市區型公共自行車系統（YouBike）在台北市的發展如何可能？本研究採用行動者網絡理論（Actor-Network Theory）的分析取徑，透過追隨網絡裡人與非人行動者的實作軌跡，攤開YouBike自民國98年至今將近7年的網絡鋪陳，並重新檢視YouBike網絡發生轉變的三個關鍵時刻：技術移轉、重新組裝與創造市場。首先，地方政府作為早期關鍵行動者，藉由一連串的轉譯（translate）工作將全球性的問題化作台北市的問題，從而位移（displace）市場、政府與業界的力量，讓YouBike成為問題的唯一解方。而後信義區試營運時期，捷安特重新配置他方（台北市早期河濱與他國）的公共自行車技術要件，展現出技術自由連結（free association）的特性。最後本文主張，民國101年擴大營運後YouBike所經歷的劇烈轉折，乃因其以專業／業餘市場區分，取代了自行車市場既有的通勤／休閒定位，甚至影響到一般販賣低階車款的自行車零售商。從移轉他方知識，到成為全球公共自行車系統典範之一，YouBike案例亦讓我們看見台灣以代工起家的技術能力創新之可能。 / How is it possible to set up an urban public system such as YouBike in Taipei? According to actor-network theory, I expose the extending passage of YouBike network since 2009, exploring the trajectories of human and non-human actors involved in the process. I highlight three significant moments of the YouBike development: technology transferring, elements reassembling, and market creating. First, by way of translating the global concern to a local debate and mobilizing triple forces of market, government, and industries, as an important translator, Taipei city government advocated the YouBike as the only solution. Second, the Giant Bicycle applied the experience of public bicycle system learning from the abroad and the operation of riverside bike rental system in Taipei to the trial run of YouBike in Xinyi district. It shows a “free association” of technology. Finally, this study argues a dramatic transition of YouBike happened when the system expanded after 2012. YouBike network creates a new market based on professional and amateur bikers that change a traditional idea assuming the YouBiker’s motivation are only for commuting and recreation. Furthermore, this change even decreases sales of low-end bikes. In the making of YouBike, we see how Giant Bicycle is able to transfer abroad knowledge and becomes a paradigm in the global public bicycle business. It has been forecasted the potential of technological innovation in Taiwan (a country starts from OEM).

本研究之目的可分為三個部分。第一，研究者在此論文中，深刻討論了角色扮演活動（cosplay）在台灣的現況與未來發展趨勢；第二，為進一步探究角色扮演活動在台灣的本土性，本研究將台灣角色扮演活動與發源地日本的角色扮演活動在活動特質上作出比較；第三，本研究以符號互動論與高夫曼的劇場論為主要切入觀點，研究台灣角色扮演活動如何透過人與人之間的互動被建構而成。 本研究採用質性研究方法，主要以參與觀察法與深度訪談法，並透過實地與網路進行了約一年的田野研究。研究者根據田野資料，整理出以下的研究發現： （一）在互動建構出角色扮演活動這方面，本研究分別從事前準備階段與實際活動階段來考察。在事前準備階段，角色扮演者（coser）與製作服裝道具的店家（或工作室），兩者之間在互動方式上出現了世代的差異；從早期的集體行動轉變為現今之個人行動。此外，本研究討論了角色扮演服裝製作面臨的趨勢：專業化、商品化與國際化。實際活動部份，研究者則區分了會場活動、私拍活動與其他活動，三者各有其不同的互動模式。 （二）與日本經驗相比，本研究發現台灣的角色扮演活動有兩個獨特之處。第一是台灣缺乏嚴謹的規範，第二則是台灣在霹靂布袋戲的部分有著大型的商業組織在幕後主導，甚至影響了角色扮演活動的實質內容，而在日本則無此現象。 （三）從符號互動論來觀察角色扮演活動時可發現，角色扮演活動中各個行動者的互動，共同建構了角色扮演活動。它不像小時候的扮家家酒遊戲，將未經世事的小孩進行社會化。而是角色扮演者脫離了日常生活的規範，去社會化之後，重新於角色扮演的場域進行的「再社會化」。從高夫曼的劇場論來看，角色扮演活動是一個劇班整體通力合作所建構出來的表演，在事前準備階段，劇班的幕後人員與角色扮演者一起建構出適合角色扮演者扮演的前台區域。在實際活動階段，則是由角色扮演者、馬內、攝影師與觀眾等人共同建構出前台的表演。 關鍵字：cosplay、coser、角色扮演、互動、建構、行動者、劇班 / The purpose of this study is threefold. First, it examines the current phenomenon of cosplay activities in Taiwan and discusses its future development. Second, the study compares the cosplay activities in Taiwan with those in Japan, where this cultural phenomenon was originated. Third, this thesis uses symbolic intercationism and Goffman’s theory of drama and theater as the main theoretical point of view, to explore how cosplay activities in Taiwan are constructed by different agents’interaction. The study utilizes qualitative research methods（including participant observation and in-depth interviewing techniques）to conduct field study about a year. Based on the analysis of the field data, some major findings are stated as follows: The thesis analyzes the construction of cosplay activities and divides the process into two parts: the preparing stage and the real-show stage. In the preparing stage, the cosers interact with those costume makers, and such interactions differ among different grenerations. While the early generation of cosers prefers to act in groups, the cosers from the new generation tends to act in solo. Furthermore, the researcher discusses three tendencies that costume making is facing: specialization, commercialization and internationalization. In the real-show stage, the thesis finds three types of cosplay activities: the exhibition activity, the photography activity and the third which is categorized as “other”. These three activities have different characteristics and different interactions. The researcher finds two unique characteristics existing in cosplay activities in Taiwan whild comparing with those in Japan. First, cosplay activities in Taiwan have loose regulations. Second, there is a large commercial organization which plays a very important role in PI-LI Chinese puppet show cosplay activities in Taiwan. This organization not only affects the contents of cosplay activities but also controls the resources in PI-LI Chinese puppet show cosplay activities. From the perspective of symbolic interactionism, the thesis claims that all agents involved in cosplay activites co-construct the cosplay activities. Unlike the playing house in childhood, cosplay activities are not a socialization activity which aims at teaching the rule of daily life. Instead, cosers escape from regulations of daily life and re-socialize in the cosplay field. From the perspective of Goffman’s theory, cosplay activity is a performance orchestrated by a team. In the preparing stage, all the backstage agents cooperate to set up a front stage area. In the real-show stage, there are managers, cosers, photographers and audiences co-construct the performance at the front stage. Keyword: cosplay, coser, costume play, interaction, construction, agents, team

摘要 台灣產官學研自2005年起推動被稱為準4G（第四代行動通訊）的WiMAX技術，然而今日WiMAX不但未成為國際通用的4G技術，在台灣市場也無法做大。本文以「行動者網絡理論」作為主要分析工具，輔以「後進技術框架」為鉅觀視野，還原台灣推動WiMAX的行動歷程。透過檢閱期刊文獻、官方資料、媒體報導，以及訪談科技法人、營運商、官員、技術專家、使用者、環運人士，研究結果如下： 2005年在代工困境及PC產業成長趨緩的背景下，台灣產官學研持續尋求解套辦法。產官人士發現，技術專利有助於刺激產業升級，而通訊技術則能帶動硬體裝置銷售成長，市場潛力大。當時恰逢電機電子工程師學會（IEEE）正在研發WiMAX，有許多技術專利可供搶佔，加上IEEE對外較開放，因此轉譯了台灣產官人士的興趣，促使WiMAX技術網絡在台灣萌生。 然而受到傳統電信商不支持、執照分區及載具限制等因素影響，WiMAX在台灣的用戶數始終停滯不前。為了解決市場限制，營運商透過命名、訊號轉換及體驗行銷等方式，力圖擴大市場。本研究也發現，WiMAX在使用者與訊號轉換器的共同運作之下，多被用成解決Wi-Fi覆蓋死角的網路技術，而未被當成行動網路來使用。傳統電信業者所慣用的綁約機制，則是影響使用者選擇進用WiMAX的關鍵因素。 承接前述脈絡，本文發現台灣推動WiMAX乃後進技術國家追尋現代性的顯著案例，我國治理組織推動WiMAX的主要目的並非佈局4G，而是為了取得專利、帶動產業升級、刺激產業典範轉移。在WiMAX網絡的萌生過程中，南韓則因為擁有成功的CDMA經驗，取代了歐美先進技術國家，成為台灣苦苦追趕的對象。 / Abstract From 2005, the Government-industry-university-research collaboration started to promote WiMAX, as the so called semi-4G, in Taiwan. However, WiMAX didn’t become the globally used standard, nor developed very well in Taiwan. The analytical frame of this paper is based on actor-network-theory（ANT）, while applying the post technological frame. The research data are collected from Journal articles, formal informations, media reports and 8 actors. The results are as follower： The dilemma that OEMs are facing and the down of PC market shake off economics downturn in Taiwan. The Government-industry-university-research collaboration continued to find the solution to change the manufacturing paradigm. Around 2005 they found out the IPR and wireless broadband are having much market potential. At that time the IEEE was developing WiMAX standard. WiMAX and its IPR translate the Government-industry-university-research collaboration’s interests. Due to the lack of telecom operator’s support, license arrangement, and limitations of device capabilities the subscribers of WiMAX didn’t grow massively. For expanding the market, operators used naming, signal device, and experiential marketing to promote WiMAX. However, WiMAX was used as a Wi-fi not a Mobile broadband by the users and signal devices. The contract tied with 3G and Wi-fi impacted the subscribing of WiMAX. The promotion of WiMAX in Taiwan was a significant case of post technological country. The aim of promoting WiMAX was not for 4G, but for the paradigm shifting. In the promoting process, South-Korea played an important role as advanced technological country for Taiwan to chase up.

本研究耙梳1950年代至2010年台灣棒球投手調度觀念的演進，並試圖解釋其演進的過程。本研究著重在投手調度觀念的演進過程，及相關團體因不同的利益考量進行的角力。這些利益的角力形成台灣的投手調度策略的現況。從時代上來說，本研究以1970年代少棒旋風、1990年中華職棒成立、2000年前後開啟的球員旅外潮來劃分投手調度觀念演進的時代。本研究認為，這幾個不同年代發生的重要歷史事件對台灣棒球造成的影響，深刻地影響了投手調度觀念的演進，並證明投手調度／保護觀念並不僅是醫學觀念的單純引進與發揚過程。這過程其實是支持與反對的團體對詮釋權的爭奪戰。本演研究將兩方的邏輯劃分為「脆弱投手邏輯」和「強壯投手邏輯」。目前「脆弱投手邏輯」之所以能在台灣職業棒球領域中獲得上風，關鍵性的原因在於它與「棒球數據派」的成功結盟，借用其強大的說服力取得詮釋論戰上的優勢。反之，在三級棒球的領域，也因為「棒球數據派」的介入程度較低，使「脆弱投手邏輯」的拓展遭遇困難。 本研究的主要架構是以行動者網絡理論（Actor- Networking Theory）為基礎，試圖以關涉在此一網絡裡主要行動者的結盟與角力作為投手調度觀念演進的解釋。 / This study explores the process of baseball pitcher policy in Taiwan. The process showed a long but significant change in pitcher policy, and made the loading of pitcher decrease. The process continued more than 40 years and there were three important historic events in it. The first was the “Youth Baseball Period” in 1970’s. The second was the professionalization of Taiwan baseball in 1990. And the third was the “Traveling Outside Period” in 2000’s, which made lots of excellent players travelled to America or Japan. This research analyzed the process carefully, and found that the change of pitcher didn’t base on the progress of medicine, although we usually think it was. The study found that the change based on the interest of groups which involved in the network. Some groups supported decreasing the loading of pitcher, some opposed. All they concerned about were their own interest. This research analyzed the process by Actor-Networking Theory (ANT) and found a key-factor which determined the pitcher policy. The factor was Sabermetrics, which means people who believe baseball statistics can express more “reality” in baseball game. They also believe statistics can tell more than just watching game in court. The Sabermetrics finally combined their interest with groups which supported decreasing the pitcher loading, and caused the pitcher policy tend to decrease the pitcher loading at present.

本研究以Michel de Certeau所說的日常實踐之視角出發，檢視了2010年以後創意市集的發展與變化，以及市集組織者和擺攤者的重要性。時序上以2010年作為活動的分界，創意市集的樣貌有了顯著的轉變，這除了反映台灣社會環境的時代變化外，同時也勾勒出在後工業城市之中的空間理性的展現。首先，本文從創意市集中，行動者之一的組織者開始談起，以台北與台南各自起家的創意市集——「邊緣人市集」和「手_手市集」為例，從中可以看到創意市集分化出不同的樣態，而這樣的變化使得創意市集變成一種工具、手段或媒介，並能以一種軟性的方式來達到其目的。接著，延續對創意市集中的行動者之討論，從市集擺攤者的面向切入，透過擺攤者跟他們販售物的關係中，我們得以一窺他們如何藉由其所販賣的商品來彰顯自身對於勞動的想像和生活的態度，並藉由創意市集和行動者，在面對難以撼動的社會環境與產業結構，我們能夠看到他們如何展現自身的能動性，並藉由其所學的技術與能力，試圖在結構限制下找尋新的可能。最後，將創意市集作為城市地景的角度分析，談及它所具有的特殊性和空間彈性、以及其美學特性之實踐。 / In the perspective of Michel de Certeau’s 'practices of everyday life', this study explores the development of creative bazaar (market) and highlights the importance of the organizers and vendors in the market after 2010. The significant changes of creative bazaar since 2010 have shown current social transformation and forms of spatial rationality of post-industrial cities in Taiwan. First, by taking two pioneer creative bazaars, “The Edge Man Market” and “Hand-in-hand Market”, as examples, it displays multiple modals of creative bazaar which are able to be considered as a soft approach for engendering urban community capacity and promoting socio-cultural events. Then, it turns to young vendors, examining how they express their imaginary for labor and life style through their relationships with the things they make and sale. In particular, in facing the challenge of hard social circumstance and rigid industrial structure, how do the organizers and vendors show their capability of business craftsmanship and cultural taste for beyond structural limits？ Finally, this thesis aims to understand how creative bazaar can be adaptively and flexibly located in the urban landscape.

本研究是以較常接觸、處理外籍配偶新聞報導的平面媒體記者為研究對象，並由「新聞組織」、「記者個人」和「消息來源」三大面向切入，透過與十四位不同採訪路線記者的深度訪談，深入探究記者在產製外籍配偶新聞報導的過程中，將如何受到其所屬媒體的組織文化、編輯政策、組織決策、採訪路線安排，以及記者個人的人口特質、族群態度、新聞專業意理，甚至是消息來源主觀態度與立場等因素的影響。 　　研究發現，影響記者報導外籍配偶新聞的重要因素包括：新聞組織的商業邏輯、上層長官喜好、採訪路線安排、消息來源立場，以及記者個人的認知與知識基模等，這些因素都是造成記者以特定新聞框架看待外籍配偶議題的結構性因素。 　　訪談發現，記者報導外籍配偶新聞時，多呈現以下幾種不同新聞框架，包括：「以商業邏輯為主」、「偏重衝突對立」、「同情弱勢受害者」、「社會光明面」、「翻轉刻板印象提供進步知識」以及「以本地人為優先」。而上述框架的出現，主要受到記者所屬「採訪路線」的影響。 　　整體來說，較少直接接觸外籍配偶個案，或多接觸負面個案的記者，較容易對外籍配偶抱持刻板印象，而且容易以偏概全。相反的，當記者透過中介團體轉介或個人人脈累積，而有較多機會直接接觸、採訪外籍配偶時，將有助於改變記者看待外籍配偶的族群態度，縮短彼此的族群距離，進而修正記者原本存有的刻板印象或偏見。由此可知，增加記者與外籍配偶間的「社會接觸」（social contact），的確有助於縮短兩者間的族群距離，並改善記者原本對於內外團體認知的藩籬。 　　本研究發現，把記者視為「行動者」進行研究，可深入瞭解組織、記者個人和消息來源因素如何交錯對記者的外籍配偶新聞產製造成影響。而此分析取徑也可提供「族群傳播研究」和「弱勢新聞再現研究」新的觀察視野，讓後續研究更加重視「記者個人刻板印象與意識形態」、「組織決策」及「消息來源傳播策略」等因素在族群新聞產製過程中的重要性，以及所可能帶來的影響。

本研究針對 2014 年 3 月至 4 月期間的太陽花運動三大事件（佔領立法院、衝進行政院、以及凱達格蘭大道集結）作個案研究，採質性研究的深度訪談法和資料蒐集法取得研究資料，援引 Bruno Latour 的「行動者網絡理論」（Actor Network Theory）概念進行分析，探討大眾媒體與另類媒體在當代政治抗議場域裡，如何以現有傳播科技做創新使用與傳播實踐，而科技和人的互動又如何對訊息發布與呈現方式造成影響，勾勒出人人皆可參與的政治抗議情境之下，傳播行動者如何受新舊媒體模式交織影響。 / This paper traces the contemporary hybrid media network in a Taiwanese political protest context, focusing mainly on the 2014 Sunflower Movement (also known as “Occupy Parliament”) in Taiwan. The proliferation of digital media use in this protest, makes it a significant case study in regards to finding the complex media networks of tech-savvy activists and mainstream media at work in recent political protests. To answer the complex nature of this network, this paper employs Actor Network Theory (ANT) as a framework to depict the evolving media network of contemporary political protests in Taiwan through first-hand accounts of alternative media activists and mainstream journalists. This research conducts a set of qualitative interviews with heterogenous actors who participated in the Sunflower Movement. Additional data is collected from online documents of the event. In the end, the research seeks to answer the following questions: How do new and old media form links through technology and digital tools in modern political protest? What is the nature of the associations formed and how do the associations impact the existing news ecology in political protests? Further providing an empirical account of transforming protest media networks in action in a political protest context.

公共政策是藉由重大公共議題的討論來分析政府活動的一種研究途徑，將公共政策的過程切割成議題設定、政策規劃、政策合法化、政策執行、政策評估及政策終結等階段，雖可以獲致清晰的流程架構，但此一單向的線性思考方式，不但簡化了政策問題解決的複雜性，亦會喪失政策過程的動態本質。再者，公共政策的研究領域日益蓬勃壯大，研究途徑與方法亦漸趨多元發展，理論概念與分析架構的整合自然日趨重要，如此將有助於研究者將研究議題與經驗資料作最佳的組合。是以，本研究採取非線性的政策動態概念，對政策的演變作一有系統性的探索，在融合有關政策變遷的各種觀點後，提出「政策體系」的理論概念，建立「宏觀」的分析架構作為探索政策變遷現象的基礎。 政策體系乃是以政策過程為焦點，所有與政策性質相關的要素，都可視為政策體系的構成要素。首先，政策是在開放的體系中形成、維持、接續與終結，自環境中汲取養分同時受到環境的限制，由此觀之，外在環境因素是政策體系中不可忽略的一環。其次，討論政策體系自然不能遺漏政策本身的因素，政策乃為解決社會問題而生，沒有社會問題的存在，當然就不會有政策制定的需求，另一方面，政策本身的組構方式則是攸關問題的解決與否。再者，在民主體制中，任何的政策形成與改變都必須取得正當性的依據，只有問題的存在並不保證一定會被政府所處理，必須通過政治結構的考驗才可能有政策產出。最後，政策體系是一個互動的體系，政策參與者之間就政策方案的選擇所從事的各種行為與活動，都可能影響最後的政策產出。歸納言之，一個完整的政策體系至少應該包括幾個要素：外在環境的因素、政策本身的特性、結構性因素的作用及政策行動者的互動行為，這些要素的互動作用會導致政策的變遷。 最後，政策是政府選擇目標與工具來解決社會問題的重要活動，它不是在真空中運作，而是不斷與社會進行互動的連續性過程，這也是政策走進歷史之前會出現變遷的原因，本研究雖然提出具有規範意涵的分析政策變遷的理論架構，但是基於「真實個案是檢驗理論效度的最佳途徑」的法則，本研究以民進黨首次執政時期所推動的停建核四政策個案為例，利用文本中所建立的分析架構來詮釋此一政策變遷的過程，並在結論中整合理論與個案的研究發現，就政策體系的各個面向提出幾個有關政策變遷的假設性命題，以供後續研究之參考與檢證，進而促成政策變遷知識的深化。 / Public policy is a research approach to analyze governmental activities by discussing public issues. However, in most articles, the policy process is seen as a logical succession of steps: agenda setting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation, policy evaluation, and policy termination. Although this progression of stages provides a clear and useful framework, it often obscures the complexities of public issues. In other words, most policies are not a process of linear development, from agenda setting to policy termination. Policy change is a common phenomenon. In this way, if we want to understand the dynamics of policy, it is helpful to take a nonlinear perspective. Policy change is used by a wide range of authors in public policy and other disciplines, but there is no consensus on what the definition of policy change is. In fact, this question has not been systematically explored until now. Policy change is not simply a label, but is an important part of the policy process. It is worth drawing more attention to this phenomenon. The aim of this study is to construct an analytical framework of policy change. Within this framework, we distinguish between different types of policy change: policy succession and policy termination, firstly. And we can find some cues from policy change, including organization, statutes, budget, personnel, and media. Secondly, we use the concept of policy system to connect with policy change. This concept contains several elements: external environment, policy attributes, institutional factor, and policy networks. These elements interact with each other to produce policy change. We use this framework to analyze policy discontinuity for the fourth nuclear power plant in 2000. Finally, policy is essentially about government. The major activity of government is seen as choosing goals and instruments to solve social problems. Policy does not exist in a vacuum; it is made in a concrete environment. We should see policy as a continuing process of social action and interaction. This is why policy may be changed before it is terminated. Finally, we provide some hypotheses and suggestions for further research at the end of this study.

本研究探討1970年代末以降，智利、南韓與巴西三個新興市場國家，為何在面臨國際經濟自由化的相同政策挑戰時，會產生不同的短期政策回應。這些政策回應的差異最後更造成三國長期金改路徑的分歧。為解釋此研究問題，本研究整合國際與國內分析層次，就國際政策環境與國內政策過程及其產出兩部份，觀察制度否決點與政策關鍵行動者的互動，在長時間下對三國金融自由化改革造成的影響。 首先，本文根據三國金改在「步伐、範圍與程度」上的差異，建構三種不同長期金改路徑，即：「震盪-全面型改革」（shock-comprehensive reform）、「漸進-部分型改革」（gradual-partial reform）與「延緩-有限型改革」（delayed-limited reform）。這三種長期金改路徑的分歧，主要來自三國短期金改類型（即大幅改革、緩慢改革、無改革與改革倒退）變遷的累積。 其次，經由對三國進行個案導向的比較與貫時研究後，本研究除釐清三國長期金改路徑的演變轉折，也發現三國短期金改類型的變動，主要受到不同時期（1）政策關鍵行動者裡反對勢力否決力量的強弱，與（2）執政聯盟的政策取向係屬國家干預或市場導向，兩項因素組合變化的影響。 智利的個案研究結果顯示，1970-2000年智利的「震盪-全面型」金改，主要奠基於Pinochet軍政府，在1975-1989年成功開啟的大幅改革。1990-2000年，民主協定政府接替執政後，這種務實的新自由主義改革路線，透過憲政制度對威權勢力的保護設計，使民主協定政府因反對勢力否決力量強大，只能選擇繼續延續「Pinochet式」的經濟政策。 南韓的個案研究反映出南韓的「漸進-部份型」金改，主要係源自1980-1997年，執政聯盟內代表大財閥利益的韓國工業聯盟，對全面金融自由化的反對。該因素不僅使執政聯盟長期在國家干預與市場導向立場上反覆拉鋸，更導致南韓短期金改類型持續在大幅改革與大幅倒退間擺盪。1997年，南韓經歷嚴重金融危機衝擊，為原本「進退拉鋸」式的長期金改路徑帶來關鍵轉折的契機。 由於舊執政聯盟的結構，因政黨輪替瓦解，並由金大中總統主導的市場改革派控制，同時反對勢力否決力量轉弱，金大中政府因此能順利推動1998-2000年南韓金融體系的結構改革，最終促成過去「漸進-部份型」的長期金改路徑，出現重大轉變。 巴西的個案研究凸顯巴西的「延緩-有限型」金改，係源於政策取向與反對勢力否決力量兩因素，長期未出現發生大幅改革的條件組合。1961-1979年，反對勢力的否決力量由強轉弱，為推動大幅改革提供良好契機，但執政聯盟的政策取向多數時期卻為國家干預。 1985年以後，市場導向的政策取向逐漸在執政聯盟裡取得主導地位，但反對勢力否決力量反而在恢復民主體制後轉強。巴西推動改革的兩項重要條件未能配合，使其長期金改路徑始終無法脫離改革緩慢與延宕的狀態。迄Cardoso民主政府執政後，新自由主義的改革路線在執政聯盟裡取得主導地位，再加上反對勢力的否決力量相對轉弱，才促成巴西出現少見的大幅改革現象。 / The dissertation mainly explains why these three emerging markets, Chile, South Korea and Brazil, while facing the same challenge from the international economic liberalization since the late 1970s, have different short-term policy responses. These differences ultimately create the divergence among these three countries on the long-term financial liberalization reform. This research integrates the domestic and international level of analysis by focusing on two parts, the international policy environment and the domestic policy process and outcome, to observe the interaction between the institutional veto points and the key actors in policymaking and its impact on the financial liberalization reforms among three countries over time. First, this research constructs three typologies of long-term financial liberalization paths by their different reform “pace”, “scope” and “depth”. They are “shock-comprehensive reform”, “gradual-partial reform”, and “delayed-limited reform.” The divergence of these three long-term financial reforms is mainly accumulated by the change of three countries’ short-term type of reform (large reform, gradual reform, non reform and reform reversal) over time. Second, this research clarifies the evolution of the long-term financial liberalization paths of three countries by conducting comparative and longitudinal case-studies. It argues that the change of short-term type of reform is mainly influenced by two causes, i.e. the veto power of opponents among key actors in policymaking (weak or strong) and policy orientations of the ruling coalition (market-oriented or state intervention). The case of Chile shows that the “shock-comprehensive reform paths” during 1970-2000 is mainly based on the successful large financial reform of Pinochet regime from 1975 to 1989. The pro-Pinochet authoritarians checked the change of pragmatic neoliberal reform with the constitutional veto powers after the democratic Concertación government in office and kept Pinochet-style economic policies intact in the end. In South Korea case, the “gradual-partial reform paths” was from the big conglomerates’ (chaebols) opposition to the complete financial liberalization during 1980-1997. It brought the tug of war of ruling coalition’s policy orientation between market-oriented and state intervention, hence contributed to the oscillation of short-term financial liberalization reform types between large reform and reform reversal in South Korea. In 1997, the Asian financial crisis hit the economy of South Korea severely, and brought the turning point of the change of “gradual-partial reform path” in the past. The structure of old ruling coalition was collapsed due to the regime change and the takeover of President Kim Dae-jung, the market reform faction. While the veto power of opposition party was getting weaker, Kim Dae-jung administration was able to boost the structural reform of financial system in South Korean during 1998-2000, and ultimately contributed to the major change of “gradual-partial reform path”. In Brazil, the absence of the combination of policy orientation and veto power of opponents among key actors in policymaking, which may cause the large reform, was the main reason of its “delayed-limited reform”. During 1961-1979, the weakening opponents’ veto power opened the window of opportunity for the large reform, but failed due to the state-intervention policies adopted by the successive ruling coalitions most of time. After the advent of democratic era in 1985, the market-oriented policy was dominant in various democratic ruling coalitions. However, the strengthening veto power of opponents after the recovery of democratic regime became the obstacle of the actualization of reform policy. The mismatch of two causes which may contribute to the happening of large reform was not changed until Cardoso government in office. The neoliberal policy orientation of President Cardoso’s ruling coalition and the weakening veto power of opponents contributed to the rare large reform in the path of delayed and limited financial liberalization in Brazil.

在民國50年代興建的臺北市整建住宅社區（簡稱整宅）歷經近50年的超值使用及增建、違建的超負荷累贅，已使整宅更新改建議題，成為都市統理者與追求社會公平正義的都市計畫研究學者關注的焦點，自民國70年代就取得整宅更新迫切需求的共識，為何又歷經近30年的整宅更新研究與推動，遲遲不見整宅更新的明顯成效，令無數關心社會邊緣弱勢族群整宅住戶的研究學者苦研其癥結，思謀對策提供都市統理者發揮統合公權力，展現整宅更新決策執行的有效方法。 本研究鑑於整宅更新議題的學術研究，有從公私協力方向做實施思考者，有從容積獎勵的提高思考者，有從政府強制公權力排除整宅更新障礙思考者，其思考方向都在以整宅之外部因素做思量，欠缺由整宅住戶社會網絡結構思考者。而本研究除了關注整宅更新的外部因素，更注重整宅住戶的內部因素，也就是摒棄外部與內部的區隔，融洽內外部的更新因素，統合思考整宅更新的全面因素。 本研究就臺北市整建住宅社區全體23處做研究母體，以臺北市信義區吳興街二期整建住宅社區為研究樣本，做社區個案全體住戶普查，以住戶基本社經資料、社區內外部統合社會網絡互動關係，社區住戶關注的影響更新關鍵因素為問卷調查內容，加上對整宅更新研究學者、更新主管機關承辦人員、更新實施建築業者、更新規劃諮詢推展機構、不動產估價師、建築師及稅務、法律等整宅更新有深入鑽研的相關產、經、學界做全面深度訪談，探尋整宅更新現階段的法令規範，實施推展狀況，研究成果與心得，求出整宅更新現階段的阻礙難行癥結，藉資本研究主題的深入瞭解，使整宅更新的困境較清晰浮現，俾以謀求解決對策。 本研究結論：一、整建住宅社區更新有集體行動困境 二、關鍵行動者有信任危機與道德風險 三、不確定風險的承擔機制薄弱 四、選配房屋意願不容易滿足 五、建築融資責任主體有爭議 六、期待利益超越現實 七、政府對整宅社區更新輔導態度消極 本研究提出建議：一、政府依法展現公權力，強制排除非理性反對更新者，積極參與更新推展過程 二、建立社區強聯結管道，透明更新作業系統，爭取社區認同與支持 三、建立風險管控機制 / The Taipei Resettled Tenement Communities were formed in the early years, However; Resettled projects are stalled mostly by reasons of － over usage, increasing buildings and buildings constructed without licenses. Those reasons make resettled tenement communities become to be a new issue to a lot of researchers and scholars. Renewal and /or reconstruction are urgent needed in these communities nowadays. According to academic researches of renewal issue, there are thinking points from public and private interests and bonus regulation, but there is no taking point from the social network of reconstruction. Not only the renewal elements of resettled tenement, but also the residents are the focus of my research. Through those elements deliberate the impacts of renewal. The research takes 21 resettled tenement communities of Taipei city as a population. During the communities the second period of the resettled tenement community in Wu-Xing St as a research sample carries out a census. From those residential backgrounds, interaction of social network in communities and the impacts of renewal as the questionnaire and makes an in-depth interview from people of industry, economy and academy. The key of the questionnaire consists of residential background, interaction of social network in communities, the impacts of renewal and the interview of specialists in industry, economy and academy. Finally, we can understand the bottleneck of renewal and the strategy for solution. It concluded in seven points: (1) the dilemma of collective actor. (2) the crisis from key actor. (3) the weak mechanism to uncertainly risk. (4) the unsatisfied willing of chosen house. (5) the debt in reconstructed finance. (6) the overtaking interests. (7) the passive attitude from government. It provided several suggestions that one is government should exclude irrational against in forced and positively to participate the process of renewal. The other is to build up connection in community, to purify the work of renewal, and to strive for support and identification in community. Thirdly is to build up mechanism to carry on risk.