Beacon (BC) is a peptide of 73 amino acids, whose gene expression was first reported in the hypothalamus of Psammomys obesus (or Israeli sand rat). To appreciate better the functional role of BC in normal rats and sand rats, the distribution of BC immunoreactivity (irBC) and its subcellular localization were studied in the brain of Sprague-Dawley rats. In the hypothalamus, intense staining was present in neurons of the supraoptic (SO), paraventricular (PVH), and accessory neurosecretory nuclei and in cell processes of median eminence. Double labeling of the hypothalamic sections with mouse monoclonal oxytocin (OT) antibody and rabbit polyclonal BC antiserum revealed that nearly all OT-immunoreactive cells from SO, PVH, and accessory neurosecretory nuclei were irBC. Double labeling of the sections with guinea pig vasopressin (VP) antiserum and BC antiserum showed that a population of VP-immunoreactive neurons was irBC. By immunoelectron microscopy, immunoreactive product was associated with mitochondrial membranes or appeared as electron-dense bodies in many PVH and SO neurons. Most of the neurosecretory granules were unstained for BC. Taken together, our results indicate the presence of beacon in the OT-containing neurons and a population of VP-containing neurons, mostly associated with mithocondrial membrane. Insofar as the amino acids sequence of beacon is identical to that of ubiquitin-like 5, it is possible that the distribution of BC immunoreactivity noted in our study is that of ubiquitin-like 5 peptide in the rat hypothalamus.

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<p dir="ltr">Practically, Byzantine faults are not assumed in cloud applications. Byzantine fault-tolerance adds significant cryptographic, communication, throughput, and latency overheads to applications, contributing to the resistance towards its widespread adoption. Existing Byzantine-fault tolerant protocols focus on optimal latency or optimal communication while ignoring the throughput and cryptographic overheads.</p><p dir="ltr">In this thesis, we explore pipelining for Byzantine fault-tolerant applications. Pipelining tasks is a common optimization in distributed systems that involves executing tasks in stages. The idea is that instead of executing a task in an iteration as an atomic unit, we split the execution into stages and execute all stages of <i>different</i> tasks per iteration. We observe significant performance benefits if executing later stages of a task helps other tasks in earlier stages, saving effort in each stage. The length of the pipeline, i.e., the number of stages, determines the latency of an individual task. However, if the pipeline improves the execution of every stage enough, then the latency improves.</p><p dir="ltr">We primarily explore three Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) applications with pipelining: (i) unique chain-based State Machine Replication protocols: <i>Apollo</i>, <i>Artemis</i>, <i>Leto</i>, and <i>Zeus</i>, and (ii) energy-efficient State Machine Replication: <i>EESMR</i>. (iii) random beacon protocols: <i>GRandPiper</i>, <i>BRandPiper</i>, and <i>OptRand</i>. We design them with a pipeline-first approach to improve the throughput, cryptographic, and communication costs at every stage of the pipeline. With respect to latency, we show (i) pipelined SMR protocols where our pipeline stages have constant cryptographic and linear communication costs allowing our protocols to outperform state-of-the-art BFT-SMR protocols in throughput. (ii) pipelined SMR protocols with techniques to make each stage of the pipeline independent, thus achieving demonstrable energy efficiency while allowing an unbounded number of non-interactive parallel proposals. (iii) reduced latencies for reconfiguration-friendly random beacons by using two pipelines: an SMR pipeline to commit and a beacon pipeline to produce random numbers and decoupling the two pipelines thereby removing the impact of the high-latency SMR pipeline on the latency of the randomness output by the system. </p>

The hybridization between two complementary strands of nucleic acid is the basis for a number of applications in DNA and RNA analysis, including in vivo RNA monitoring, microarrays, SNPs detection, and so on. The short oligonucleotide probes form Watson/Crick base pairs (A-T and G-C) with the analyzed nucleic acid. Molecular beacon (MB) probe is one of the most advantageous tools for nucleic acid analysis in real-time. A traditional MB probe consists of a DNA strand folded in hairpin motif with a fluorophore attached to the 5'end and a quencher attached to the 3' end. The loop segment is complementary to the analytes. Upon hybridization to a complementary single-stranded nucleic acid, MB probe switches to the elongated conformation, which separates the fluorophore from the quencher, resulting in high fluorescence signal. However, DNA or RNA folded in hairpin motifs are difficult to analyze by a conventional MB probes. Inefficient formation of the duplex between the secondary analyte and the MB probe results in low or undetectable fluorescent signal. In this project, we developed a tripartite probe consisting of one MB probe and two adaptor strands to genotype single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in DNA hairpin motifs in real-time fluorescent assays. Each adaptor strand contains a fragment complementary to the analyte and a fragment complementary to an MB probe. One adaptor strand hybridizes to the analyte and unwinds its secondary structure, and the other strand forms stable complex only with the fully complementary analyte sequence. The tri-component probe promises to simplify nucleic acid analysis at ambient temperatures in such application as in vivo RNA monitoring and isothermal detection of specific DNA/RNA targets.

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Nowadays data networks occupy an important place in our world. Since the 70, data communications have evolved quickly, and data transmission, voice and video may be transmitted over different media (copper, fiber optic and wireless). For example we can mention video-conference, voice and IP telephony, electronic transactions, medical applications, industrial sensor networks, etc. These applications are carried out successfully through data communications protocols. Protocol is a set of rules and conventions that govern how network devices exchange information. The protocols analysis lets optimize network performance. The study and analysis of wireless personal area networks (WPAN) are developed in this thesis. The application fields include industrial monitoring and control, public safety, measured in vehicles, smart cards or boards, precision agriculture, among others. WPANs are suitable for use in small mobile devices such as sensors, cell phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), etc. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) specifies the rules for this type of networks under the IEEE 802.15.x. It have different subgroups:  802.15.1 specifications based on the Special Interest Group (SIG) Bluetooth.  802.15.2 developed a model of coexistence between networks Wireless LAN (Wireless Local Area Networks) and WPANs  803.15.3 transmission delivers high speed, low power consumption, low cost and quality of service.  802.15.4 researches and develops solutions that require low data transmission and thus the batteries lasting for months or even years. This thesis presents the development of proposals to improve the network performance over different real-time scheduling disciplines. First this thesis describes the standard 802.15.3, and then the real-time scheduling algorithms are explained. Then, several variants at MAC level are developed in order improve the real-time WPAN performance. / Las redes de datos hoy en día ocupan un lugar preponderante en mundo en que vivimos. Desde los años 70 los avances sobre las comunicaciones de datos han evolucionado a gran velocidad, pudiendo en la actualidad realizarse transmisiones de datos, voz y video sobre distintos medios (cobre, fibra óptica y sin cable). Como ejemplo podemos mencionar video-conferencias, voz y telefonía sobre IP, transacciones electrónicas bancarias, aplicaciones en medicina, red de sensores industriales, etc. Para que todas estas aplicaciones se lleven a cabo con éxito son indispensables los protocolos que rigen los distintos tipos de comunicaciones. Tal como su definición lo dice un protocolo es un conjunto de normas y convenciones que rigen de qué forma los dispositivos de una red intercambian información. El estudio de éstos permite optimizar el funcionamiento de la red. En esta tesis se desarrolla el estudio y análisis de redes inalámbricas (wireless) de área personal (WPAN). Este tipo de redes se emplean en diversos campos como control y monitoreo industrial, seguridad pública, medición en automóviles, tarjetas o placas inteligentes, agricultura de precisión entre otros. En términos generales, las redes WPANs son adecuadas para el uso en dispositivos móviles pequeños, como sensores, teléfonos celulares, Asistente Digital Personal (PDAs), etc. El Instituto de Ingenieros Electricistas y Electrónicos (IEEE) especifica las normas para este tipo de redes bajo el estándar IEEE 802.15.x, dentro de éste tenemos distintos subgrupos los cuales son:  802.15.1 basado en las especificaciones del Grupo de Interés Especial (SIG) de Bluetooth.  802.15.2 desarrolló un modelo de coexistencia entre las redes Wireless LAN (Redes de Área Local Inalámbricas) y las WPANs  803.15.3 ofrece alta velocidad de transmisión, bajo consumo de energía, bajo costo y calidad de servicio.  802.15.4 investiga y desarrolla soluciones que requieren una baja transmisión de datos y con ello una duración en las baterías de meses e incluso de años. Sobre el estándar 802.15.3 se desarrollarán distintos análisis que nos permitirán realizar propuestas para mejorar el rendimiento de las redes WPANs bajo distintas disciplinas de diagramación sobre sistemas de tiempo real; este es el objetivo de la tesis. Para cumplir con este objetivo, se inicia explicando el funcionamiento del estándar 802.15.3, luego se enfoca sobre los sistemas de tiempo real analizando los distintos algoritmos de diagramación. A continuación se desarrollan diversas metodologías con el objetivo de mejorar el rendimiento de las redes WPANs evaluando su desempeño bajo distintos esquemas de diagramación en tiempo real.

虛實整合商業模式及O2O模式等概念在市場上的應用不斷崛起，許多業者紛紛投入電商平台之經營，然在越來越多企業朝電子商務發展的同時，線上消費平台卻傳出一道警訊。目前，全球零售市場的規模在2016年約為22兆美元，其中，電商的份額僅佔了8.7%；即使到了2020年，7成以上市場份額仍由實體通路所把持，此現象催生了「全通路」時代的來臨。 許多人誤以為實體與網路是完全獨立的兩個世界，且兩個世界互相是此消彼長的，但其實不然。目前，實體店面與純電子商務單一的銷售模式已逐漸被打破且面臨僵固不前的窘境，而唯有打造全通路，落實虛實整合並打破通路間的界線，將兩邊的危機化為轉機才是突破現況的新解方。 「新零售革命」正在零售業者間展開，究竟如何同時經營實體店面與網路商店，並進行有效的虛實整合，對於純實體商店或純網路銷售商都是一大挑戰。而過去O2O模式相關文獻多聚焦於經營模式、商業策略上的改變，但在實務上如何實際應用以落實虛實整合仍未有所見。因此，本文將探討企業如何透過新興科技的導入來協助完善O2O模式之整合應用，並探究其行銷策略規劃以創造全通路之經營。 本文藉由瞭解所選擇之該產業極具代表性的實際企業個案騰訊以及燦坤，透過二者經營策略上的創新做法，來檢視其二運用Beacon技術於各市場階段的行銷策略決策，進而剖析管理者在運用物聯網產品於經營模式之思維，深入探究其對於虛實整合問題的見解與作法。 / Since The upgrading integration of Click and Mortar Business and O2O model, more and more companies tried to entry the online business. However, as an increasing number of enterprises got into the e-commerce, there came up a warning. The scale of the global retail market in 2016 was about 22 trillion US dollars, but the market shares of e-commerce only got 8.7%. Even by 2020, more than 70% of the market share will still hold by the physical channel, and this phenomenon let the “Omni-channel Retailing” idea showed up. Many people had mistaken the related worlds between the virtual and physical as completely independent. Actually, the only one side business model of physical store or e-commerce has been gradually broken, and the only way to create the new path is developing the omni-channel retailing method. To fully implement the click and mortar business model and break out the boundaries between the path, it’s the best cure for breakthrough the current situation. The "new retail revolution" is being launched between retailers, but how to operate the physical stores and the online stores simultaneously, it’s a big challenge for pure physical stores or online stores managers. Since past O2O model literatures were focus on the change of business model and business strategies, we haven’t seen the practical application to implement the click and mortar business method. Therefore, this paper will explore how enterprises improved the O2O model by importing new techs, and discovered its management of omni-channel retailing with marketing strategy. At last, by studying the innovative business strategy and the decision-making in each products stage of these two businesses Tencent and TSANN KUEN which selected in the industries. This paper will explore the thinking of the managers by using IOT products in their business model, and understand the insights of the click and mortar business model.