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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Long term stability of concrete made from red sand in a marine environment

Ghiafeh Davoodi, Majid January 2008 (has links)
The desire of the minerals industry to be more sustainable has led towards the increasing development of by-products. One such industry is the production of Alumina. The Alumina industry in Australia is the major producer of alumina in the western world with over 25 million tonnes of Bauxite Residue per annum. Alcoa World Alumina (Alcoa) has three refineries in Western Australia producing approximately 20,000 tonnes of Mud and a similar level of Red Sand each day. These as yet unutilised potential resources are being stockpiled, occupying a significant footprint. It is widely recognised within industry that there would be economic, environment and social benefits if a sustainable use for these materials were found. One such potential by-product is the production of coarse bauxite residue (Red Sand), neutralised and washed low in salt. The main purpose of this research was to establish a potential market for this material, through scientific evaluation of Red Sand as a replacement of natural fine aggregate (Natural Yellow Sand) in concrete mixes. For this research, the mixed stream of Bauxite Residue (fine and coarse) obtained in the Bayer process was neutralized by a process of carbonation then washed using cyclones and counter current wash towers to a value added byproduct. The coarse particles (Washed and Carbonated Sand-WCS) of the stream were separated by Wet High Intensity Magnetic Separation technique (WHIMS) so that different segments such as High Iron Sand (HIS) and Low Iron Sand (LIS) were formed. Physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of these materials have been tested and compared with that of natural sand. Several mixes of concrete were then designed using Red Sand as a fine aggregate in order to verify their effects on strength and durability indicators of concrete. / The comparative analysis between normal mix proportions and the mix proportions utilizing Red Sand was also achieved. In addition, the impact of marine environment on concrete mix design and properties of manufactured concrete were evaluated with a series of standard laboratory tests. The findings were promising in terms of both mechanical properties and durability and suggested that Red Sand, in particular Low Iron Sand is likely to be effective in place of fine aggregates and can be used within marine grade concrete with no major differences when compared to normal concrete. From the results obtained, it can be deduced that this material can be used in a wide range of concrete applications in Civil Engineering and Construction.
52

UTKAL : Norsk Hydros forsøk på å delta i bauksittutvinning og aluminaproduksjon i India, 1993-2002 /

Lenes, Kjetil. January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Hovedopgave. / Format: PDF. Bibl.
53

Avaliação do uso de diferentes fontes de bauxita no processo de produção de óxido de alumínio.

FROTA, Luis Eduardo Medeiros. 05 February 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Dilene Paulo (dilene.fatima@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-02-05T15:39:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIS EDUARDO MEDEIROS FROTA – DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2012.pdf: 1801644 bytes, checksum: 1d91f3ec19c316106682f868684e0357 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-05T15:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIS EDUARDO MEDEIROS FROTA – DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2012.pdf: 1801644 bytes, checksum: 1d91f3ec19c316106682f868684e0357 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-16 / O Oxido de alumínio, Al2O3, comumente chamado de alumina se trata de um composto químico de ampla utilização na indústria estando presente em pastas de dente, tinta, aditivos para tratamento de água dentre outros. Porém sua principal utilização é na indústria do Alumínio onde representa a principal material prima para a obtenção deste metal. A maior parte do Oxido de alumínio produzido no mundo hoje tem como fonte primária a Bauxita. O Alumínio está presente nesse minério na forma de óxi-hidroxidos de alumínio onde os principais são: gibbsita Al(OH)3, diasporo AlO(OH) e boehmita AlO(OH). O processo de refino para obtenção da Alumina a partir da Bauxita mais comumente aplicado atualmente é o processo Bayer no qual o minério é atacado com uma solução cáustica a base de hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) a fim de solubilizar o Alumínio para posterior recristalização. As várias etapas do processamento do minério são definidas e ajustadas em virtude das peculiaridades da bauxita utilizada como, por exemplo, composição química, granulometria e composição mineralógica. Bauxitas com características diferentes pedem processamento diferenciado. Com a demanda por alumina crescente, novas fontes de Bauxita necessitam ser exploradas e uma preocupação é que tipo de mudanças um minério de uma nova fonte pode causar ao processo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a bauxita proveniente de uma nova fonte seus impactos no processo servindo como embasamento para tomada de decisão sobre a viabilidade da abertura de uma nova mina e um aumento de capacidade de processamento por parte da Refinaria. Caracterização química e simulação do processo Bayer em bancada mostraram que o material proveniente da nova fonte de bauxita não apresenta diferenças significativas em relação ao minério já utilizado embasando assim os investimentos para abertura e uma mina com capacidade de 4 milhões de toneladas de minério por ano e um aumento de capacidade de produção na refinaria de 2 milhões de toneladas de alumina ao ano. / The aluminum oxide, Al2O3, commonly called alumina it is a compound widely used in chemical industry and is present in toothpastes, ink, water treatment additives and others. However aluminum industry is the principal client where is the main raw material for production of this metal. Most of the aluminum oxide produced today has Bauxite as the main source. The aluminum is present in this ore as oxi-hydroxides which are the main: gibbsita Al(OH)3, diasporo AlO(OH) and boehmita AlO(OH). The refining process for obtaining alumina from bauxite most commonly is the Bayer Process where ore is attacked with a caustic solution based on sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in order to solubilize the aluminum subsequent to recrystallization. The various steps of ore processing are set and adjusted based on the characteristics used as, eg, chemical, mineralogical composition and particle size. Bauxites with different characteristics require different processing. With the increasing demand for alumina, new bauxite sources need to be explored and to know what kind of changes new ore source could require is fundamental. This work aimed to evaluate possible impacts caused by a new source and use this information to evaluate a new mine operation and increase processing capacity at Refinery. Chemical characterization and reproduction of some stages of the Bayer process in bench showed that material from the new source of bauxite does not differ significantly in relation to the first ore confirming investments for opening a anew mine with a capacity of 4 million tons per year supporting production increase refinery production capacity of 1,5 million tons of alumina per year.
54

Metal Mining's Environmental Pressures: A Review and Updated Estimates on CO2 Emissions, Water Use, and Land Requirements

Tost, Michael, Bayer, Benjamin, Hitch, Michael, Lutter, Franz Stephan, Moser, Peter, Feiel, Susanne January 2018 (has links) (PDF)
The significant increase in metal mining and the inevitability of the continuation of this trend suggests that environmental pressures, as well as related impacts, have become an issue of global relevance. Yet the scale of the impact remains, to a large extent, unknown. This paper examines the mining sector's demands on CO2 emissions, water use, as well as demands on land use focusing on four principal metals: iron, aluminium (i.e., bauxite ore), copper, and gold. These materials represent a large proportion of all metallic materials mined in terms of crude tonnage and economic value. This paper examines how the main providers of mining data, the United Nations, government sources of some main metal producing and consuming countries, the scientific literature, and company reports report environmental pressures in these three areas. The authors conclude that, in the global context, the pressure brought about by metal mining is relatively low. The data on this subject are still very limited and there are significant gaps in consistency on criteria such as boundary descriptions, input parameter definitions, and allocation method descriptions as well as a lack of commodity and/or site specific reporting of environmental data at a company level.
55

Obtenção e caracterização de vidros a base de lama vermelha visando a imobilização de rejeitos nucleares / Production and characterization of red mud based glasses for the immobilization of nuclear wastes

VIEIRA, HEVELINE 10 April 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-04-10T14:26:55Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T14:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
56

A difração de raios X com o método de Rietveld aplicada a bauxitas de Porto Trombetas, PA. / X-ray diffraction with Rietveld method applied to bauxites of Porto Trombetas, PA.

Juliana Lívi Antoniassi 18 March 2010 (has links)
O projeto enfocou a aplicação da difração de raios X (DRX) associada ao método de Rietveld na determinação quantitativa da composição mineralógica de bauxitas de Porto Trombetas, PA. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com aqueles de outras ferramentas de determinação mineralógica, especificamente métodos tradicionais de caracterização de minérios e espectroscopia Mössbauer, além da correlação direta com dados de análises químicas que, atualmente, são utilizados no controle de pesquisa e processamento de bauxita. Preliminarmente, definiram-se tipos mineralógicos de minério com o recurso de análise por agrupamento de dados de difração de raios X para um conjunto de 60 amostras, englobando materiais da pesquisa mineral e do beneficiamento de bauxita pela Mineração Rio do Norte (MRN). Esse recurso permitiu otimizar o conjunto de amostras para o estudo e facilitar a definição de seqüências específicas de refinamento pelo método de Rietveld para grupos de amostras com composição mineralógica similar. A DRX-Rietveld mostrou-se relevante e eficiente no estudo de bauxitas, sendo obtidos satisfatórios valores de indicadores estatísticos de refinamento (GOF e Rwp), além de elevada correlação linear com as demais metodologias aplicadas, particularmente no que se refere aos maiores constituintes das amostras, essencialmente gibbsita e argilominerais. No caso de óxi-hidróxidos de ferro (basicamente hematita, goethita e uma fase de Fe3+ de baixa cristalinidade), com proporções inferiores a 20% nas amostras, verificou-se que parte desses minerais praticamente não foi detectada por DRXRietveld visto o grau de cristalinidade dessas fases, conforme observado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia Mössbauer. / This research concerns the application of X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Rietveld method in order to determinate the mineralogical composition of bauxites from Porto Trombetas, PA. The results were compared with the mineralogical composition obtained by mineral separations supported by chemical analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy, as well as correlated with XRF chemical analysis and selective dissolution chemical analysis, that routinely support bauxite mineral research, mining operation as well as mineral processing. Previously, a definition of mineralogical types was provided by cluster analysis of a 60 samples set of diffractograms, corresponding to geological research and beneficiation products from Mineração Rio do Norte (MRN). This tool simplified the analysis of a large number of data for the study and helped to establish the Rietveld refinement strategies for clusters of samples with similar mineralogical compositions. XRD with Rietveld method showed to be relevant and efficient for bauxite study, giving satisfactory statistical evaluation parameters (GOF and Rwp), besides high linear correlation with the others mineralogical methods for the major minerals, essentially gibbsite and clay minerals. For oxi-hydroxides minerals (basically hematite, goethite and a low crystallinity Fe3+ phase), with proportions bellow 20 percent of the samples, it could be seen that part of these minerals was not detected by XRD and so not evaluated by Rietveld quantification method, since they present low crystallinity as observed by scanning electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy.
57

Modificação do resíduo de bauxita gerado no processo Bayer por tratamento térmico. / Modification of bauxite waste generated in the Bayer process by thermal treatment.

Marta Cristina Suarez Garcia 11 May 2012 (has links)
A lama vermelha é o resíduo gerado pela Indústria do Alumínio. Assim como outros resíduos industriais apresenta características complexas com inúmeras dificuldades de manipulação, além de ser um material perigoso pela sua baixa granulometria e alcalinidade. É um resíduo com potencial poluidor alto, agravado pela forma de disposição vulnerável geralmente adotada, sendo esta a disposição do resíduo em lagoas projetadas para esta finalidade. O estudo e desenvolvimento de alternativas sustentáveis para a utilização da lama vermelha devidamente tratada como matérias-primas de outros processos são tendências importantes e necessárias no contexto mundial de preservação do meio ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo é compreender o comportamento da lama vermelha sob a influência de diferentes temperaturas de tratamento térmico. Baseados nos efeitos de redução de área e transformações de fases, característicos dos processos térmicos, adotou-se um foco de análise voltado para a redução pH e dos íons livres. A identificação dos pHs adequados de análise da concentração de íons solúveis foi feita com base nas curvas de mobilidade eletroforética e condutividade. Os resultados obtidos para as amostras calcinadas mostraram queda do pH inicial das dispersões e da concentração dos íons solubilizados. Esse efeito pode ser atribuído a redução de área e a incorporação de íons à estrutura, o que assegura ao resíduo menor reatividade. / Red mud is the waste generated by Aluminium Industry, like other industrial wastes, has complex features with several difficulties in handling, as well as being a hazardous material because of its low particle size, alkalinity and high amount generated. It is a waste with high pollution potential, compounded by the vulnerability of the disposition generally adopted, usually in lagoons designed for this purpose. The study and development of sustainable alternatives for the use of properly treated red mud, as raw material of other processes, are important tendencies and necessaries in the global context of environmental preservation. However, this work deals the thermal treatment as method to modify the characteristics of the waste, suggesting the reduction of alkalinity with the lower leaching of alkaline ions. This approach can be a discarding alternative most reliable and safe for the environment. The objective of this study is understand the red muds behavior using thermal treatment. Based on the reduction effects of the area and phase transformations characteristic of thermal process, the analysis was taken observing the reduction of free ions and pH. Identification of correct pH of analyse of soluble ions concentration was based at mobility electrophoretic and conductivity graphics. The results of calcined samples showed reduction of initial pH and the concentration of soluble ions. This effect could be assigned to the area reduction and ions incorporation at structure, which ensures the residue lower reactivity.
58

Obtenção e caracterização de vidros a base de lama vermelha visando a imobilização de rejeitos nucleares / Production and characterization of red mud based glasses for the immobilization of nuclear wastes

VIEIRA, HEVELINE 10 April 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-04-10T14:26:55Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T14:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho, vidros contendo um resíduo industrial denominado lama vermelha, foram desenvolvidos e caracterizados. Foi utilizada a quantidade mínima de 60% em massa de lama vermelha na produção dos vidros para promover a utilização desse resíduo. De acordo com os resultados de difração de raios X obtidos, observa-se que é possível produzir materiais a partir da lama vermelha com fases amorfas consideráveis, embora fases cristalinas referentes ao Fe originário do resíduo estejam presentes. O material denominado 60L40S, o qual possui 60% em massa de lama vermelha na sua composição nominal, apresentou as melhores propriedades dentre as composições estudadas, porém apresentou também alta temperatura de fusão. Ajustes na composição desse material foram realizados buscando diminuir essa temperatura. Os resultados mostram que os ajustes foram satisfatórios no desempenho de diminuir a temperatura de fusão, porém perdas na propriedade química desse material foram observadas. Elementos comumente encontrados na composição química de rejeitos nucleares foram adicionados aos vidros produzidos neste trabalho visando estudar os efeitos dessa adição nas propriedades químicas e térmicas desses materiais. Foi observado que é possível adicionar até 15% em massa de elementos simuladores aos materiais produzidos e essa adição promove a diminuição da temperatura de fusão. Acima de 15% em massa os elementos adicionados se precipitam na estrutura do material. Foi observado que, embora haja perdas na durabilidade química do material 60L40S após a adição dos elementos simuladores, esse material, quando em contato com água, mantém os elementos simuladores confinados em sua estrutura. Esse resultado é promissor, pois sugere que o material 60L40S é capaz de imobilizar em sua estrutura elementos provenientes de rejeitos nucleares. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
59

Produção e Caracterização de Biocombustíveis por Craqueamento de Óleo Vegetais via Catálise com Bauxita / Production and characterization of the biofuels by cracking of vegetable oils through bauxite catalysis

PRADO, Cinara Machado Rodrigues do 06 August 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Mestrado-Cinara.pdf: 1736024 bytes, checksum: 126d388a06dc6a07bfa52d649a037365 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-06 / In this work, raw bauxite, thermally activated calcined bauxite, calcined bauxite underwent acid treatment were the catalysts tested by its potential in the thermal catalytic cracking reaction looking forward to the production of biofuels from commercial soybean oil as an alternative to fossil fuels. The materials were characterized by the techniques ICP-OES, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and textural analysis. The chromatographic analysis of the biofuels obtained by cracking of commercial soybean oil showed hydrocarbon compounds such as alkanes, alkenes and aromatics, as well as some oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids, ketones and alcohols. The products generated by the thermal catalytic cracking process with thermally activated calcined bauxite showed better results than the thermal cracking products because of the low quantity of acids present, which provided biofuels with a lower acidity index, and absence of acrolein. Therefore, the catalyst which was used demonstrated activity in the secondary cracking process, in which fatty acids decompose and give rise to hydrocarbons. The cracking tests with raw bauxite generated a lower biofuels yield and significant amount of solid product and residual oil making unfeasible the process. In order to evaluated the potential of used industrial waste sources for production of alternative fuels, the cracking of the waste vegetable oil studied together with the optimum of the reaction conditions obtained satisfactory result in the gaseous and liquid yield and percentage of crude biofuels generated. The biofuel presented similar composition observed in the biofuels obtained in thermal catalytic cracking of xv commercial soybean oil. This proved that the thermal catalytic cracking process is an alternative solution for the reutilization of waste vegetable oil and fats, both, when discarded inadequately can become environment pollutants / Neste trabalho, a bauxita in natura , bauxita calcinada termo ativada e bauxita calcinada tratada com ácido clorídrico foram os catalisadores avaliados quanto ao seu potencial frente à reação de craqueamento termocatalítico do óleo de soja comercial para obtenção de biocombustíveis alternativos aos combustíveis fósseis. Estes materiais foram caracterizados através das técnicas de ICP-OES, espectroscopia no infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica, difração de raios X e análise textural. As análises cromatográficas dos biocombustíveis obtidos por craqueamento do óleo de soja comercial evidenciaram a presença de hidrocarbonetos - tais como alcanos, alcenos e aromáticos - e compostos oxigenados como ácidos carboxílicos, cetonas e alcoóis. Os produtos formados no processo de craqueamento termo-catalítico com bauxita calcinada termo ativada apresentaram-se melhores resultados do que os obtidos no craqueamento térmico, devido à menor quantidade de ácidos carboxílicos presentes, o que proporciona a obtenção de biocombustíveis com menor acidez, e isento de acroleína. Portanto, este catalisador demonstrou atuar no processo de craqueamento secundário, no qual os ácidos graxos se decompõem originando hidrocarbonetos. Os testes de craqueamento com bauxita in natura geraram baixos rendimentos de biocombustíveis brutos e na formação de quantidades significativas de produto sólido e óleo residual, tornando o processo inviável. A fim de avaliar o potencial de utilizar fontes de resíduos industriais para se obter combustíveis líquidos alternativos estudouse o craqueamento de óleo vegetal residual empregando as condições reacionais otimizadas, obtendo resultados satisfatórios em rendimento de produtos líquidos e gasosos e o percentual de biocombustível bruto, sendo que o biocombustível obtido apresentou composição similar aos obtidos no craqueamento termo-catalítico de óleo de soja comercial. Isto mostra que o processo de craqueamento termo-catalítico constitui uma alternativa para reutilização de óleos e gorduras residuais, os quais, quando descartados inadequadamente podem vir a se constituir poluentes ambientais
60

Formation and zonation of ferruginous bauxite deposits of the Chapman quadrangle, Oregon

Marty, Richard Charles 01 January 1983 (has links)
Two major theories have been advanced to account for the scattered distribution of ferruginous bauxite deposits. Original workers proposed that ferruginous bauxite originally developed over all exposed Columbia River Basalt in western Oregon and was subsequently removed by erosion. Studies which followed have suggested that it may be locally favorable conditions, especially of drainage, which are responsible for deposit distribution. Field mapping in the Chapman Quadrangle shows a possible correlation between a series of sheared zones, which may have improved drainage, and the distribution of ferruginous bauxite deposits. Examination of the pisolitic zone ferruginous bauxite of the Chapman Quadrangle failed to show any evidence supporting the theory that this zone was produced by fluvial action. It appears, instead that the pisolitic zone of the deposits studied developed in place and that the structures seen in this zone are the result of authigenic processes. Mineralogical study of samples from the Chapman Quadrangle suggests that the ferruginous bauxite of the area probably developed under slightly acidic pH conditions and that the assemblage quartz, kaolinite, gibbsite may exist in ferruginous bauxite deposits because of the presence of iron oxide and hydroxide coatings on the quartz which may cut off contact between quartz and gibbsite. Chemical study shows that the lateral variation in elemental concentrations is much less than the vertical variation in concentrations seen by some previous workers, and that lateral variation appears to be randomly distributed for most elements. The behavior of elements during weathering can best be modeled by taking into account the various sorbtive reactions between ions formed during weathering and clays and hydroxides.

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