ENGLISH ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the specification of bazaars and the bazaar economy. Bazaar [bāzār] is a Persian word for marketplace, also used in Turkish- çarşi [čarši]. Like the Arabic term souk وسق [súq], bazaar is both the concrete trading place, where many people meet and interact but like the English word market or the French le marché is also understood as a more abstract notion of buying and selling in the sense of demand and supply and it involves small shopping stalls, modern shopping and business avenues and shopping malls as well. Bazaar can refer to a single shopping unit or a street in the frame of the marketplace or outside its boundaries or to the whole business complex. The marketplace has symbolic and social importance indicative of its urban centrality. The souk is seen as one of the quintessential oriental spaces. Clifford Geertz and his own studies of Moroccan and Indonesian rural markets inspired many economic anthropologists to examine the structure of marketplaces in the developing world as products of informational scarcity. The bazaar economy was defined in Clifford Geertz' extremly influential anthropological study on the bazaar economy in Sefrou (1978), a quite small town in Morocco with about 600 shops. Geertz was the first to emphasise the important difference...

This study focuses on the role and contribution of women in the context of the social and economic development of two towns in Hertfordshire during the nineteenth century. Although the age saw an increase in urbanisation, Hertfordshire remained an agricultural county with long established land owners, a middle class with influence in the towns and its closeness to London attracting the newly wealthy in search of a country estate. The towns selected for this study, Hertford and Hitchin, changed little in their character and, compared with others which experienced industrial expansion, saw a modest population growth. This, however, brought the consequential pressures on housing and poverty. This research is unique in combining the study of the activities of women and the challenges faced by two market towns over a period of time of change and thus making a contribution to the debate on the concept of “separate spheres” by demonstrating that women had a place in the public arena. The daily life of a country town was reliant on a thriving economic environment. As this research demonstrates, many women had trades and businesses, contributed to good causes and were central to the education of children and adults. Their philanthropic efforts supported the building and maintenance of churches, schools, and hospitals. It charts the role of ordinary women, operating in a small town environment, before extension of the suffrage and Equal Opportunities legislation established their position as legitimate influencers of policy and practice. Little work has been done on how the English small town coped with its growth in population and the summons from central government on compliance with an increasing body of legislation on how the town should be run. It was men who undertook the necessary offices associated with this seed of local government but a micro-history of the people who inhabited these two towns demonstrates that women made a significant contribution to social and economic life of these towns.

This thesis deals with the construction of ideal female reader inscribed on the Czech edition of the magazine Harper's Bazaar. The theoretical part handles the important findings in the field of semiotics. The semiotic analysis itself is the crucial part of my work. Within the wide angle of field of semiotic processes character and its function, mentions the various concepts and theories that are linked to this issue. Chapter which binds to the functioning of the secondary semiotic system, in other words, the myth is based on the work Mythologies by Roland Barthes. Mythological analysis is crucial for the practical part. The theoretical framework also deals with studies on "inscribed" readers from Colin Sparks and Michelle Campbell that was one of the main motivations for creating this text. It analyzes important aspects of the theory of coding and decoding Stuart Hall. Last but not least, refers to the sociology of knowledge through the work of Social Construction of Reality from a pair of authors Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann. Practical part includes mythological analysis of the individual sections in selected publications between years 2002 and 2014. Also it doesn't focus only on the text itself, but also on the selected accompanying visuals. It deals with the Czech myths and legends. It...

L'invasion et la succession dans les villes est un phénomène qui affecte les fonctions du bazar. Embouteillages dans les zones du centre-ville, la pollution atmosphérique dans les villes, la transformation de la structure des activités économiques, le flux des immigrants sur le marché, le transfert de certaines fonctions du bazar aux sociétés commerciales et etc, tout cela a créé des problèmes pour le bazar. Dans les décennies présentes, le "Bazaar" a fait face à un nouveau rival reconnaissable en Iran. Tous les jours les "Centres commerciaux" se répandent partout dans les régions dans les villes iraniennes. Ils sont comme un symbole de l'extension de la consommation et l'apparition d'une société de consommation et la mondialisation. Ces lieux représentent des sous-cultures jeunes et les défis culturels contre l'hégémonie au niveau national. Est-ce que le bazar tolérer et survivre à ces changements, ou a t-il déjà été éliminée du cycle urbain? Est-il coexister avec ce monument urbain ou seront ils éliminés? / The invasion and succession in cities is a phenomenon that affects the functions of thebazaar. Heavy traffic in downtown areas, air pollution in cities, the transformation of thestructure of economic activities, the flow of immigrants on the market, the transfer of certainfunctions of the bazaar to commercial companies and etc all this has created problems forthe bazaar. In the present decades, "Bazaar" has faced a new and distinguishable rival in Iran.Every day "Shopping Centers" are spreading all over regions in Iranian cities. They are as asymbol of the extension of consumerism and the occurrence of a consumer society andglobalization. These places represent youth subcultures and cultural challenges against thehegemony at national level. Will the bazaar tolerate and survive these changes, or has italready been eliminated from the urban cycle? Will it coexist with this urban monument orwill it be eliminated?

本研究以Michel de Certeau所說的日常實踐之視角出發，檢視了2010年以後創意市集的發展與變化，以及市集組織者和擺攤者的重要性。時序上以2010年作為活動的分界，創意市集的樣貌有了顯著的轉變，這除了反映台灣社會環境的時代變化外，同時也勾勒出在後工業城市之中的空間理性的展現。首先，本文從創意市集中，行動者之一的組織者開始談起，以台北與台南各自起家的創意市集——「邊緣人市集」和「手_手市集」為例，從中可以看到創意市集分化出不同的樣態，而這樣的變化使得創意市集變成一種工具、手段或媒介，並能以一種軟性的方式來達到其目的。接著，延續對創意市集中的行動者之討論，從市集擺攤者的面向切入，透過擺攤者跟他們販售物的關係中，我們得以一窺他們如何藉由其所販賣的商品來彰顯自身對於勞動的想像和生活的態度，並藉由創意市集和行動者，在面對難以撼動的社會環境與產業結構，我們能夠看到他們如何展現自身的能動性，並藉由其所學的技術與能力，試圖在結構限制下找尋新的可能。最後，將創意市集作為城市地景的角度分析，談及它所具有的特殊性和空間彈性、以及其美學特性之實踐。 / In the perspective of Michel de Certeau’s 'practices of everyday life', this study explores the development of creative bazaar (market) and highlights the importance of the organizers and vendors in the market after 2010. The significant changes of creative bazaar since 2010 have shown current social transformation and forms of spatial rationality of post-industrial cities in Taiwan. First, by taking two pioneer creative bazaars, “The Edge Man Market” and “Hand-in-hand Market”, as examples, it displays multiple modals of creative bazaar which are able to be considered as a soft approach for engendering urban community capacity and promoting socio-cultural events. Then, it turns to young vendors, examining how they express their imaginary for labor and life style through their relationships with the things they make and sale. In particular, in facing the challenge of hard social circumstance and rigid industrial structure, how do the organizers and vendors show their capability of business craftsmanship and cultural taste for beyond structural limits？ Finally, this thesis aims to understand how creative bazaar can be adaptively and flexibly located in the urban landscape.

Bazaar and pawnshop: etnography at the interface of formal and informal economy Abstract: In this paper I deal with the issue, regarding what actually constitutes bazaar-pawnshop and what this facility means for different groups of customers. Basic research method is auto- ethnography, because best suits in the situation, where I am myself the owner of such shop and during field research I use my own memories and perform both as a direct participant-owner as well as an anthropologist, examining the environment of bazaar. In the empirical part, I offer a brief characterization of different types of customers, depending on the way how they use the bazaar-pawnshop. By describing and analyzing relationships and interactions occurring in the course of business negotiations in the bazaar-pawnshop, I try to show what this type of economy, often referred to as informal or marginal, means for different groups of customers. In particular, I focus on the question how marginalized groups perceive bazaar-pawnshop and how they incorporate it into their lifestyle. On the basis of collected data I infer that they regard the bazaar- pawnshop as a standard economic facility and as an almost necessary part of their everyday life. Keywords: bazaar-pawnshop, purchase, sale, pawn, loan, used goods, customers, marginalized groups