for both types of bacteria was low at the seven collection places of L, G, CL, B and MJ beaches, not differing significantly one from another, showing good sanitary conditions. Some values were rather higher during the period March 17 through April 14, 1980. Water from the 15 collection places located on M, C and GB beaches showed higher values, especially between January 7 through April 14, 1980 and between November 17 through December 15, 1980. Sanitary conditions were better at the others periods, in general. During the study period waters were classified 20 times, 10 regarding total coliformes and 10 regarding fecal coliforms, each classification relating to five weeks periods. Ministery of the Interior standards were used. On the whole water from the beaches studied can be considered of excelent quality regarding bathing conditions. Localities M1 , M2 and C4 were exception, however. M1 and M2 revealed improper for bathing, once each, regarding total coliform MPN. Considering fecal coliforms M1 showed improper conditions four times and M2, once. C4 showed improper conditions regarding fecal coliforms only once.

Foram estudadas as condições sanitárias e realizada a classificação das águas do mar destinadas à balneabilidade, de praias do Estado do Paraná. Para isto, foram selecionadas as praias de Leste (L), Gaivotas (G), Caravela 2 (CL), Betaras (B) e Marajá (MJ), com baixa afluência de banhistas e as de Matinhos (M), Caiobá (C) e Guaratuba (GB) com alta. Nestas praias foram predeterminados 22 locais de colheita e, através de amostragem sistemática e periódica, foi colhida uma amostra de água do mar de cada local, durante 50 semanas consecutivas entre 7 de janeiro e 15 de dezembro de 1980, perfazendo um total de 1100 amostras. A partir de cada amostra realizou-se a determinação dos Números Mais Prováveis (NMP) de bactérias coliformes totais e de coliformes fecais por 100 ml de água. Os NMP de bactérias coliforrnes totais e de coliforrnes fecais por 100 ml, observados para as amostras de água do mar obtidas nos 7 locais de colheita situados nas praias de Leste, Gaivotas, Caravela 2, Betaras e Marajá, foram de maneira geral baixos, não se verificando variação acentuada entre os valores encontrados. As ãguas nestes locais estudados mostraram-se em boas condições sanitárias, apesar de alguns valores apresentarem-se mais elevados, principalmente, no período de classificação de 17/Mar./80 a 14/Abr./80. As amostras de água do mar obtidas nos 15 locais de colheita das praias de Matinhos, Caiobi e Guaratuba, revelaram-se com os NMP de bactérias coliformes totais e de coliformes fecais por 100 ml mais elevados, sobretudo nos períodos compreendidos entre 7/Jan./ 80 e 14/Abr./80 e no de 17/Nov./80 a 15/Dez./80. Nestes períodos, as águas mostraram-se em geral, em piores condições sanitárias, enquanto nos demais, os NMP daquelas bactérias revelaram-se, na grande maioria das vezes, mais baixos. Durante o período da pesquisa foram realizadas, para cada local de colheita, 20 classificações das águas quanto a sua qualidade para fins de balneabilidade, sendo 10 relativas aos resultados dos NMP de bactérias coliformes totais e 10 de coliformes fecais por 100 ml de água. Cada classificação foi feita de acordo com o padrão nacional vigente do Ministério do Interior, no final de cada conjunto de 5 semanas consecutivas e, portanto, após terem sido analisadas 5 amostras de água correspondentes a cada um dos locais de colheita. De modo geral, as águas do mar das praias estudadas revelaram-se proprias à balneabilidade, ou melhor, com qualidade excelente, excetuando-se os locais M1 e M2 da praia de Matinhos e C4 da de Caiobá. Os locais M1 e M2 revelaram-se com águas impróprias à balneabilidade, sendo uma vez para ambos, com relação aos valores dos NMP de bactérias coliformes totais e 4 e uma vezes, respectivamente, quanto aos NMP de bactérias coliformes fecais. O local C4 foi classificado com águas impróprias à balneabilidade apenas uma vez, com base nos NMP de bactérias coliformes fecais encontrados. / Sea water from beaches of the State of Paraná, Brazil were studied considering sanitary conditions, in order to classify them regarding bathing conditions. The following beaches were chosen: Leste (L), Gaivotas (G), Caravela 2 (CL), Betaras (B) e Marajó (MJ), which present lüi\'v\' affluence and Matinhos (M), Caiobá (C) and Guaratuba (GB) presenting high affluence. Twenty-two predetermined collecting places were stablished. Using systematic and periodic sampling, samples were collected from each place during 50 consecutive weeks, between January 15 through December 15, 1980, totalling 1,100 samples. On each sample Most Probable Number (MPN) of total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml of water were determined. MPN for both types of bacteria was low at the seven collection places of L, G, CL, B and MJ beaches, not differing significantly one from another, showing good sanitary conditions. Some values were rather higher during the period March 17 through April 14, 1980. Water from the 15 collection places located on M, C and GB beaches showed higher values, especially between January 7 through April 14, 1980 and between November 17 through December 15, 1980. Sanitary conditions were better at the others periods, in general. During the study period waters were classified 20 times, 10 regarding total coliformes and 10 regarding fecal coliforms, each classification relating to five weeks periods. Ministery of the Interior standards were used. On the whole water from the beaches studied can be considered of excelent quality regarding bathing conditions. Localities M1 , M2 and C4 were exception, however. M1 and M2 revealed improper for bathing, once each, regarding total coliform MPN. Considering fecal coliforms M1 showed improper conditions four times and M2, once. C4 showed improper conditions regarding fecal coliforms only once.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Steeped in tradition for over a thousand years, bathing culture in Japan remains relevant due to the preservation of the traditional, innovative modernization of existing bathing structures, and the diversification therein. This thesis will examine the significance of bathing culture, focusing largely on onsen and sento, account for its historical evolution, analyze how it functions in modern society and forecast its future viability. More specifically, the concept that Japan's vibrant bathing culture was able to flourish due to mythological creation stories, politically motivated access to baths, propagated therapeutic value, and scientific reinforcement of the benefits of a hot bath will be explored.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [137]-142). Also available in print.

In 2011, Calgary, Alberta based Borealis Geopower bought the geothermal rights to the Canoe Reach arm of Kinbasket Lake, near Valemount, British Columbia. New to Canada, a pilot project of a 2 megawatt geothermal power facility will begin within the next five years. The project is a positive addition to the area, as it is a non-polluting energy source with an effluent of clean hot water. This thesis proposes a maximization of this energy source by combining the power facility with an education center and bathing facility. Included in this bathing experience are ancillary cabins and paths to promote the users’ interaction and enjoyment of the project and landscape. Finally, this thesis develops a material strategy, choreographing the visitors’ experience of the geothermal resource within the site’s mountainous topography.

Newborn morbidity and mortality remains high despite a remarkable decline in the infant mortality and under five mortality rates in Nepal over the last decade (1996-2006). Research shows that newborns’ health outcome is associated with maternal and other factors. This study was designed to understand the factors that have an impact on three good newborn care practices: safe cord cutting, early breastfeeding and delayed bathing. The study used the interview data of 815 married women aged 15-49 years who delivered a live baby between February 2008 and February 2009, collected for the baseline survey of the Community-Based Maternal and Newborn Health program implemented in the Sindhuli district of Nepal. The mean age of the sample women was 26 years. Two-thirds of them were from disadvantaged indigenous caste/ethnicity groups, about 70% were uneducated and the majority were poor. Safe cord cutting, early breastfeeding and delayed bathing practices were studied for 803, 810 and 812 women respectively and 70.7%, 46.7%, and 16.6% of the eligible samples demonstrated the practices respectively. The logistic regression method was used to examine the association of independent factors with the outcome variables. Social gradient was found to be associated with all three practices. Rich women were more likely to demonstrate good practices and bearing a child at the prime age (20-34 years) was likely to result in safe cord cutting. Disadvantaged indigenous and ‘other’ caste/ethnicity women demonstrated unsafe cord cutting practices and dalit caste/ethnicity women demonstrated poor bathing practices. Maternal knowledge also emerged as a strong predictor of early breastfeeding and delayed bathing practices. Antenatal care from a SBA determined good breastfeeding and advice from a FCHV determined good bathing practices. The results showed that the uptake of antenatal and delivery services from a skilled birth attendant is unacceptably low in rural Nepal, which is a challenge for meeting the millennium development goals. The study recommends programmes for improving economic status as a key to improving newborn care practices. As the vast majority of the deliveries are still assisted by traditional birth attendants; including them in maternal health programmes is crucial. Increasing women’s access to a skilled birth attendant and boosting the spirit of the FCHVs to increase their efficiency is also recommended. Future research on newborn health should focus on identifying other determinants of newborn care practices and survival. Qualitative studies to understand the cultural perspectives of newborn care practices are also recommended.