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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

智利酒行銷中國之商業計畫 / Commercialization of Chilean wine in China

歐東尼, Antonio Ortiz Unknown Date (has links)
智利酒行銷中國之商業計畫 / Abstract Chilean wine is not well known in China so I want to study this and look at how it can be promoted more in China. Today Chile and the P.R.C. have multiples exchange channels like Free Trade Agreements (FTA) which offer both countries many benefits. This document will be how I can facilitate interaction between Chilean producers of wine and Chinese consumers of wine. Firstly I will examine the market of Chilean wine in China with a special focus on market share, ranking, competition, strengths and weakness; and overall strategy. Secondly I will analyze the FTA between Chile & China with respect to the wine market share and the scope for the coming years. Finally, I will analyze the consumption of wine in Greater China and how the wine consumption behavior has changed in recent years.
2

確定提撥退休金計劃的應用與相關精算之研究 / A Review and Actuarial Analysis of Defined Contribution Pension Scheme

林妙姍, Lin, Miao Shan Unknown Date (has links)
退休金計畫依給付方式的設計,可以分為兩大體系:確定給付退休金計畫與確定提撥退休金計畫。無論是公共退休金計畫或是企業退休金計畫,最初實行時多採用確定給付的方式來實施。但隨著經濟環境的變遷,部份的國家與企業雇主,已開始傾向確定提撥方式的採用。本論文有鑑於退休金的改革潮流,欲探討確定提撥退休金計畫的實施回顧與給付的精算分析。 本論文分為四個主要部分,分別為:(1)確定提撥計畫的理論架構回顧;(2)主要國家制度的分析;(3)精算模型的建立與精算假設的分析;與(4)精算假設的給定與給付水準的模擬分析。在主要國家制度的回顧上,公共退休金計畫方面以新加坡「中央公積金制」與智利「公共退休金私有化」為探討的對象;在企業退休金計畫方面則以美國為討論對象。實證分析部分,則是先建立確定提撥退休金精算模型,再撰寫模擬程式介面,並以我國1998年「勞工退休金條例」草案為模擬對象,給定精算假設進行模擬,最後分析精算假設與模擬給付間的關係。 以台灣「勞工退休金條例」草案為例進行分析,其實證部分分為兩部分,先前給定平準的預定利率假設,而其他薪資成長率、通貨膨脹率、提撥率、開始工作提撥年齡、退休年齡、退休後各年存活率則根據台灣目前的經濟、就業環境給定;模擬結果發現, 6%合併提撥率無法達到模擬所給定50%-60%的退休後給付所得替代率;若將合併提撥率提高至12%以上,25歲開始工作65歲退休者才能累積足以支應適足所得替代率50%-60%的給付。 第二個模擬部份為給定利率時間序列的情境假設,在此給定簡單的七種利率情境假設,其他精算假設則同樣根據台灣的經濟環境給定之。模擬結果發現,若合併提撥率為9%,基金提撥累積期間40年,給付所得替代率對利率的變動敏感性高,只有在累積期間利率穩定成長的情形下,才能累積足夠的退休金,因此,可以表示9%的合併提撥率在其他非樂觀的利率情境假設下,無法達到50%-60的給付所得替代率。 略 / Due to population aging, the countries that operated their Social Security System on pay-as-you-go financial method have begun to encounter the solvency risk due to the growing financial burden. Since the defined contribution (DC) scheme is considered as a fully funded financial system, it could be one of the solutions to avert the upcoming financial crisis. Hence our study is motivated to investigate the current development of the DC scheme and scrutinize its financial adequacy on providing the retirement benefits to its plan participants. First, the features of current public pension programs in the form of the DC plan are surveyed and their progress is reviewed in Chapter 2. Practical applications applying the DC scheme in private sector are also compared and studied in Chapter 3. Secondly, the actuarial models of the proposed DC scheme are built to investigate the adequacy of the retirement benefits in Chapter 4. Computer codes that can be used to simulate the income-replacement ratios by giving the actuarial assumptions are programmed. Based on this approach, the relationship between income-replacement ratios and the actuarial assumptions (i.e., the interest rate, the salary increase and the inflation rate) can be obtained. In Chapter 5, sensitivity analyses of the benefit adequacy through computer simulations incorporating possible scenarios are performed. The recent proposal of reforming Taiwan Employee Retirement Income Security Act (TERISA) is investigated. An explicit actuarial model closely following this proposal is built to study its impact on the retirement benefits. Finally the empirical results based on this study are summarized. Based on the scenarios under the current economic perspectives, we found the contribution rate at 6% can not attain the income-replacement ratio at 50%. Only over certain optimal interest rates, the retiree can receive the projected income-replacement ratio given the contribution rate at 9%. Based on the proposed draft in reforming the benefit scheme, the retirement benefits are not sufficient to achieve the income-replacement ratio at 50% unless the contribution rates increase to 12%.
3

誰否決?新興市場金融自由化改革的政治分析:智利、南韓與巴西經驗的比較

葉長城, Yeh, Chang Chen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討1970年代末以降,智利、南韓與巴西三個新興市場國家,為何在面臨國際經濟自由化的相同政策挑戰時,會產生不同的短期政策回應。這些政策回應的差異最後更造成三國長期金改路徑的分歧。為解釋此研究問題,本研究整合國際與國內分析層次,就國際政策環境與國內政策過程及其產出兩部份,觀察制度否決點與政策關鍵行動者的互動,在長時間下對三國金融自由化改革造成的影響。 首先,本文根據三國金改在「步伐、範圍與程度」上的差異,建構三種不同長期金改路徑,即:「震盪-全面型改革」(shock-comprehensive reform)、「漸進-部分型改革」(gradual-partial reform)與「延緩-有限型改革」(delayed-limited reform)。這三種長期金改路徑的分歧,主要來自三國短期金改類型(即大幅改革、緩慢改革、無改革與改革倒退)變遷的累積。 其次,經由對三國進行個案導向的比較與貫時研究後,本研究除釐清三國長期金改路徑的演變轉折,也發現三國短期金改類型的變動,主要受到不同時期(1)政策關鍵行動者裡反對勢力否決力量的強弱,與(2)執政聯盟的政策取向係屬國家干預或市場導向,兩項因素組合變化的影響。 智利的個案研究結果顯示,1970-2000年智利的「震盪-全面型」金改,主要奠基於Pinochet軍政府,在1975-1989年成功開啟的大幅改革。1990-2000年,民主協定政府接替執政後,這種務實的新自由主義改革路線,透過憲政制度對威權勢力的保護設計,使民主協定政府因反對勢力否決力量強大,只能選擇繼續延續「Pinochet式」的經濟政策。 南韓的個案研究反映出南韓的「漸進-部份型」金改,主要係源自1980-1997年,執政聯盟內代表大財閥利益的韓國工業聯盟,對全面金融自由化的反對。該因素不僅使執政聯盟長期在國家干預與市場導向立場上反覆拉鋸,更導致南韓短期金改類型持續在大幅改革與大幅倒退間擺盪。1997年,南韓經歷嚴重金融危機衝擊,為原本「進退拉鋸」式的長期金改路徑帶來關鍵轉折的契機。 由於舊執政聯盟的結構,因政黨輪替瓦解,並由金大中總統主導的市場改革派控制,同時反對勢力否決力量轉弱,金大中政府因此能順利推動1998-2000年南韓金融體系的結構改革,最終促成過去「漸進-部份型」的長期金改路徑,出現重大轉變。 巴西的個案研究凸顯巴西的「延緩-有限型」金改,係源於政策取向與反對勢力否決力量兩因素,長期未出現發生大幅改革的條件組合。1961-1979年,反對勢力的否決力量由強轉弱,為推動大幅改革提供良好契機,但執政聯盟的政策取向多數時期卻為國家干預。 1985年以後,市場導向的政策取向逐漸在執政聯盟裡取得主導地位,但反對勢力否決力量反而在恢復民主體制後轉強。巴西推動改革的兩項重要條件未能配合,使其長期金改路徑始終無法脫離改革緩慢與延宕的狀態。迄Cardoso民主政府執政後,新自由主義的改革路線在執政聯盟裡取得主導地位,再加上反對勢力的否決力量相對轉弱,才促成巴西出現少見的大幅改革現象。 / The dissertation mainly explains why these three emerging markets, Chile, South Korea and Brazil, while facing the same challenge from the international economic liberalization since the late 1970s, have different short-term policy responses. These differences ultimately create the divergence among these three countries on the long-term financial liberalization reform. This research integrates the domestic and international level of analysis by focusing on two parts, the international policy environment and the domestic policy process and outcome, to observe the interaction between the institutional veto points and the key actors in policymaking and its impact on the financial liberalization reforms among three countries over time. First, this research constructs three typologies of long-term financial liberalization paths by their different reform “pace”, “scope” and “depth”. They are “shock-comprehensive reform”, “gradual-partial reform”, and “delayed-limited reform.” The divergence of these three long-term financial reforms is mainly accumulated by the change of three countries’ short-term type of reform (large reform, gradual reform, non reform and reform reversal) over time. Second, this research clarifies the evolution of the long-term financial liberalization paths of three countries by conducting comparative and longitudinal case-studies. It argues that the change of short-term type of reform is mainly influenced by two causes, i.e. the veto power of opponents among key actors in policymaking (weak or strong) and policy orientations of the ruling coalition (market-oriented or state intervention). The case of Chile shows that the “shock-comprehensive reform paths” during 1970-2000 is mainly based on the successful large financial reform of Pinochet regime from 1975 to 1989. The pro-Pinochet authoritarians checked the change of pragmatic neoliberal reform with the constitutional veto powers after the democratic Concertación government in office and kept Pinochet-style economic policies intact in the end. In South Korea case, the “gradual-partial reform paths” was from the big conglomerates’ (chaebols) opposition to the complete financial liberalization during 1980-1997. It brought the tug of war of ruling coalition’s policy orientation between market-oriented and state intervention, hence contributed to the oscillation of short-term financial liberalization reform types between large reform and reform reversal in South Korea. In 1997, the Asian financial crisis hit the economy of South Korea severely, and brought the turning point of the change of “gradual-partial reform path” in the past. The structure of old ruling coalition was collapsed due to the regime change and the takeover of President Kim Dae-jung, the market reform faction. While the veto power of opposition party was getting weaker, Kim Dae-jung administration was able to boost the structural reform of financial system in South Korean during 1998-2000, and ultimately contributed to the major change of “gradual-partial reform path”. In Brazil, the absence of the combination of policy orientation and veto power of opponents among key actors in policymaking, which may cause the large reform, was the main reason of its “delayed-limited reform”. During 1961-1979, the weakening opponents’ veto power opened the window of opportunity for the large reform, but failed due to the state-intervention policies adopted by the successive ruling coalitions most of time. After the advent of democratic era in 1985, the market-oriented policy was dominant in various democratic ruling coalitions. However, the strengthening veto power of opponents after the recovery of democratic regime became the obstacle of the actualization of reform policy. The mismatch of two causes which may contribute to the happening of large reform was not changed until Cardoso government in office. The neoliberal policy orientation of President Cardoso’s ruling coalition and the weakening veto power of opponents contributed to the rare large reform in the path of delayed and limited financial liberalization in Brazil.
4

我國國民年金制度與現有職域保險整合問題之研究-就財務面分析之

林雅婧, Lin, Ya-Chien Unknown Date (has links)
我國人口老化速度較歐美先進國家均為快速,加上傳統倫理觀念式微,為完整照顧老年人退休後的生活,使得國民年金的開辦勢在必行。近年來,社會福利政策常成為政黨的訴求,政黨輪替後,新政府重擬國民年金開辦方案,提出結合公積金與社會保險精神的「國民年金儲蓄保險案」(通稱甲案),及以稅收制為主軸的「全民提撥平衡基金案」(通稱乙案)。然而,我國目前已具有多層架構的老年經濟保障體系的雛型(公教人員、軍人與勞工均有養老、退伍或老年給付),是故建立國民年金制度並不是完全新增一項社會保險,而是在補充現有社會保障之不足,並以循序漸進的方式解決現有制度的不合理問題。 現有職域保險現況、甲、乙兩案之財務制度之規劃內容、各現有職域保險與國民年金整合之財務負擔之情形、整體職域保險與國民年金整合之問題,皆為本文探討之重點。 研究結論: 壹、年金主要發展趨勢可重點歸納以下二點: (一)年金制度有偏向確定提撥制的趨勢政府在年金制度角色上的扮演已從傳統福利提供者的角色,漸漸轉變為減輕負擔者的角色。 (二)民營化(Privitization)私有化時代的來臨為追求年金基金經營管理上更具市場效率及良好績效,委由民間機構管理基金,較具競爭性,可為資本市場帶來更多存量及活力,亦可為被保險者提供更好的投資績效,政府角色的扮演由以往主導管理的模式漸漸走向監督市場的角色。 貳、目前職域保險的政府補助,乃採「職域化」、「階層化」差異性補助,且以薪資額的某一百分比來計算補助金額,造成所得越高者,所獲得的補助愈多之不公平現象;在配合國民年金整合後,其超過基礎年金的部分,政府一律不補助,逐漸朝向「一致性」比例的保費補助方式,可改善目前職域保險補助不公的情況。 參、若「個人儲蓄帳戶」不足以達成基本保障的目標,則弱勢者的經濟安全保障責任,其實最後還是落在政府身上,政府仍須以稅收來承擔;是故,採取個人儲蓄帳戶真否可以降低政府整體之財政負擔,並未如想像中的絕對。 肆、「國民年金儲蓄保險案」與現有職域保險之整合方面,勞保若能與國民年金中的基礎年金整併,則將可稍減政府的財務負擔。由勞保現制與新制負擔比較可知:(1)就公平面而言,勞保若配合國民年金調整後,政府對最低投保薪資者的保費補助增加了100%、對平均投保薪資者之保費補助則增加了26.6%、對最高投保薪資者的保費補助則減少了25.6% ,故會較目前勞保現制更為公平。(2)從經濟面而言,勞保配合國民年金調整將有利於相對多雇用低薪資勞工企業之雇主,因為其可以減輕14.3%的保費支出;而對於多雇用高薪資勞工企業之雇主則較為不利,略增3.7%的保費支出。 伍、公保與「國民年金儲蓄保險案」整併,則由於保費收入減少,但仍必須支付保留年資之養老給付的緣故,短期虧損會增加,至120年為353億會達到最高數,但之後將逐年減少,預估至135年可萎縮至零。軍保是否與國民年金整合,在減輕政府財政負擔上無太大差異;但若就往後整體社會福利制度之規劃一致性、效率性上之考量,則仍有整合之必要。而農保在年金開辦後,雖然無論在保者全選現制或新制,政府的總負擔皆相同,但很明顯地財務負擔都可控制在100億以下,故開辦國民年金後,對農保的財務健全將有正面的助異。實施甲案雖然使虧損提前產生,但隨著制度的運作,預估在十五年以後便可慢慢擺脫原本虧損的情形。 陸、「全民提撥平衡基金案」以稅收制作為財源籌措方式,乃符合世界銀行三柱模式,因其年金金額在於保障基礎生活之所需,故其財務處理方式採隨收隨付制。惟值得強調的是由於「全民提撥平衡基金案」年金給付的受益人和納稅人並不完全相同,在權利、義務不平等之情形下,給付水準極易因政治因素(如選舉之考量、政客之遊說)而被不合理的哄抬;再者,作為此案的稅源必須穩定,否則未來將面臨較大的財務風險。 柒、「全民提撥平衡基金案」值得實施的前提在於若可整併公教、軍、勞保老年給付,則可大幅度改革現行社會保險制度及減輕政府財務支出。但由於改革幅度較大,立法風險較高,且被保險人的接受度有待評估。反之,若未能整併公教、軍、勞保之老年給付,則改革社會保險制度不成,反將面臨倍數增加的財務赤字,無疑對目前政府的赤字財政雪上加霜。 研究建議: 壹、依世界銀行三柱模式之架構,本文建議第一層加上第二層的保障金額應占每人每人消費支出之70%,第一層之比例可為40%,第二層比例則可占30%。再者,對於有工作者及無工作者之保障程度應有所不同:有工作者之國民,除了第一層的基本生活保障外,有另加第二層職業或企業年金的必要,是否加入第三層個人儲蓄則屬自願層次;無工作者之國民,政府的責任基於財政之考量,僅須以維持其第一層的基本生活保障即可。 貳、從世界銀行的三柱模式中可明確確立年金目標及方法的搭配方式。若政府目的在於保障基本生活(即目標為第一層),則其財務方式應以稅收支應(採確定給付制)較為適宜;若其保障的金額超過基本生活者(即目標為第二層),則其財務方式應以法定完全提存準備存入個人帳戶中(採確定提撥制)來運作。 目前經建會所規劃的「個人儲蓄帳戶」立意固然良好且為世界年金發展趨勢,但因甲案全額年金為每人每月7,500元(開辦前二年平均每人每月消費支出50%),實為保障最基本生活之所需(即目標為第一層),但其採取的方式卻為建立個人儲蓄帳(第二層的手段),目標與手段沒有配合的情況,在此制度下實施基礎年金,行政成本恐將過高。故本文並不反對個人帳戶制之設立,但建議應以每人每月消費支出(以目前而言為15,000;保費10%為1,500)為基準,能超過此比率者,再採行「個人帳戶」制度,若低於此比率者,在成本效益的考量下,較不宜採取設立個人儲蓄帳戶之方式。 參、目前規劃中的國民年金假設基金報酬率初期為7.5%,嗣後每5年降一碼,降至6%後維持不變。然而,一般長期的實質利率通常維持在2%~3%,且未來實施國民年金後,其基金規模之龐大,約可占我國資本市場資金25~35%以上,故實際上是否真能達到7.5%的報酬率,非常值得商榷。若不能達到所預訂的報酬率,則年金制度為達到未來給付水準,勢必得調高保險費之費率。是以,本文建議基金報酬率之估計,應以「長期實質利率」作為估算之標準,所作出的精算結果較能與實際情況相符。 肆、「全民提撥平衡基金案」開辦時,給付標準為3,000元實乃陳水扁總統「三三三方案」中每月發放3,000老人津貼的競選支票,其採稅收制作為財源籌措方式,雖目標與方法配合,符合世界銀行三柱之模式;然3,000元的給付金額為目前每人每月消費支出之20%,恐有過低之虞,是以,建議給付標準應至少占每人每月消費支出之40﹪(以目前而言為6,000元),否則將無法足以保障老年生活所需;然提高給付水準,所須面對的問題為財源從何而來,本文建議可將目前現有職域保險屬於政府保費補助的部分移作為第一層稅收制的財源,則不但可解決財源籌措之難題,亦可使國民年金制度更為公平。 伍、「國民年金儲蓄保險案」及「全民提撥平衡基金案」,二案之未來給付額皆按物價及實質薪資成長率各半調整計算,此制的缺點在於實際計算後,可知此公式之最後結果只依薪資成長率的二分之一來調整,年金制度經過長期間的運作後,未來的給付額恐將無法足以保障老年人退休後的生活,故建議未來給付額可取「實質薪資成長率」或「物價成長率」二者較高者調整計算,以確保能足夠地保障老年之經濟生活。

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