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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

台灣農漁會信用部體制改革之研究:倡議聯盟途徑之初探

許玉青 Unknown Date (has links)
政府將民國九十年定為金融改革年,積極整頓問題基層金融機構。民國九十一年八月二十二日,財政部通令各縣市政府實施農漁會信用部分級管理措施,未料引發了基層農漁會與農漁民強烈抗議。為平抑農漁民團體抗爭的情緒,政府最後終於在十一月十七日當晚,宣布暫緩實施農漁會信用部分級管理措施,改革政策出現大逆轉,乃為本文的研究動機。 本研究主要目的在探討台灣農漁會信用部體制改革之政策,參考美、日、荷等先進國家之農業金融改革經驗,並以彰化縣農漁會信用部作為個案分析對象,以倡議聯盟架構(Advocacy coalition framework)途徑分析台灣農漁會信用部體制改革政策,運用德菲法(Delphi technique)進行問卷調查,期望藉助專家學者的共識獲得「解決問題」(problem-solving)的「最適方案」。 本研究以倡議聯盟架構分析農漁會信用部改革政策,發現目前尚無「政策仲裁者」之存在。其原因在於農漁會信用部改革政策當中,只有一個農業聯盟,因此並未有居間協調不同倡議聯盟與政府決策者之「政策仲裁者」出現。此外,在檢視美、日、荷等三國之農業金融體制改革經驗後,透過「德菲法」問卷調查尋求專家學者及政策利害關係人之意見,發現日本的農業金融改革較適合作為我國之借鏡。本研究並依據問卷調查結果,統整兩回合之問卷中專家學者及政策利害關係人的意見,分別從法規面、制度面及發展面等三方向,提出政府改革農漁會信用部體制之政策建議。 在法規面,除了確立主管機關一元化原則外,尚應修改農會法以符時宜。在制度面,則建議由合作金庫轉型或改制成立全國農業(金庫)銀行;建立全國農業(金庫)銀行、農漁會信用部之二級制農業金融體系;最後,建議應考慮恢復農會股金制之設計,然恢復股金制之過程繁複耗時,仍需進行深入研究方可實行。在發展面上,則鼓勵農會信用部按縣市或地區進行合併,並且強化全國農業(金庫)銀行與農漁會信用部之關係。
2

新聞報導消息來源策略與政策變遷-以二次金改公營(股)銀行私有化政策為例

周江杰 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的核心問題乃為探究在二次金改公股銀行私有化的政策變遷過程中相關的社會團體在新聞媒體上所進行的各項策略工作是否造成社會輿論的轉向? 研究發現可區分為兩種不同層次來說明:首先在媒體報導上,本文透過內容分析發現針對公營(股)銀行私有化此一政策的相關新聞報導與評論不管在報導的數量或性質上,都發生在台灣中小企業銀行工會罷工的前後。此乃「為何」社會輿論發生重要的轉折的關鍵點,並與後續公營(股)銀行私有化方案轉向成為公營(股)銀行彼此之間整合具有在時間上高度的相關性。此外,除停留在新聞媒體報導內容的分析工作上,本論文亦透過消息來源的統計找到主要提出不同觀點的社會團體,並採用深入訪談的方式來了解其在推動相較於不同立場的政府與企業時,所採取的各種消息來源策略。
3

公務人員優惠存款制度變革之研究:政策窗理論的解釋 / Preferential Saving Account Rates of Retired Public Employees: Explanation from Policy Window Theory

呂姿樺, Lu, Tzu Hua Unknown Date (has links)
軍公教 18%優惠存款從民國 47 年開始實施以降,到民國 95 年開始第一次改革,往後更歷經了民國 99 年的第二次、民國 100 年的第三次及民國 102 年未通過的年金改革草案等改革,期間也備受法律、財政及公平方面的爭議,種種的反彈風浪,使得無人不得不重視此一重要議題。 本研究經由文獻回顧後發現,由於民國 95 年的第一次改革及民國 99 年的第二次改革已有些許國內學術論文以各面向作為探討,因此本研究遂以民國 100 年的優惠存款第三次改革及民國 102 年未通過的年金改革草案為研究主軸,在透過文獻回顧的資料蒐集,輔以深度訪談相關對象的研究方法下,依政策窗理論來探究導致民國 100 年的優惠存款能快速改革之因,和在民國 102 年將優惠存款納入年金改革、優惠存款直接調降利率、年金改革草案尚未通過緣由。 研究結果顯示,導致民國 100 年優惠存款快速改革之因,的確是有賴於問題流、政策流、政治流的三流匯集,由於上級具有分配資源的能力,和具有專業知識、領導魅力或權威等特殊的人格特質,所以主管機關的強勢主導之下,進而在一個月內順利快速的推行。再者,民國 102 年將優惠存款納入年金改革的原因,主要是問題流的流動,使得政策流中的備選方案油然而生,最後在國內氛圍、民進黨團認同優惠存款更進一步的修正的情形下,將其拍板定案。因此在政治流中的社會氛圍主張需對優惠存款進行更深入的檢討下,民進黨便趁著此波改革氛圍主張,進而提出自身的改革版本,搭配著問題流、政策流的流動,促使民國 102年改革方案中直接調降優惠存款利率。最後因勞工與公務人員的改革順序和軍公教內部的年金改革順序的莫衷一是,同時也無法接受極盡冒進、爆走的改革方案,種種對於年金改革草案的不滿,導致無法與相關政策社群達成協議,適逢立法委員基於選舉考量、執政黨主席更替等政治浪潮,因而將年金改革方案停滯。
4

政策變遷之研究:以直轄市山地原住民區自治為例 / A Research of Policy Change : A Case Study of Mountain Indigenous Districts of Special Municipalities

陳丘玫, Chen, Chiu Mei Unknown Date (has links)
為面對全球化及區域化的激烈競爭,我國政府的因應策略中即包括藉由健全區域的發展,提昇國家總體競爭力,而具體政策之一為於地方制度法增訂縣市單獨或合併升格直轄市的條文,以期透過直轄市帶動週邊縣市的發展。然而直轄市組織制度與縣市不同,轄內劃分為「區」,區非自治團體而為市政府的派出機關,因此99年隨同新北市、臺中市及高雄市轄區內烏來、和平、桃源、茂林及那瑪夏等5個於於山地原住民區域的山地鄉改制為直轄市之區,不再具有公法人地方,無法進行自治,因而引起原住民族的抗爭。 經過原住民籍立委不斷爭取要求烏來等五區恢復自治的權利,終在103年1月14日於立法院三讀通過地方制度法修正案,將此五區改制為擁有自治團體地位的「直轄市山地原住民區」,並於同年1月29日由總統公布施行,後於11月29日進行第一屆山地原住民區長及區民代表的選舉。而本研究係以由五個區於改制為直轄市之區至修法取得自治權為時序範圍,蒐集政策變遷過程的相關資料,並以質化深度訪談相關立法及行政機關人員,以期取得多面向的資訊,以分析並建構本個案更完整的面貌。 本研究藉由政策變遷理論構築之以「環境與制度面向」、「政策網絡及互動」及「政策性質與屬性」等三個面向為基礎的研究架構,並觀察政策窗模式的作用及影響,最後透過系統化重組次級資料及訪談紀錄,提出研究發現、實務建議及後續研究建議。 其中有關實務建議部分,第一,提出本個案成功達到政策變遷的原因、過程及關鍵因素,希望作為往後欲推動政策變遷之類似個案參考;其次,希望中央相關部會儘速完成制度面後續的配套修法,並協助原住民地區提升自籌財源能力;第三,中央與地方應有更充份的溝通,並且協助地方改善因選舉而衍生的陋習;再來,應釐清我國原住民族自治的範疇、定位及方式;最後,建議針對重大政策變遷可依指標進行政策評估。另外,於後續研究建議部分,本研究認為可針對立法委員立法面向、保障少數族群的底線及政黨因素於原住民族區域治理的作用等議題進一步的研究及討論。 / Facing global competition and the localization of competitive advantage, Taiwanese government enforces strategies including strengthening regional development to promote general competitiveness of the country. One of the concrete policies is the amendment of Local Government Act in planning to change counties/cities into special municipalities or merge counties/cities with other special municipalities or counties/cities into a special municipality to push the development of the regions forward. However, the organization system of special municipality is different from counties/cities. “Districts” within the special municipality are branches of city government, no longer autonomous as local self-government. In 2010, regions like Wulai located in New Taipei City, Heping in Taichung, Maolin and Namasia in Kaohsiung City were changed into districts of special municipality, the indigenous people therefore fought against the policy which brought no autonomous status. As the result of indigenous legislators’ struggle for autonomy of indigenous districts, these five regions have been converted from mountain indigenous townships were shall have autonomous status. The Local Government Amendment Act were amended and promogated on 14 January 2014, and forced by the president on 29 January 2014. Furthermore, on 29 November 2014, the mountain indigenous districts held the first election of the first batch of councilors and chief administrators. This study sets timing range from when these five indigenous townships transformed into municipal districts to when they attained autonomy due to law amendment. By collecting materials concerning the process of policy change as well as conducting qualitative interviews with legislators and executive authorities to obtain multidimensional information, this study analyses and constructs a full outlook of the individual case. This study is based on “environment and discipline dimension”, “policy network and interaction” and “policy’s character and attribute” as the structure of research. By ways of observing the function and influence of policy window and of regrouping secondary data and interview records systematically, this study brings forward research results, practical recommendations and suggestions for follow-up study. As for practical recommendations, first, this study addresses the reason, process and key factors for the individual case succeeding in policy change in hope of propelling policy change for similar cases in the future. Secondly, this study expects concerned ministry or commission in the central government to complete the follow-up amendments systemically as soon as possible; also they should assist indigenous regions in enhancing the ability of self-financing. Third, the conversation carried by the central with the local should be more sufficient and it should assist the local in correcting undesirable customs resulted from elections. Moreover, the scope, position and manner of indigenous people’s autonomy in Taiwan should be clarified. Lastly, this study suggests that policy evaluation should be implemented according to index when it comes to major policy change. In addition, for follow-up research, this study advises further research and discussion targeting at topics such as legislator’s lawmaking, the bottom line of protecting minor groups, and party’s influence on indigenous regions’ management.
5

全球治理對國家公共政策影響之指標建構:京都議定書對台灣公共政策影響之個案分析

許耿銘 Unknown Date (has links)
在目前相關文獻中,在全球治理架構下所制定的政策,必將對於各國內部相關政策造成影響。然而,這樣的聯想常被視為是理所當然,卻鮮有實證資料,證明一個國家的公共政策在全球治理的架構下,是否真正受到影響?在哪些面向會受到影響?這些面向實際受到影響的程度為何?需要藉由何種工具,來衡量國家政策受到全球治理影響的程度? 為了解答上述之問題,本文之研究目的可歸納為以下三點: 1.經由全球治理、全球治理與國家公共政策間關係等文獻探討建立全球治理影響國家公共政策之理論架構 2.藉由理論架構與政策德菲法建立全球治理影響國家公共政策之指標系統 3.透過指標系統實證檢驗京都議定書對於台灣公共政策之影響 本研究最後獲致三大重要成果。首先,建構出全球治理影響國家公共政策之「GG-NPP理論架構」;其次,經由政策德菲法的徵詢結果,彙整出適合用以衡量全球治理對於國家公共政策影響之指標系統,共可分為三大面向、六大變數以及十六項指標。再者,透過前述的指標系統,以京都議定書為個案檢證台灣現行因應之政策。透過數據的整理,發現我國在十六項指標項目中,有十項是呈現因應京都議定書的正向趨勢;但是其餘六項指標,由於受到如主權、國際現實環境等外在因素的侷限,或者是受制於政府自己內部的組織、人事、預算、府際關係等因素,故而全球治理並未對於國家公共政策的結果必然造成影響。 / In some relative literature, we can see the policy outcomes in the national governance level “could” be affected by those in the global level. But there is little practical evidence to affirm such cause and effect. How can we evaluate exactly such relation, dimension and degree? This paper will be grouped into third parts. First, I will review the literature of global governance, the relations between global governance and public policy. By doing so, the theory framework could be formulated. Second, I will select and construct the dimensions, variables and indicators that are related to the relations between global governance and public policy. And I will check and confirm the dimensions and indicators through the “Policy Delphi” method to build the indicator system completely. Third, I will evaluate the impacts of Kyoto Protocol on public policy in Taiwan. Finally, I got three important outcomes. First, I formed a “GG-NPP theory framework”. Second, I constructed an indicator system that can be formed to measure the relation between global governance and public policy by two round “Policy Delphi” process. There are three dimensions, six variables and sixteen indicators in this indicator system. Third, I examine the indicator system by the case of “Kyoto Protocol”. I checked the impacts of Kyoto Protocol on public policy in Taiwan and found some interesting outcomes. And I knew the impacts of Kyoto Protocol on public policy will be affected by some external and internal elements.
6

科技演進與政策變遷下的失落標的團體-個人綜合所得稅申報系統個案分析 / The Lost Target Groups Under Scientific and Technological Evolution and Policy Change- A Case Study of Personal Income Tax-filing Systems

張家菁, Chang, Chia-Ching Unknown Date (has links)
電子化政府是現代政府知識經濟時代發展之趨勢。政府的服務能力可以藉由電腦、網路的使用而大大提升;然而,在我國各種朝向電子化政府的政策中,網路報稅堪稱為時間較長且涵蓋範圍較完整的計畫之ㄧ,自1997年開始試辦到現在已有九年,在這樣的長年實施之中,卻仍存近百萬的二維條碼申報系統使用家戶;在現階段的進程上是否只需多加過渡的步驟便可成功邁向稅務網路化的最終目標。本研究採質、量混合研究法。採行先問卷發放,探究民眾不願意跟隨政策而改變報稅工具的原因;再以質化訪談專家學者,交叉詰問提出標的團體在科技進步與政策變遷的過程中,是否能夠不被遺落在後,在政府帶領下提出解決之道。 綜合而言,無論是自量化或是質化的訪談之中發現,民眾不願意順服的因素不外乎政府使用錯誤的對策來因應政策問題;如對於民眾的慣性使用未加以重視民眾,以及當民眾已不信任政府之作為時,卻又強制性地施加壓力,引發民眾產生在適應上的困難;政府忽略了在二維的過程下可以提供的學習階梯以使民眾適應。民眾的不願意順服便展現於其對於政府的不信任與堅持其使用方式(二維條碼報稅)之上。正因如此,面對政府的作為無法解決問題,而自然形成在政府做為下不願意改變自我行為的失落標的團體,本研究即是指仍堅持使用二維條碼系統申報個人綜合所得稅者;其同樣必然會發生於現今各項電子化政府政策中。 正因為它的自然發生且面對正變遷中的政策,政府能做的便是建置基礎設施,讓網路報稅政策回歸自然的手來主導它,讓過渡與變遷的機制面對科技的進入,以民眾與政府的雙方面向加以權衡,政府僅是操槳的手,為出現失落標的團體的政策,提供快速演化至下一階段的輔助,增加其順服的條件,並加強誘因的提供上做出與市場相同的行銷動力。 政府保留二維條碼申報制度,不僅為不確定的網路虛擬時代提供具實體性的安全感,又可以是電子化的加速處理。當然這些都是在政策呈現變遷的過程中,所進行的取捨。當民眾要的不再是基於效率與服務的兼具時,報稅手段的思索就不再是一項重點。面對報稅政策的未來,為民眾的需求提供效率的服務應放在第一考量,接著是邁向科技的進程的基礎建設須建置完備,安全機制、人員在訊練等等,才是增進邁向全面網路實質申報的必需手段。 關鍵字:政策變遷、政策演化、政策順服、個人綜合所得稅、二維條碼。
7

社會住宅與合宜住宅相互變遷之政策過程分析 / The Policy Analysis of the Policy Change Process between Social Housing and Affordable Housing

呂庭吟, Lu, Ting Yin Unknown Date (has links)
2013年聯合國於兩公約人權報告中揭示,「居住權」為重要的基本人權之一,然而,根據行政院研考會於2010年的網路民調,「房價高漲」為十大民怨之首,受到外在政治經濟環境影響,政府放任投資客自由進出房地產市場炒房的結果,使得一般市井小民欲在臺北都會區買房,得不吃不喝15.73年才得以買到一處安身立命的處所,由此可知,我國居住權人權狀況與國際人權標準尚有一段差距。   本研究目的在於以政策分析途徑界定政策問題,接著從「政策變遷」(policy change)的角度切入,比較臺灣住宅政策的主要政策方案,包括「只租不售」的社會住宅、「出售式」的合宜住宅,進而探討在多項政策方案供選擇的政策決策過程中(policy making process),政策行動者所採取的互動策略如何影響政策變遷的結果,並透過深度訪談了解不同行動者對這些變化過程的解釋為何、如何看待那些變化,並依據個案的合適性選擇莊文忠(2003)提出的整合性分析架構,從外在環境因素、政策本身特性、結構因素、政策網絡等面向,分析社會住宅與合宜住宅相互變遷的政策過程,歸納影響政策變遷的因素有哪些,進而提出政策建議。   基於文獻分析與訪談結果,本研究發現,政府推動社會住宅相較於合宜住宅面臨較大的困難,包括缺乏整體的社會住宅政策、心理上的抗拒、法規制度的限制等,《住宅法》於2011年底通過與地方政府重要政策轉變構築變遷的政策過程,然而,從2010年到2014年短短4年的時間,社會住宅卻取代合宜住宅成為中央政府或地方政府積極推動的住宅政策。 從社會住宅與合宜住宅相互變遷的政策過程來看,影響兩項政策變遷的因素有許多:在政策外在環境因素的部分,包含高房價民怨促使政府回應、2014年底九合一選舉的影響、政策學習不應照單全收、社會共識逐漸形成、葉世文行賄弊案的衝擊;在政策屬性因素的部分,包含從國宅政策思維到社會價值的展現、焦點事件促成民眾政策偏好的改變、民間參與並非住宅政策的萬靈丹、合宜住宅的無形政策成本超載;在結構因素的部分,包含政策選擇與政治績效形塑決策者的政策思維、決策者的意識型態會影響其住宅政策決策、中央與地方各有本位主義、中央住宅部門層級過低等等,再加上政策網絡中行動者互動的交互影響,使得複雜性、不確定性如此高的社會住宅成為目前的政策主流,許多政府單位因為首長選舉的政見承諾紛紛開始重視社會住宅這樣的政策,而政策不會一成不變,相反地,它們會受到政治結構變遷及決策者政策思維改變而持續不斷地演化,因此,社會住宅政策未來是否能維持主導地位,仍有待吾人持續關注後續的政策變遷。 / In 2013, the human rights reports in two International Covenants both disclosed that “right of residence“ as one of the most important fundamental human rights. However, according to an on-line poll conducted by Research Development and Evaluation Commission of Executive Yuan in 2010 showed that “rising house prices“ issue was top one grievances among others. Affected by political and economic environment externally, the result of letting free access of investors unlimited entering and exiting real estate market has made it very difficult for civilians to buy house around urban Taipei. In order to buy a new house around unban Taipei, a civilian has to live without drinking or eating for 15.73 years. Therefore, it clearly shows that there is still a big gap between the right of residence in Taiwan and international standard. The purpose of this study is to define policy issues through policy analysis approach. Furthermore, the study tries to compare major policy programs of housing policy in Taiwan from the perspective of policy change, including "only for rent not for sale" social housing and "sale type" affordable housing, so as to discuss how interactive strategies that policy actors adopted affect the result of policy changes in the policy making process. The study adopts in-depth interview method to understand how different actors explain and interpret the changes, along with specific case study based on the integrated analysis framework proposed by Wen-Jong Juang in 2003. Through the integrated analysis framework, from external environment factors, policy features, structural factors and policy networks, the study analyzes the policy changing process between social housing and affordable housing, concluding which factors affect the changes in policy. Additionally, hope to come up with some policy suggestions. By reviewing related literatures and conducting interviews, the study shows that government faces greater difficulties when promoting social housing rather than promoting affordable housing. The reasons include lack of comprehensive social housing policy, mental resistance, and restrictions on laws as well as institutions and so on. The passing of Housing Act in the end of 2011 and the significant policy changes in local governments have created the policy change process. However, from 2010 to 2014, instead of promoting affordable housing policy, both central and local governments promote strongly on social housing policy. By observing the policy changing process between social housing and affordable housing, the study shows that many factors affect policy changes. First, the external environmental factors, including the high housing price issue, influence of local election in the end of 2014, policy learning, social consensus, and bribery scandal of Shi-Wen Ye all have impacts externally. Second, the factors of policy features, including past public housing policy to social value; focus events led to changes of public preferences; private participation in housing policy is not a panacea; the intangible cost of affordable housing overloaded are all possible factors. Third, the structural factors, including policy thinking formed by policy chose and political performance; ideologies of decision makers; centralism and localism; hierarchy of residential department in central government and so on, all have different effects. Last but not least, the interactions among policy network actors cause interaction effects. Hence, factors above make social housing as mainly policy, even though it is still highly uncertain and complex. Many government agencies have begun to pay attention to social housing policy due to the promises made by local officials. On the other hand, policies change, continually evolve affected by changes in the political structure and the policy thinking of decision makers. Therefore, whether the social housing policy will maintain the dominant position still remains question, and we will keep follow up with what might change in future policies.
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中央政府觀光行銷計畫變遷(2001-2010)之研究 / A study on the changes of the tourism marketing plans (2001-2010) of central government in Taiwan

葉孟靄, Yeh, Meng Ai Unknown Date (has links)
觀光作為國家的重點發展產業,政府將藉由觀光行銷計畫的推陳出新以提升 其觀光競爭力。台灣中央政府從2001 年到2010 年推出一連串的觀光行銷計畫, 從中可以發現觀光行銷計畫的內容出現一定程度的變遷,可是目前的研究很少針 對觀光行銷計畫的變遷進行探究。因此,本研究由政策變遷理論作為探討基礎, 試圖以學習的途徑解釋觀光行銷計畫的變遷,採用文件分析法和訪談法發現觀光 行銷計畫發生哪些重要變遷,以及造成變遷的因素為何,並透過組織學習與政策 學習理論分析學習在觀光行銷計畫的變遷中所扮演的角色。 經過資料的蒐集與分析之後,結論針對研究發現與研究發現的意涵進行討論, 並提出研究建議,包括:觀光局機關首長的領導為引發學習的關鍵因素,且促使 觀光局逐漸轉型為學習型組織;在變遷與學習的關係中,也發現機關內各單位與 階層之間出現不一致的改變程度,代表觀光局仍然需要更全面的學習。因此,未 來觀光局新的首長必須持續領導觀光局的學習,平衡機關內各單位與階層之間的 改變程度,並學習新的行銷趨勢,才能不斷產出更為出色的觀光行銷計畫。 / Because the tourism industry is one of the country’s important industries, government may improve and innovate on tourism marketing plans to increase tourism competitiveness of country. From 2001 to 2010, the central government in Taiwan promoted a series of tourism marketing plans, which can be found some changes in tourism marketing plans. However, the current study has few discussions on the changes of the tourism marketing plans. Therefore, this study counts on the policy change theory as the research basis, then tries to apply learning approach to explain the changes of the tourism marketing plans. The research methods of this study use document analysis and interviews to found what important changes in the tourism marketing plans, as well as found the factors that caused the changes. Besides, through organizational learning and policy learning theory, this study analyses of the role of learning in the changes of the tourism marketing plans. After the data collection and analysis, the conclusion of this study discusses the finding and the meaning of finding, raises some suggestions as well. For example, the leadership of the head of the Tourism Bureau was the key factor which leads to learning, and the head transformed the Tourism Bureau into a learning organization gradually; between the changes and learning, this study also found so inconsistent degree of changes among the internal various units and levels that the Tourism Bureau still need for more comprehensive learning. Therefore, in order to continue producing even better tourism marketing plans, the new head of the Tourism Bureau must continue leading the Tourism Bureau to learn, balance the degree of changes among the internal various units and levels, and learn new marketing trend in the future.
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政策體系與政策變遷之研究:停建核四政策個案分析 / Policy Systems and Policy Change: The Case Study of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant Policy Discontinuity

莊文忠, Wen-Jong Juang Unknown Date (has links)
公共政策是藉由重大公共議題的討論來分析政府活動的一種研究途徑,將公共政策的過程切割成議題設定、政策規劃、政策合法化、政策執行、政策評估及政策終結等階段,雖可以獲致清晰的流程架構,但此一單向的線性思考方式,不但簡化了政策問題解決的複雜性,亦會喪失政策過程的動態本質。再者,公共政策的研究領域日益蓬勃壯大,研究途徑與方法亦漸趨多元發展,理論概念與分析架構的整合自然日趨重要,如此將有助於研究者將研究議題與經驗資料作最佳的組合。是以,本研究採取非線性的政策動態概念,對政策的演變作一有系統性的探索,在融合有關政策變遷的各種觀點後,提出「政策體系」的理論概念,建立「宏觀」的分析架構作為探索政策變遷現象的基礎。 政策體系乃是以政策過程為焦點,所有與政策性質相關的要素,都可視為政策體系的構成要素。首先,政策是在開放的體系中形成、維持、接續與終結,自環境中汲取養分同時受到環境的限制,由此觀之,外在環境因素是政策體系中不可忽略的一環。其次,討論政策體系自然不能遺漏政策本身的因素,政策乃為解決社會問題而生,沒有社會問題的存在,當然就不會有政策制定的需求,另一方面,政策本身的組構方式則是攸關問題的解決與否。再者,在民主體制中,任何的政策形成與改變都必須取得正當性的依據,只有問題的存在並不保證一定會被政府所處理,必須通過政治結構的考驗才可能有政策產出。最後,政策體系是一個互動的體系,政策參與者之間就政策方案的選擇所從事的各種行為與活動,都可能影響最後的政策產出。歸納言之,一個完整的政策體系至少應該包括幾個要素:外在環境的因素、政策本身的特性、結構性因素的作用及政策行動者的互動行為,這些要素的互動作用會導致政策的變遷。 最後,政策是政府選擇目標與工具來解決社會問題的重要活動,它不是在真空中運作,而是不斷與社會進行互動的連續性過程,這也是政策走進歷史之前會出現變遷的原因,本研究雖然提出具有規範意涵的分析政策變遷的理論架構,但是基於「真實個案是檢驗理論效度的最佳途徑」的法則,本研究以民進黨首次執政時期所推動的停建核四政策個案為例,利用文本中所建立的分析架構來詮釋此一政策變遷的過程,並在結論中整合理論與個案的研究發現,就政策體系的各個面向提出幾個有關政策變遷的假設性命題,以供後續研究之參考與檢證,進而促成政策變遷知識的深化。 / Public policy is a research approach to analyze governmental activities by discussing public issues. However, in most articles, the policy process is seen as a logical succession of steps: agenda setting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation, policy evaluation, and policy termination. Although this progression of stages provides a clear and useful framework, it often obscures the complexities of public issues. In other words, most policies are not a process of linear development, from agenda setting to policy termination. Policy change is a common phenomenon. In this way, if we want to understand the dynamics of policy, it is helpful to take a nonlinear perspective. Policy change is used by a wide range of authors in public policy and other disciplines, but there is no consensus on what the definition of policy change is. In fact, this question has not been systematically explored until now. Policy change is not simply a label, but is an important part of the policy process. It is worth drawing more attention to this phenomenon. The aim of this study is to construct an analytical framework of policy change. Within this framework, we distinguish between different types of policy change: policy succession and policy termination, firstly. And we can find some cues from policy change, including organization, statutes, budget, personnel, and media. Secondly, we use the concept of policy system to connect with policy change. This concept contains several elements: external environment, policy attributes, institutional factor, and policy networks. These elements interact with each other to produce policy change. We use this framework to analyze policy discontinuity for the fourth nuclear power plant in 2000. Finally, policy is essentially about government. The major activity of government is seen as choosing goals and instruments to solve social problems. Policy does not exist in a vacuum; it is made in a concrete environment. We should see policy as a continuing process of social action and interaction. This is why policy may be changed before it is terminated. Finally, we provide some hypotheses and suggestions for further research at the end of this study.
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美國「失依兒童家庭救助」計畫之研究:政策變遷的觀點

范宜芳, Fan, Yi-Fang Unknown Date (has links)
人們依觀念或基本原則的共識所建構之政策,隨著時間的移轉而呈現不同的面貌,這樣的一個政策變遷的過程,究竟是國家主體外的因素扮演重要的角色,國家僅是被動的回應,或者國家本身對於公共政策有相當大的自主性?而且這樣的改變僅是某些政策的調整,抑或是完全改變整個政策的形構?又,這些改變對於原來觀念中的秩序會產生什麼影響?本文嘗試以「政策學習」觀點為基底的「政策變遷」途徑,來解釋這個政策不斷變遷的現象,作為傳統以衝突觀點來詮釋的另一途徑,並建立出分析的架構,據以詳細檢視美國「失依兒童家庭救助」計畫在1935-1996年這段期間各階段為何改變、如何改變,以及改變的層次與幅度,以證實過去政策的經驗與結果會影響未來政策的走向。 本文計分七部分,第一章說明研究主旨,以及本研究所採行相關概念的釐清;第二章則檢視學者們對「政策學習」方面的研究,並建立出政策變遷的學習模式;第三章至第六章是對美國「失依兒童家庭救助」計畫的個案檢視部分,本文將之區分成一九六0年代以前,一九六0至一九八0年代前,一九八0年代,以及一九九0年代「失依兒童家庭救助」計畫的終結與「貧困家庭暫時救助」計畫的制定四個階段作討論,並列表與學習模式的命題作對照;第七章則提出個案檢視後的研究發現,並針對以「學習」觀點詮釋「政策變遷」現象之恰當性作一討論。 檢視美國「失依兒童家庭救助」計畫的歷史演變後,本研究發現,政策典範發生移轉,是問題的結構本質,或原先所認定的問題情境發生了變化所致,這是由社會的演進、經濟的發展,以及人口結構的改變等因素所造成,政策遺產應該只是風向球的作用。在政策變遷的驅動力與政策變遷幅度之間的對應性方面,筆者只能確定,要發生政策典範的移轉,一定要有社會力量與國家力量的結合,但是這兩者力量的結合,未必就一定會發生政策典範的移轉,有可能僅是呈現較低層次的變動。此外,變動的方向以及解決策略上的調整,除了受觀念改變影響外,還受到這個國家對貧窮、對國家的角色,以及對工作德行的看法等因素所影響。最後,本研究認為「政策學習」觀點認為「先前政策執行的經驗會影響到後續政策的修正」(或「政策修正是對先前的政策有意義的回應」)是正確的觀察,至少在本個案中是一再地出現,因此政策的改變未必皆是權力的競逐、衝突的妥協,其也可能是理性、有意識地學習效果是可以肯定的。

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