published_or_final_version / Urban Planning and Design / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Le phénomène émergent de la tuberculose multirésistante et ultrarésistante est un problème de santé publique à l’échelle mondiale. Dans les pays en développement, ce problème est accru du fait que les laboratoires de diagnostic de la tuberculose manquent d’équipement et d’outils de diagnostics pour identifier ces cas pour prescrire une chimiothérapie adaptée. La première partie de ce travail de doctorat a permis à travers le séquençage du locus pncA, de mettre en évidence que la résistance au Pyrazinamide survient généralement et de manière significative lorsque la souche est multirésistante, c’est-à-dire après l’acquisition de la résistance à la Rifampicine et à l’Isoniazide. Le pourcentage des souches résistantes au PZA est même plus élevé chez les souches MDR résistantes aux FQs. Dans la seconde partie de l’étude, nous proposons une méthode alternative à la culture de bacilles dans un environnement confiné de type P3. À partir d’échantillons cliniques non cultivés (expectoration) et grâce au GeneXpert MTB/RIF, au séquençage de gènes et au spoligotypage, nous avons pu identifier 19 souches multirésistantes, une transmission active de souches sensibles appartenant aux clades LAM10, T1, MANU, H3 et enfin une épidémie sous-jacente de 5 souches Beijing multirésistantes. / The emerging phenomenon of the MDR and XDR-TB is a worldwide public health issue. In developing countries, this problem is amplified due to the fact that TB diagnostic laboratories lack equipment and diagnostic tools to identify these cases and therefore prescribe appropriate chemotherapy. In the first part of this doctoral work, the sequencing of the pncA gene allowed us to show that the resistance to Pyrazinamide occurs significantly when the strain is MDR, corresponding to the acquisition of resistance to Rifampicin and Isoniazid; and that after the acquisition of Fluoroquinolones and to injectable antibiotics of second line (Amykacine, Kanamycine, Capreomycine) resistance by MDR strains, this rate increases even more. In the second part of the study, we propose an alternative method to the culture of bacilli in a BSL3 confined environment. From uncultivated clinical samples (sputum) and through GeneXpert MTB/RIF, sequencing of genes and spoligotyping, we identified 19 MDR strains, active transmission of sensitive strains belonging to clades LAM10, T1, MANU, H3 and finally as well as an underlying epidemic of 5 Beijing MDR strains.In the first study, 272 retrospective samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were selected from two large cosmopolitan cities: Northern Paris (Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, 101 strains) and Southwest of Shanghai (Songjiang district, 171 Strains). These strains were selected according to their known phenotypic sensitivity to Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH). These phenotypic resistances were confirmed by the HAIN genotype analysis tools MTBDRplus and by the sequencing of the rpoB and katG/inhA genes. To determine the extensively drug resistance strains (XDR), we sequenced the gyrA/gyrB and rrs genes to identify genetic mutations associated with resistance to Fluoroquinolones (FQs) and second-line injectable antibiotics: Amikacin (AMK)-Kanamycin ( KAN)-Capreomycin (CAP), respectively. Finally, we sequenced the pncA gene of all isolates to identify the genetic mutations associated with resistance to Pyrazinamide (PZA). The strains were genotyped by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR.In the second study, from October 2014 to February 2015, 159 morning sputum samples with smear-positive smear after Ziehl-Neelsen staining were collected at the three main diagnostic laboratories for tuberculosis in Libreville, Gabon. These clinical samples were transported to the National Laboratory of Public Health in Libreville for analysis with the GeneXpert MTB/RIF automaton to confirm the microscopic diagnosis and to determine the resistance of bacilli to Rifampicin. Of the 159 samples, 29 samples had a sputum volume less than 1 ml, the minimum required according to the manufacturer's recommendations. For the 130 sputum samples analyzed by the GeneXpert automaton, 375 μl of the remaining GeneXpert solution not introduced into the cartridge was introduced into a 50 ml conical tube containing 25 ml of phosphate buffer (autoclaved solution) to neutralize the pH of the GeneXpert solution. The conical tube is centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4,500 rpm, the pellet is taken up in 100 μl of TE and then transferred to a 100 μl microtube which is subsequently heated for 30 minutes at 90°C. After a cycle of freezing (-40 ° C. for 1 h)-defrosting, the microtube is briefly centrifuged and the supernatant is transferred to a new microtube. From this new microtube we amplified by PCR and then sequenced the rpoB, katG/inhA, pncA, gyrA, rrs and rpsL genes to identify mutations associated with resistance to Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Fluoroquinolones, Antibiotics in second lines: Amikacin-Kanamycin-Capreomycin and Streptomycin (SM), respectively. All the samples were genotyped by the multiplexed spoligotyping applied to the Luminex MagPix.

This study is a rhetorical analysis of the protests that occurred along the international leg of the 2008 Beijing Olympic torch relay. This study aimed to identify the rhetorical strategies employed by the agitators that were demonstrated along the torch relay. There were two agitative groups: The movement and the counter-movement. The movement began at the start of the torch relay and the counter-movement began demonstrating one week later. There were a number of protest groups in the movement including human rights activists, media rights activists, and environmentalists. However, there was only one distinct group in the counter-movement, pro-China supporters. The movement agitated the Chinese government and their nation's government. To establish the rhetorical strategies and tactics utilized by the two agitative groups and the control groups, this study analyzed the artifact through the model of the rhetoric of agitation and control created by Bowers, Ochs, and Jensen (1993) and symbolic interaction. This study . found that the Chinese government (the control) created the counter-movement to suppress and provide a counter-persuasion to the movement. To achieve this rhetorical strategy the control fully co-opted the rhetorical strategies of the movement. This study also, found that the governments to which the agitators belonged to completely denied the demands of the agitators in order to maintain healthy relations with China.

Education would always be an important issue in China. Capitalization of education wouldhave impact on housing price and rent price and affect the housing market, this can bereflected from the phenomenon of ‘over-priced school district house’. While thecapitalization of higher education on rent price is always be neglected.In that case, the propose of this study is to estimate the relationship between highereducation and rental market price level in China based on the rental market in Beijing.And the study would focus four zone in Beijing, each of them contains one to twouniversity district and surrounding non-university district.Hedonic pricing model would be used in this study to determine the impact of independentvariables on the rent price development.The result of this study indicates a complex relationship, it finds that the relationshipbetween higher education and rent price in different zones while most zones shows apositive relationship, and the overall result is insignificant. And according to our research,some target suggestions were pointed out. / Utbildning är alltid en viktig fråga i Kina. Kapitalisering av utbildningen skulle fåinverkan på bostadspris och hyrespris och påverka bostadsmarknaden, vilket kanåterspeglas från fenomenet "dyrt skolhus". Medan kapitalisering av akademisk utbildningpå hyreskostnaden alltid försummas.I det fallet är förslaget till denna undersökning att uppskatta förhållandet mellan akademiskutbildning och hyresmarknadsprisnivå i Kina baserat på hyresmarknaden i Peking. Ochstudien skulle fokusera på fyra zoner i Peking, var och en av dem innehåller ett till tvåuniversitetsdistrikt och omgivande icke-universitetsdistrikt.Hedoniska prissättningsmodell skulle användas i denna studie för att bestämma effekternaav oberoende variabler på hyresprisutvecklingen.Resultatet av denna studie indikerar ett komplicerat förhållande, det konstaterar attförhållandet mellan akademisk utbildning och hyrespris i olika zoner medan de flesta zonervisar ett positivt förhållande och det övergripande resultatet är obetydligt. Enligt vårforskning pekades några målförslag ut.

published_or_final_version / Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Humanities / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Wie formen die Raumgestaltungspraktiken von Künstlern städtische Räume? Wie ist es möglich, dass Kunsträume ohne kommerzielle Galleriestrukturen im städtischen Wettbewerb überleben? Welche Konzepte, Strategien und Formen nehmen sie an? Wie sind diese urbanen Auseinandersetzungen im Hinblick auf den umfassenden Zwang zur Kreativität oder das neue Mobilitätsparadima aufgestellt? Und was verraten diese räumlichen Konsequenzen dieser Praktiken über die städtischen Möglichkeitsräume? Die Kritiken der vergleichenden Stadtforschung werden operationalisiert um diese Fragen zu beantworten. Statt Peking und Berlin kategorisch als Orte des Vergleichs voneinander zu trennen, wird eine breite Ontologie des Urbanen als Bezugsraum etabliert, um über die Kunsträume in ihrer Verbundenheit nachzudenken. Unter Verwendung einer engen Definition von Kunsträumen besteht die qualitative Feldforschung aus Interviews, Beobachtungen vor Ort und interpretativer Bündelung von Themen. Die empirischen Ergebnisse sind um konzeptuelle Motivationen, Raumgestaltungstrategien und räumlich-zeitliche Folgen der Kunsträume organisiert. Vom empirischen Material rückwärts theoretisierend wird der Mythos der „Frontier“ als Legitimation für Eroberung durch der Narrative von Erkundung und Zirkulation neu betrachtet - die „Frontier“ als Möglichkeit des Fortschritts wird durch eine Vorstellung von phoretischen Beziehungen in einem Raum nomadischer Kreuzfahrt ersetzt. Diese Konzepte bieten durch ihre Illustration eine alternative Interpretation von Mobilität als konstituierender Aspekt von Raum statt Mobilität zwischen Räumen an. Kunsträume als Möglichkeitsräume zu betrachten fordert Wahrnehmungen von Unvermeidlichkeit heraus, beschwört aber auch Risiken herauf, etwa in Form einer isolationistischen Geste. Schließlich wird eine Reflektion des heuristischen Präsentismus‘ der Studien von Mobilität verbunden mit einem Aufruf für mehr Längsschnittsmethodologien. / How do artists’ place-making practices shape urban space? How is it possible that art spaces with no commercial gallery structure survive in the competitive urban arena? What concepts, strategies and forms do they take? How are these urban contestations situated with regards to the ubiquitous creativity imperative or the new mobilities paradigm? And what do the spatial consequences of these place-making processes reveal about the urban spaces of possibility? The comparative urbanism critiques are operationalized to address these questions. Rather than categorically dividing Beijing from Berlin as comparative sites, a broad ontology of the urban as a relational space is established to think about the art spaces in connection to one another. Employing a narrow definition of art spaces, the qualitative fieldwork is comprised of interviews, on-site observation and interpretive clustering around themes. The empirical results are organized around conceptual motivations, place-making strategies and spatio-temporal consequences. Theorizing back, the myth of the urban frontier as a legitimation of conquest through the figure of the pioneer is reconsidered through narratives of exploration and circulation; the urban frontier as progressive possibility is displaced with empirically-sourced ideas of nomadic cruise ship space and phoretic relationships. These concepts offer an alternative to understanding mobility between places, through its illustration of mobility as constituted by a particular kind of place. Considering art spaces as spaces of possibility challenge perceptions of inevitability, but also evoke risks, such as the isolationist gesture. Finally, a reflection on the heuristic presentism of studying mobility is coupled with a call for more longitudinal methodologies in order to achieve a better balance for a comparative approach that overcomes presumed categories of difference without ignoring historically constituted structures of power.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Psychology / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

Notre recherche interroge la portée de la nouvelle politique environnementale de la capitale chinoise, dont la mise en oeuvre a été précipitée dans le cadre de l'accueil des Jeux Olympiques.Si la trame urbaine de Pékin était encore il y a peu l'un des derniers héritages des préceptes traditionnels d'aménagement de l'espace chinois entre "montagne et eau" et se référant au “souffle - qi”, qui anime toute chose et tout être dans la cosmogonie chinoise et qui est à la base de l'implantation de la ville sur son site, les politiques urbaines menées au cours du XXe siècle ont détruit en grande partie cet héritage.La prise de conscience environnementale amorcée dans les années 90 a généré une nouvelle approche au territoire qui s'est accélérée en 2001 dans l'optique de l'accueil des green Olympic Games en 2008. La reforestation de la capitale chinoise a alors été considérée à toutes les échelles, de celle du pays à celle de la rue.A l'échelle de son territoire périurbain, Pékin s'est dotée de deux ceintures vertes. Pour autant, le gouvernement municipal a choisi la voie de l'originalité en planifiant des "ceintures vertes habitées", à 50%pour la première et à 30% pour la seconde. A l'échelle de sa zone urbaine, la municipalité a mis en place de nouvelles promenades paysagères qui s'étirent le long des routes et des canaux et qui font apparaitre une nouvelle typologie d'espaces publics qui trouve son origine dans la réhabilitation de l'axe historique nord-sud et qui a permis outre la réhabilitation de l'histoire ancienne, celle de la réhabilitation du paysage ancien.Des ceintures vertes aux coulées vertes, la qualité de vie est sans nul doute améliorée à Pékin. Ce souffle vert est-il pour autant porteur d'une nouvelle identité urbaine? Attendons encore pour voir. Pékin 2050. Alors ce souffle vert? / Our research examines the scope of the new environmental policy for the Chinese capital, whoseimplementation was precipitated by the hosting of the Olympic Games.If the Beijing urban fabric was one of the last vestiges of the traditional Chinese precepts of spatialplanning between "mountain and water" and referring to "breath – qi" that animates all things and allbeings in the Chinese cosmogony, and that is the basis of the establishment of the city on its site, theurban policies implemented during the twentieth century have destroyed much of this heritage. Theenvironmental awareness that emerged in the 90s has generated a new approach to the territory, whichwas expedited in 2001 in view of hosting the green Olympic Games in 2008. The reforestation of theChinese capital was then considered at all scales, from that of the country to that of the street.At the scale of its periurban area, Beijing has built two green belts. However, the municipal governmenthas chosen an original approach by planning two "inhabited green belts ", 50% for the first and 30% for thesecond. At the scale of its urban area, the municipality set up new scenic walks along roads and canals,revealing a new typology of public spaces that finds its origin in the rehabilitation project of the historicnorth-south axis and that has also allowed the rehabilitation of ancient history and of the ancientlandscape.From green belts to green corridors, the quality of life is undoubtedly better in Beijing. Has, however, thisnew breath of green created a new urban identity? Let's wait and see. Beijing 2050. So, what about this new breath of green?