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The study of organisations’ information security cultures has attracted scholars as well as healthcare services industry to research the topic and find appropriate tools and approaches to develop a positive culture. The vast majority of studies in Saudi national health services are on the use of technology to protect and secure health services information. On the other hand, there is a lack of research on the role and impact of an organisation’s cultural dimensions on information security. This research investigated and analysed the role and impact of cultural dimensions on information security in Saudi Arabia health service. Hypotheses were tested and two surveys were carried out in order to collect data and information from three major hospitals in Saudi Arabia (SA). The first survey identified the main cultural-dimension problems in SA health services and developed an initial information security culture framework model. The second survey evaluated and tested the developed framework model to test its usefulness, reliability and applicability. The model is based on human behaviour theory, where the individual’s attitude is the key element of the individual’s intention to behave as well as of his or her actual behaviour. The research identified a set of cultural and sub-cultural dimensions in SA health information security and services.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / The adolescence period is a time of high risk for health and social problems such as substance use globally and in South Africa. Past research has shown that there is a need to investigate factors such as peer pressure, leisure boredom and substance use as they pose a threat to the social, psychological and physical wellbeing of adolescents in general. Thus, the overall aim of the study is to determine whether peer pressure and leisure boredom influence substance use among adolescents in low-income communities in Cape Town. Accordingly, the current study is guided by the theoretical framework of Jessor’s problem-behaviour theory. This exploratory study employed a correlational research design. The measurement tools included the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test, the Resistance to Peer Influence measure and the Leisure Boredom Scale. Non-probability sampling was used to select 296 adolescents between the ages 16 – 18 years from schools located in two low-income communities. Data analysis techniques included descriptive statistics, t-test, linear regression and multiple regression. Linear regression revealed that leisure boredom is not a significant predictor of substance use whereas peer pressure is a significant predictor of substance use. Multiple regression showed that the combined influence of peer pressure and leisure boredom predicted substance use, while peer pressure emerged as a stronger predictor than leisure boredom of substance use among adolescents. Gender did not moderate the relationship between peer pressure, leisure boredom and substance use among adolescents

This paper aims to investigate and analyze how different investors, based on gender, age, and personality, acted with their portfolios on January 31, 2020. Financial behavior theory is the main theory to explain the behavior of the general population based on the above-mentioned attributes. The study will also investigate who sold in panic during the first case of Covid-19 in Sweden.  To compare and distinguish the different investors, a quantitative study in the form of a questionnaire survey has been conducted. To see a statistically significant difference between the individual investors, a Chi-Square test with a significance level of 5 percent was conducted to ensure that the results are not due to chance.  The results of the study show that the perception of risk differs between men, women, and personalities. The results also indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between the variables and panic selling. On the other hand, the study shows that people who were defined as risk-averse tended to sell off all or a large part of their capital at the start of the pandemic.

Abstract Young drivers between the ages of 15 and 24 are overrepresented in automobile crash statistics worldwide. Despite the common assumption that young drivers are more at risk of crashing than older drivers due to inexperience, age appears to be the main factor influencing crash risk, even after experience has been taken into account. It is possible that young drivers are involved in a high number of crashes because of their risk-taking tendencies. Accident involvement is not so much influenced by errors and lapses by the driver, but by the willingness to commit driving violations intentionally. However, studies that attempted to measure the risk-taking tendencies of drivers have so far used mainly self-report questionnaires, which are limited in their ability to predict real-world behaviour. This thesis used a new behavioural measure of risk-taking known as the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). In this task, participants engage in computer simulation where a balloon is pumped in order to accumulate money, but when the balloon is pumped too high it explodes, and the money that could have been gained is lost. A group of 50 male drivers were the participants of this study, and these were separated into three age groups: adolescents, aged 16-17, young adults, aged 20-21, and older adults, aged 25 years and over. In addition to the BART, the participants answered a series of questionnaires that focused on risk-related constructs, such as impulsiveness and subjective risk assessment, as well as driving attitudes and intentions. The expectation was that younger drivers would be shown to have greater risk-taking tendencies than older drivers. The results showed that the BART showed no relationship with either driving attitude scores (apart from a small correlation with attitudes towards close following), or any of the self-reported measures of risk. The other self-report risk measures, however, showed many correlations with various aspects of driving attitudes and intentions. Over age groups, the level of impulsiveness was found to decrease, and the attitudes became less in favour of taking physical risks. Adolescents were also found to be more approving of using a cell phone while driving, and of overtaking in risky circumstances. They had greater intentions to commit violations in the future, and were more likely to get a thrill from driving. The failure of the BART to reveal any significant findings may have been because so far it has only been shown to correlate with self-reported real-world behaviour, and not so much with attitudes and risk-related constructs. The other suggestion of this thesis was that the BART does not simulate risk-taking in the truest sense because there are no specific negative consequences for risk taking, only the removal of a possible benefit. The finding of greater risk taking in adolescent drivers was discussed in relation to Risk Homeostasis Theory and Problem Behaviour Theory, with a focus on how age-related factors might influence driver risk taking. As further discussed, these age-related factors might include the effect of incomplete brain development, the motives for driving, and the lifestyle of the individual.

Lietuvoje yra nedaug mokslinių tyrimų apie įkalintų asmenų tyčinį savęs žalojimą, susijusį su savižudybės rizika. Užsienio šalių moksliniais tyrimais nustatomos įkalintų asmenų tyčinio savęs žalojimo sąsajos su negatyviomis situacijomis ir depresiškumu yra nevienareikšmės. Įkalintų asmenų tyčinio savęs žalojimo atsiradimui gali būti svarbūs stabilesni asmenybiniai veiksniai, kaip kertiniai įsitikinimai. Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti patirtų negatyvių situacijų, depresiškumo ir kertinių įsitikinimų (pagal kognityvinę - elgesio teoriją) sąsajas su nuteistų vyrų tyčiniu savęs žalojimu. Tiriamieji. Tyrime savanoriškai dalyvavo 168 nuteisti vyrai, kalintys Pravieniškių pataisos namuose – atvirojoje kolonijoje. Tiriamųjų amžiaus vidurkis – 29,39 metai. Tyrimo metodai. Duomenys buvo renkami, naudojant: Tyčinio savęs žalojimo skalė – sutrumpinta versija (DSHI-s), Kongityvinės triados skalė (CTI), Depresiškumo skalė (CES-D), Negatyvių situacijų įkalinimo įstaigoje skalė. Taip pat tiriamiesiems buvo pateikiami klausimai apie jų sociodemografinius, kriminogeninius rodiklius bei save žalojantį elgesį praeityje. Tyrimo išvados. Tyčia save žalojusių nuteistų vyrų kertiniai įsitikinimai apie save, pasaulį ir ateitį yra negatyvesni nei savęs nežalojusių nuteistų vyrų. Nuteistų vyrų negatyvesni kertiniai įsitikinimai apie ateitį yra susiję su didesne tyčinio savęs žalojimo tikimybe, atsižvelgus į tyčiniam savęs žalojimui reikšmingus šalutinius veiksnius: tyčinį savęs žalojimą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The number of scientific researches about deliberate self-harm that are associated with the risk of suicide among incarcerated persons is not plentiful. The results of scientific researches in foreign countries about the associations of deliberate self-harm with negative situations and depressiveness among incarcerated persons are not unambiguous. Therefore it might be important more stable personality factors such as core beliefs for the deliberate self- harm of incarcerated persons. Research aim. The aim of the study was to identify the links of experienced negative situations, depressiveness and core beliefs (according to cognitive-behaviour theory) with convicted men’s deliberated self-harm. Research participants. The research included 168 convicted men in Pravieniskes Correction House-Open Prison Colony. The average age of research participants is 29,39. Research methodology. The data was gathered using psychological assessment methods: Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory-short version (DSHI-s), Cognitive Triad Inventory (CTI), The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Negative Situations in Prison Scale. Also was asked about sociodemographic, criminogenic factors and self - harm behaviour in the past. Research conclusions. The convicted men who deliberately self-harmed have more negative core beliefs about themselves, the world and the future than convicted men who do not deliberately self-harmed. The more negative core beliefs about the... [to full text]

The study addresses the limited and fragmented approaches of consumer behaviour studies in the existing literature and a lack of comprehensive integrated theoretical models of online consumer behaviour. The aim of the study is to propose a conceptual integrated theoretical model for online consumer behaviour which suggests a deviation from the existing purchasing approaches to consumer behaviour - hence a move towards an understanding of consumer behaviour in terms of two new approaches, namely the web-based communication exposure and internal psychological behavioural processes approaches, is proposed. The study addresses two main research problems, namely that inadequate knowledge and information exist on online consumers’ behavioural processes, especially their internal psychological behavioural processes during their exposure to web-based communication messages and their progression through the complete web-based communication experience; and that there is no conceptual integrated theoretical model for online consumer behaviour in the literature. This study, firstly, allows for systematic theoretical exploration, description, interpretation and integration of existing literature and theory on offline and online consumer behaviour including the following: theoretical perspectives and approaches; determinants; decision making; consumer information processing and response; and theoretical foundations. This systematic theoretical exploration and description of consumer behaviour literature and theory commences with the contextualisation and proposal of a new definition, perspective and theoretical approaches to online consumer behaviour; the discussion and analysis of the theory of the determinants of consumer behaviour; the discussion and analysis of decision-making theory; the proposition of a new online information decision-making perspective and model; the discussion and analysis of consumer information-processing and response theory and models; the discussion and analysis of the theoretical foundations of consumer behaviour; and the identification of theoretical criteria for online consumer behaviour. Declaration – acknowledgements - abstract Secondly, the study develops a conceptual integrated theoretical model for online consumer behaviour, thereby theoretically grounding online consumer behavioural processes in the context of internal psychological behavioural processes and exposure to web-based communication messages. It is hence posited that the study provides a more precise understanding of online consumers’ complicated internal cognitive and psychological behavioural processes in their interactive search for and experience of online web-based communication and information, which can be seen as a major contribution to the field of study. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

The study addresses the limited and fragmented approaches of consumer behaviour studies in the existing literature and a lack of comprehensive integrated theoretical models of online consumer behaviour. The aim of the study is to propose a conceptual integrated theoretical model for online consumer behaviour which suggests a deviation from the existing purchasing approaches to consumer behaviour - hence a move towards an understanding of consumer behaviour in terms of two new approaches, namely the web-based communication exposure and internal psychological behavioural processes approaches, is proposed. The study addresses two main research problems, namely that inadequate knowledge and information exist on online consumers’ behavioural processes, especially their internal psychological behavioural processes during their exposure to web-based communication messages and their progression through the complete web-based communication experience; and that there is no conceptual integrated theoretical model for online consumer behaviour in the literature. This study, firstly, allows for systematic theoretical exploration, description, interpretation and integration of existing literature and theory on offline and online consumer behaviour including the following: theoretical perspectives and approaches; determinants; decision making; consumer information processing and response; and theoretical foundations. This systematic theoretical exploration and description of consumer behaviour literature and theory commences with the contextualisation and proposal of a new definition, perspective and theoretical approaches to online consumer behaviour; the discussion and analysis of the theory of the determinants of consumer behaviour; the discussion and analysis of decision-making theory; the proposition of a new online information decision-making perspective and model; the discussion and analysis of consumer information-processing and response theory and models; the discussion and analysis of the theoretical foundations of consumer behaviour; and the identification of theoretical criteria for online consumer behaviour. Declaration – acknowledgements - abstract Secondly, the study develops a conceptual integrated theoretical model for online consumer behaviour, thereby theoretically grounding online consumer behavioural processes in the context of internal psychological behavioural processes and exposure to web-based communication messages. It is hence posited that the study provides a more precise understanding of online consumers’ complicated internal cognitive and psychological behavioural processes in their interactive search for and experience of online web-based communication and information, which can be seen as a major contribution to the field of study. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)