This study will attempt to evaluate the use of music in changing behavior patterns. The objective of the study is to show, through research and the use of actual case studies, that music can be used as the key to satisfy certain critical needs--whether orthopedic, medical, or psychiatric.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic replication of the experiment of Burnam, Pennebaker, and Glass (1973) using an adult population and the Jenkins Activity Survey. Additionally, this study attempted to address the issue of whether the previous results would be substantiated when a non-college sample was used. The subjects consisted of40 females and 40 males who volunteered to participate in the study. All subjects were given the Jenkins Activity Survey and randomly assigned to Condition I, the No Deadline condition, or Condition II, the Deadline condition. The subjects in the No Deadline condition were given arithmetic problems with no time limit instructions, and subjects in the Deadline condition were given arithmetic problems with instructions which stated a time limit. The results indicated that college students performed differently than the employed adults used in this study. Unlike the original study, this study using adults did not find a significant main effect for the Deadline versus No Deadline condition. Although the interaction effects were statistically significant in both studies, the reported interaction effects were not similar.

Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / Robert L. Larson / Bradley J. White / We performed research that investigated the ability of three dimensional accelerometers to classify cattle behavior and also describe the circadian patterns within that behavior. The first of three studies (validation study) tested a decision tree classification system and its ability to describe behaviors of lying, standing, and walking. Classification accuracies for lying, standing, and walking behaviors were 99.2%, 98.0%, and 67.8% respectively, with walking behavior having significantly lower accuracy (P<0.01). This study also tested the accuracy of classifying the above behaviors using different device reporting intervals, or epochs. Reporting intervals of 3, 5, and 10 seconds (s) were evaluated in their ability to describe cattle behaviors of lying, standing, and walking. Classification accuracies for the 3s, 5s, and 10s reporting interval were 98.1%, 97.7%, and 85.4% respectively, with no difference in classification accuracy of the 3s and 5s epochs (P=0.73) while the 10s epoch exhibited significantly lower overall accuracy (P<0.01). This validated accelerometer monitoring system was then implemented in two studies (Winter 2007 and Spring 2008) where the devices were used to describe behavior patterns of beef calves in a drylot production setting. Lying behavior of the cattle was analyzed and found to be significantly associated (P<0.001) with hour of the day. Calves in these studies spent most (> 55%) of the nighttime hours (2000 to 0400) involved in lying behavior and spent the least percentage of time lying (<30%) during periods of time where feed was presented at the bunk (0700 and 1700). Mean lying time was also associated with trial day (P<0.01) and most trial days (67.5%) calves spending between 45% and 55% of time lying. Variation of lying behavior was found between individuals (range 29% to 66%); however, consistency in lying behavior was found within individual calves across study periods. The accelerometer monitoring system studies presented here provide evidence these devices have utility in recording behaviors (lying, standing, and walking) of individual beef calves raised in typical production settings.

This research describes and analyzes the behavior of free-living Uinta ground squirrels (Spermophilus armatus) temporally, spatially and with reference to differences in sex, age, population density and habitat. In addition, the relationships between local meteorological parameters and time spent above ground are described and analyzed. The frequency of eight behaviors, feeding, moving, encounters, upright, motionless, grooming, nest gathering and calling, among ground squirrels was found to be labile, varying in frequency with time of day, period of the season, sex, age, population density and habitat, and varying in spatial distribution within the home range. The dominant behavior, feeding, was most frequent during the first and last two hours of the day and tended to occur within the home range core during these hours. During the midday periods home range use became more general and the frequency of the other behaviors increased as feeding frequency decreased. During periods of sexual activity (the beginning and end of the homeothermic season), male ground squirrels displayed high frequencies of encounters, moving and calling behaviors.

Com o aumento na disponibilidade e considerável redução de custo das tecnologias que permitem a obtenção de dados de objetos móveis, torna-se abundante a oferta de dados de trajetórias. O estudo dessas trajetórias tem por objetivo permitir uma melhor compreensão dos dados, bem como a extração de novo conhecimento utilizando técnicas computacionais. Um tipo de estudo que pode ser realizado é a análise do comportamento das trajetórias de objetos móveis. O foco do estudo de padrões comportamentais em trajetórias tem sido a busca por padrões de aglomeração ou semelhança no deslocamento de entidades no espaço ou espaço-tempo. Este trabalho propõe a formalização de um novo padrão comportamental que indique quando um objeto móvel está evitando determinadas regiões espaciais. Este padrão foi denominado avoidance. A identificação e o estudo de tal comportamento pode ser de interesse de diversas áreas tais como segurança, jogos eletrônicos, comportamento social, entre outros. Inicialmente, este trabalho apresenta uma heurística com base nas observações das ocorrências do evento avoidance. A partir daí, são definidas as formalizações deste novo padrão. É apresentado, também, um algoritmo para identificar automaticamente o padrão comportamental avoidance em trajetórias de objetos móveis. Para avaliar a eficácia deste algoritmo, ao final desta dissertação são apresentados resultados de experimentos realizados em trajetórias coletadas por pedestres e por veículos em diversos locais da cidade de Porto Alegre e Xangri-lá. / With the increasing availability and considerable price reduction of technologies that allow the collection of moving object data, the offering of trajectory data becomes abundant. The study of these trajectories has the objective to allow a better understanding of the data, as well as the extraction of new knowledge using computational techniques. One of the possible studies is the analysis of the behavior of moving objects. The study on behavior patterns in trajectories has focused on agglomeration and similarity of entities moving in space or space and time. This work proposes the formalization of a new behavior pattern that indicates when a moving object is avoiding some determined spatial region, here called avoidance. The study and identification of this behavior may be of interest in many application areas, like security, electronic games, social behavior, and so on. Initially, this work presents an heuristic based on the observations of avoidance events, and based on this heuristic we define the formalization of this new kind of trajectory behavior pattern. This work also presents an algorithm to automatically identify this behavior in trajectories of moving objects. To evaluate the effectiveness of this algorithm, experiments were performed on trajectory datasets, collected by pedestrians in a park, and by vehicles at several places in the cities of Porto Alegre and Xangri-lá.

Com o aumento na disponibilidade e considerável redução de custo das tecnologias que permitem a obtenção de dados de objetos móveis, torna-se abundante a oferta de dados de trajetórias. O estudo dessas trajetórias tem por objetivo permitir uma melhor compreensão dos dados, bem como a extração de novo conhecimento utilizando técnicas computacionais. Um tipo de estudo que pode ser realizado é a análise do comportamento das trajetórias de objetos móveis. O foco do estudo de padrões comportamentais em trajetórias tem sido a busca por padrões de aglomeração ou semelhança no deslocamento de entidades no espaço ou espaço-tempo. Este trabalho propõe a formalização de um novo padrão comportamental que indique quando um objeto móvel está evitando determinadas regiões espaciais. Este padrão foi denominado avoidance. A identificação e o estudo de tal comportamento pode ser de interesse de diversas áreas tais como segurança, jogos eletrônicos, comportamento social, entre outros. Inicialmente, este trabalho apresenta uma heurística com base nas observações das ocorrências do evento avoidance. A partir daí, são definidas as formalizações deste novo padrão. É apresentado, também, um algoritmo para identificar automaticamente o padrão comportamental avoidance em trajetórias de objetos móveis. Para avaliar a eficácia deste algoritmo, ao final desta dissertação são apresentados resultados de experimentos realizados em trajetórias coletadas por pedestres e por veículos em diversos locais da cidade de Porto Alegre e Xangri-lá. / With the increasing availability and considerable price reduction of technologies that allow the collection of moving object data, the offering of trajectory data becomes abundant. The study of these trajectories has the objective to allow a better understanding of the data, as well as the extraction of new knowledge using computational techniques. One of the possible studies is the analysis of the behavior of moving objects. The study on behavior patterns in trajectories has focused on agglomeration and similarity of entities moving in space or space and time. This work proposes the formalization of a new behavior pattern that indicates when a moving object is avoiding some determined spatial region, here called avoidance. The study and identification of this behavior may be of interest in many application areas, like security, electronic games, social behavior, and so on. Initially, this work presents an heuristic based on the observations of avoidance events, and based on this heuristic we define the formalization of this new kind of trajectory behavior pattern. This work also presents an algorithm to automatically identify this behavior in trajectories of moving objects. To evaluate the effectiveness of this algorithm, experiments were performed on trajectory datasets, collected by pedestrians in a park, and by vehicles at several places in the cities of Porto Alegre and Xangri-lá.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe the long-term effects of play therapy on social contacts, self-esteem, school-related behavior patterns, level of academic functioning, attitude toward school, and family relations. There were no significant differences between the group out of play therapy one to six years and the group out of play therapy six to ten years on social contact, self-esteem, school-related behavior patterns, or level of academic functioning. Statistically significant differences occurred at the .05 level of significance concerning the effects of time on home and family relations, with subjects in the six- to ten-year group perceiving more independence while parents in the one to six years group perceived more recreational activity occurring in the family. There were no significant differences between play therapy and non-play therapy children on social contact, self-esteem, school-related behavior patterns, or level of academic functioning. There were statistically significant differences at the .05 level of significance on home and family relations, with subjects one to six years out of play therapy perceiving more organization in their homes than their evaluation-only counterparts, while parents of the group one to six years out of play therapy perceived significantly more cohesion than did parents in the evaluation-only comparison group. In the opposite direction, parents of the group one to six years since evaluation valued more goal-oriented behavior than did their play therapy counterparts. There were also statistically significant differences in the six- to ten-year category on home and family relations. Subjects in the category six to ten years out of play therapy perceived more independence in their homes, while their non-play therapy counterparts perceived more family recreational activity occurring. Between-group differences occurred on cohesion, expressiveness, and moral-religious emphasis, with non-play therapy subjects and parents disagreeing on these values significantly more than their play therapy counterparts.

Com o aumento na disponibilidade e considerável redução de custo das tecnologias que permitem a obtenção de dados de objetos móveis, torna-se abundante a oferta de dados de trajetórias. O estudo dessas trajetórias tem por objetivo permitir uma melhor compreensão dos dados, bem como a extração de novo conhecimento utilizando técnicas computacionais. Um tipo de estudo que pode ser realizado é a análise do comportamento das trajetórias de objetos móveis. O foco do estudo de padrões comportamentais em trajetórias tem sido a busca por padrões de aglomeração ou semelhança no deslocamento de entidades no espaço ou espaço-tempo. Este trabalho propõe a formalização de um novo padrão comportamental que indique quando um objeto móvel está evitando determinadas regiões espaciais. Este padrão foi denominado avoidance. A identificação e o estudo de tal comportamento pode ser de interesse de diversas áreas tais como segurança, jogos eletrônicos, comportamento social, entre outros. Inicialmente, este trabalho apresenta uma heurística com base nas observações das ocorrências do evento avoidance. A partir daí, são definidas as formalizações deste novo padrão. É apresentado, também, um algoritmo para identificar automaticamente o padrão comportamental avoidance em trajetórias de objetos móveis. Para avaliar a eficácia deste algoritmo, ao final desta dissertação são apresentados resultados de experimentos realizados em trajetórias coletadas por pedestres e por veículos em diversos locais da cidade de Porto Alegre e Xangri-lá. / With the increasing availability and considerable price reduction of technologies that allow the collection of moving object data, the offering of trajectory data becomes abundant. The study of these trajectories has the objective to allow a better understanding of the data, as well as the extraction of new knowledge using computational techniques. One of the possible studies is the analysis of the behavior of moving objects. The study on behavior patterns in trajectories has focused on agglomeration and similarity of entities moving in space or space and time. This work proposes the formalization of a new behavior pattern that indicates when a moving object is avoiding some determined spatial region, here called avoidance. The study and identification of this behavior may be of interest in many application areas, like security, electronic games, social behavior, and so on. Initially, this work presents an heuristic based on the observations of avoidance events, and based on this heuristic we define the formalization of this new kind of trajectory behavior pattern. This work also presents an algorithm to automatically identify this behavior in trajectories of moving objects. To evaluate the effectiveness of this algorithm, experiments were performed on trajectory datasets, collected by pedestrians in a park, and by vehicles at several places in the cities of Porto Alegre and Xangri-lá.

学位授与年月日: 2007-07-23 ; 学位の種類: 新制・課程博士 ; 学位記番号: 工博第2837号 / Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) were produced by industries and consumed “safely” as surfactants, repellents, additives, fire-fighting foams, polymer emulsifiers and insecticides for almost fifty years. However they are now considered as persistent, bioaccumulated and toxic (PBT) chemicals, and ubiquitously distributed in waster, air, human body and biota. Although some efforts were contributed to reduce PFCs in environment, such as development of alternatives and recycling processes, huge amount of persisted PFCs have already been discharged in environment and accumulated in biota including humans. In some industrialized areas, such as Yodo river basin in Japan, water environment and human blood were polluted by some PFCs, and thus reduction and control of PFCs were urgently required for the purpose of environmental safety and human health in these areas. Unfortunately, some studies implied that current water and wastewater treatment processes seemed ineffective to remove PFCs in trace levels. Therefore, this study will try to develop some proper technologies to treat trace level of PFCs in wastewater. In order to achieve this main objective, several works have been accomplished as follows. 　Current available literature has been reviewed to obtain a solid background for this study. Basic information of PFCs was summarized in physiochemical properties, PBT properties, productions and applications, regulations and etc.. Analytical methods for PFCs, especially of LC-ESI-MS/MS, were reviewed including pretreatment processes in diverse matrices, which derived objectives of chapter III. Distributions and behavior of PFCs were briefly discussed in water environments, biota sphere and human bloods. Available control strategies were shown in detail about alternatives, industrial recycling processes, and newly developed treatment processes. Current wastewater treatment processes showed inefficient removal for some PFCs, deriving objectives of chapter IV on the PFC behavior in treatment process. Newly developed treatment technologies seemed able to decompose PFCs completely but unsuitable for application in WWTP. Therefore, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption and ultra violet (UV) photolysis were developed in chapter V and VI as removal and degradation processes respectively. 　Fifteen kinds of PFCs were included in this study, consisting of twelve kinds of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) with 4~18 carbons and three kinds of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs) with 4~8 carbons. An integral procedure was developed in chapter III to pretreat wastewater samples. LC-ESI-MS/MS was applied to quantify all PFCs in trace level. Pretreatment methods were optimized between C18 and WAX-SPE processes for aqueous samples, and between IPE, AD-WAX and ASE-WAX processes for particulate samples. Standard spiking experiments were regularly conducted for each wastewater sample to calculate recovery rate and control analytical quality. As the result, WAX-SPE showed better performance on samples with very high organics concentrations, and C18-SPE performed better for long-chained PFCs. ASE-WAX was proposed as the optimum method to pretreat particulate samples because of the simple and time saving operations. 9H-PFNA was used as internal standard to estimate matrix effect in wastewater. 　Behavior of PFCs in a municipal WWTP has been studied in chapter IV by periodical surveys for six times in half a year. All PFCs used in this study were detected in WWTP influent and effluent. According to their carbon chain lengths, all PFCs can be classified into “Medium”, “Long” and “Short” patterns to simplify behavior analysis. PFCs in same pattern showed similar properties and behavior in wastewater treatment facilities. Very high concentrations of PFCs existed in WWTP influent, indicating some point sources of industrial discharge in this area. “Medium” PFCs, such as PFOA(8), PFNA(9) and PFOS(8), were primary contaminants in the WWTP and poorly removed by overall process. Performances of individual facilities were estimated for removal of each PFC. Primary clarification and secondary clarification were helpful to remove all PFCs in both aqueous phase and particulate phase. “Medium” PFCs in aqueous phase were increased after activated sludge process, but other PFCs can be effectively removed. Ozone seemed ineffective to decompose PFCs because of the strong stability of PFC molecules. Sand filtration and biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration in this WWTP can not remove PFCs effectively too, which required further studies. Performances of combined processes were estimated by integrating individual facilities along the wastewater flow. Activated sludge process coupled with clarifiers showed satisfied removal of most PFCs in the investigated WWTP except “Medium” PFCs. 　Adsorption characteristics of PFCs onto GAC have been studied by batch experiments in chapter V. Freundlich equation and homogenous surface diffusion model (HSDM) were applied to interpret experimental data. Isothermal and kinetics experiments implied that PFC adsorption on GAC was directly related with their carbon chain lengths. By ascendant carbon chain length, adsorption capacity for specific PFC was increased, and diffusion coefficient (Ds) was decreased. Ds of GAC adsorption was also decreased gradually in smaller GAC diameters. Coexisted natural organic matters (NOMs) reduced adsorption capacities by mechanism of competition and carbon fouling. Carbon fouling was found reducing adsorption capacity much more intensively than competition by organics. Acidic bulk solution was slightly helpful for adsorption of PFCs. However adsorption velocity or kinetics was not affected by NOM and pH significantly. GAC from Wako Company showed the best performance among four kinds of GACs, and Filtra 400 from Calgon Company was considered more suitable to removal all PFCs among the commercial GACs. Preliminary RSSCT and SBA results implied that background organics broke through fixed GAC bed much earlier than trace level of PFCs. Medium-chained PFCs can be effectively removed by fixed bed filtration without concerning biological processes. 　Direct photolysis process has been developed in chapter VI to decompose PFCAs in river water. Irradiation at UV254 nm and UV254+185 nm can both degrade PFCAs. Stepwise decomposition mechanism of PFCAs was confirmed by mass spectra analysis, and consecutive kinetics was proposed to simulate experimental data. PFASs can also be degraded by UV254+185 photolysis, although the products have not been identified yet. Coexisted NOMs reduced performance of UV photolysis for PFCAs by competition for UV photons. Sample volume or irradiation intensity showed significant influence on degradation of PFCAs. Local river water polluted by PFOA can be cleaned up by UV254+185 photolysis effectively. Ozone-related processes were also studied but ineffective to degrade PFC molecules. However, PFCs could be removed in aeration flow by another mechanism. / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第13340号 / 工博第2837号 / 新制||工||1417(附属図書館) / UT51-2007-M963 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 藤井 滋穂, 教授 伊藤 禎彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Engineering / Kyoto University / DFAM

The goal of this study was to identify patterns or characteristics unique to online millennial students in higher education from two perspectives: the generational traits for an understanding of millennial students as a cohort, and the Long reactive behavior patterns and traits for an understanding of millennials as individuals. Based on the identified patterns and characteristics of these millennial students, the researcher highlighted instructional and curricular implications for online learning. A profile depicting online millennial students based on the demographic data and their overall satisfaction levels with online learning is provided. For a holistic understanding, the study included an inquiry into measures of independence between overall satisfaction with online learning, reactive behavior patterns and traits among participating millennials, and an account of what millennial students are saying about quality, preferences, and aversions in their online learning experience. Overall, the great majority, especially aggressive dependent and compulsive millennial students were satisfied with their online learning experience. Also, more female millennial students were satisfied with their experience compared to male millennial students. The role of the instructor, course design, and learning matters were the themes most frequently mentioned by millennial students when asked about the quality of online learning. Overwhelmingly, convenience, time management, flexibility, and pace were the aspects these millennial students liked most about their online encounter. On the contrary, lack of interaction, instructor's role, course design, and technology matters were the most frequent themes regarding millennials' dislikes about their online learning experience. Finally, the study includes recommendations for future research.