Agriculture consistently ranks as one of the most dangerous occupations based on an overall work death rate. Tractor overturns, by far the single largest cause of death on farms, account for approximately 19% of all on-farm deaths. The concept of a Roll-over Protective Structure (ROPS) came into existence in 1971 and is designed to form a protection zone for the operator. However, the only way that the operator will stay in the zone is by using a seatbelt or other restraint system. A survey on tractor seatbelt usage was undertaken. Results indicate that only 13% of operators wear seatbelts half or more of the time and 61% report never wearing one. The reasons for these practices are a combination of factors: too much inconvenience, time consuming, an old habit of not wearing one, and a feeling that there is no danger. However, even in the face of such negativity, the survey revealed that 65% of the operators were neutral or approved of the idea of an automatically closing seatbelt. An automatically closing restraint system prototype was designed and built. The system was found to be costly ($560.00) and the potential for mass retrofitting was found to be very limited. However, an automatically closing seatbelt seems to be a viable solution to the problem of operators being unwilling to use the seatbelts provided. / Master of Science

A field study investigated the relevancy of certain theories in applied psychology for increasing vehicle safety belt use by children. Five different intervention activities applied either extrinsic rewards, or focused on the development of intrinsic motivation (e.g., personal commitment, awareness, active participation). The subjects were 138 children, aged five to eleven years, who attended five 30-min safety belt intervention activities as part of a summer recreation program conducted at three elementary schools. Safety belt use by children and their parents was directly observed and coded by vehicle license number both before and after the interventions. Coupons for free food at a fast food restaurant were distributed to participants by the school personnel, and safety belt use was observed at the restaurant's drive-thru window to assess generalization. The results revealed that participants from all three reward contingency conditions (i.e., rewards for safety belt use, participation, and noncontingent rewards) significantly increased their frequency of safety belt use from the baseline to intervention phase. The parents, although not direct participants in the program, showed similar increases in safety belt use. The increase in safety belt use also generalized to the fast food restaurant for both children and parents; however this effect was transient. Data collected during a three-week withdrawal period indicated that safety belt use decreased slightly among participants rewarded for belt use during the intervention, whereas safety belt use increased slightly for those who received noncontingent rewards or rewards for participation. This finding is consistent with "minimal justification" and "intrinsic motivation" theories and suggests that long-term maintenance and generalization of changes in safety belt use are inversely related to the degree of external control exerted to motivate safety belt use. From an application perspective, this research developed practical community-based interventions for increasing the use of safety belts among children, and demonstrated that behavior change among children may influence the safety belt use of other members in their family. / Ph. D.

This study examined the parameters under which risk compensation in driving can occur due to the use of safety belts. Risk compensation theories hypothesize that if individuals wear safety belts, they will . drive in a more risky manner than if they do not wear safety belts due to the increased perception of safety they provide. Although much of the current literature has debated the existence of risk compensation in driving for many years, until the current study an experimental analysis of the effect has not yet been conducted that permits a controlled examination of both between-subject and within-subject effects. Risk compensation was not found in the between-subject analyses of the present research, however the within-subject analyses demonstrated the risk compensation effect. Subjects drove significantly faster when they switched from not wearing a safety belt to wearing a safety belt than subjects who either did not switch belt use or drivers who switched from safety belt use to safety belt non-use. The study also suggested that the mechanism by which risk compensation occurs is that safety belt use makes drivers feel safer when they can compare the sensations wearing a safety belt vs. those when not wearing a safety belt. The risk compensation effect probably did not manifest itself in the between-subject studies because this comparison did not (and could not) take place. The implications of this study to driving real automobiles on multi-user roadways is discussed. Suggestions and examples of possible research to further expand the knowledge about how and when risk compensation occurs are also provided. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

A review of Archean granite-greenstone terranes, orogenic gold deposits, the Slave Province and modern exploration tools, techniques and methods was conducted to identify prospective areas in the Yellowknife domain for hosting orogenic gold deposits and illustrate the best exploration methods for delineating this deposit type. This study identifies Archean granite-greenstone terranes as economically important hosts to quartz-carbonate vein-hosted orogenic gold deposits. These deposits occur at convergent plate margins, but can also be related to local extensional tectonics within a convergent setting. Heat generated from tectonic processes can trigger hydrothermal fluid movement along first-order faults and shear zones. Precipitation of gold-bearing quartz-carbonate veins from the hydrothermal fluids occurs in second- and third-order faults and shear zones related to the first-order structures. This study also identifies the Archean Slave Province in northern Canada as a well-endowed craton with numerous orogenic gold deposits, diamondiferous kimberlites, VMS deposits and several other mineralization styles. In particular, three greenstone belts (Yellowknife, Cameron River and Beaulieu River) associated with likely first-order structures are comprised of prospective rocks for hosting orogenic gold and VMS mineralization. The Yellowknife greenstone belt hosts the past-producing and former world-class Con and Giant orogenic gold deposits, but has been little explored with modern exploration techniques. The Cameron River and Beaulieu River greenstone belts host numerous base and precious metal VMS and BIF-hosted orogenic gold prospects and deposits, indicating mineralization is present. There is considerable potential for significant discoveries to be made using modern exploration techniques in the greenstone belts; however, exploration in the region has been hindered over the past decade by ongoing political negotiations. Once the political negotiations are finalized, application of modern exploration methods and techniques in the prospective greenstone belts should be carried out. Regional scale methodologies should be applied to generate targets using predictive modelling, implicit 3D modelling, 3D geochemistry and exploration targeting so decisions defining a businesses strategy for ground acquisition of high priority targets are made using quantitative analysis. Once ground is acquired, field-based exploration for orogenic gold and VMS deposits should include geological mapping with a focus on structural geology, geochemical sampling and airborne magnetic, radiometric and EM geophysical surveys. Prior to reconnaissance drilling, integration of all data layers and interpretation within a common 3D earth model should be conducted. Following successful reconnaissance drilling, definition drilling along strike and down dip of intersected mineralization, combined with borehole geophysics, should be carried out to delineate the extent of mineralization.

The subject of this thesis is to design safety components for the Formula Student car. The aim is to handle the driver’s safety proposals regarding the competition rules. The main point of interest is focused on the impact attenuator issue, which is designed and tested by appropriate method. In addition are designed other security features such as seat belts, seat belts installation and driver equipment are.

Introdução - Para minimizar mortes e lesões entre crianças passageiras de automóveis existem os Assentos de Segurança Infantil (ASI), que são pouco utilizados ou utilizados erroneamente. Recente lei brasileira normatiza o uso de ASI e ressalta a necessidade de informações estatísticas, donde surgiu a intenção de estudar erros utilização de ASI com base em recente dissertação de mestrado que apontou uso de ASI por 36,1 por cento das crianças matriculadas em creches em Maringá. Não há dados brasileiros publicados quanto a erros de utilização de ASI. Objetivo - Analisar erros de utilização de ASI por crianças matriculadas usuários de creches em Maringá e fatores relacionados. Métodos - Estudo observacional transversal de coleta de dados prospectiva e eixo analítico retrospectivo. Resultados 42,7 por cento das crianças apresentavam erros de utilização. O modelo de regressão logística evidenciou maiores chances de erros na presença de duas ou mais crianças no veículo (OR = 5,10 com p = 0,007) e com menores níveis de escolaridade e renda dos pais (média renda e escolaridade OR = 7,00 com p = 0,003 e baixa renda e escolaridade OR = 3,40 com p = 0,03). Discussão Os dados são coerentes com publicações internacionais. Há expectativa dos efeitos da recente lei brasileira sobre uso de ASI, porém sabe-se que além da lei, há necessidade de estratégias educativas e facilitadoras de acesso aos ASI / Introduction - Minimize deaths and injuries among children who are passengers of vehicles with Child Safety Seat (CSS) which are not usually or wrongly used. A current Brazilian law regulates the use of CSS and enhances the need for information statistics, from which came the intention of studying errors in the use of CSS, based on a recent Master degree dissertation that pointed out that it is used in 36.1 per cent of the cases of children enrolled in day care centers in Maringá, Brazil. There is no data in Brazil published about the misuse of CSS. Objective - Analyze errors of CSS use by children who attend day care centers in Maringá and related factors. Methods - Observational and cross-sectional study of prospective data collection and retrospective and analytical axis. Results - 42.7 per cent of children demonstrated errors of use. The logistics regression model determined greater possibilities of errors in case of presence of two or more children in the vehicle (OR = 5.10, p = 0.007) and lower levels of parents´ education and income (average income and education OR = 7.00, p = 0.003 and low income and education OR = 3.40, p = 0.03). Discussion - The data is consistent to the international publications. There is an expectation about the effects of the current Brazilian law on the use of CSS, but it is known that besides the law, educational and facilitating strategies to the access to the CSS are necessary

Introdução - Para minimizar mortes e lesões entre crianças passageiras de automóveis existem os Assentos de Segurança Infantil (ASI), que são pouco utilizados ou utilizados erroneamente. Recente lei brasileira normatiza o uso de ASI e ressalta a necessidade de informações estatísticas, donde surgiu a intenção de estudar erros utilização de ASI com base em recente dissertação de mestrado que apontou uso de ASI por 36,1 por cento das crianças matriculadas em creches em Maringá. Não há dados brasileiros publicados quanto a erros de utilização de ASI. Objetivo - Analisar erros de utilização de ASI por crianças matriculadas usuários de creches em Maringá e fatores relacionados. Métodos - Estudo observacional transversal de coleta de dados prospectiva e eixo analítico retrospectivo. Resultados 42,7 por cento das crianças apresentavam erros de utilização. O modelo de regressão logística evidenciou maiores chances de erros na presença de duas ou mais crianças no veículo (OR = 5,10 com p = 0,007) e com menores níveis de escolaridade e renda dos pais (média renda e escolaridade OR = 7,00 com p = 0,003 e baixa renda e escolaridade OR = 3,40 com p = 0,03). Discussão Os dados são coerentes com publicações internacionais. Há expectativa dos efeitos da recente lei brasileira sobre uso de ASI, porém sabe-se que além da lei, há necessidade de estratégias educativas e facilitadoras de acesso aos ASI / Introduction - Minimize deaths and injuries among children who are passengers of vehicles with Child Safety Seat (CSS) which are not usually or wrongly used. A current Brazilian law regulates the use of CSS and enhances the need for information statistics, from which came the intention of studying errors in the use of CSS, based on a recent Master degree dissertation that pointed out that it is used in 36.1 per cent of the cases of children enrolled in day care centers in Maringá, Brazil. There is no data in Brazil published about the misuse of CSS. Objective - Analyze errors of CSS use by children who attend day care centers in Maringá and related factors. Methods - Observational and cross-sectional study of prospective data collection and retrospective and analytical axis. Results - 42.7 per cent of children demonstrated errors of use. The logistics regression model determined greater possibilities of errors in case of presence of two or more children in the vehicle (OR = 5.10, p = 0.007) and lower levels of parents´ education and income (average income and education OR = 7.00, p = 0.003 and low income and education OR = 3.40, p = 0.03). Discussion - The data is consistent to the international publications. There is an expectation about the effects of the current Brazilian law on the use of CSS, but it is known that besides the law, educational and facilitating strategies to the access to the CSS are necessary

Depuis le début de l’ère spatiale avec le lancement du satellite Spoutnik 1 en 1957, les ceintures de radiationterrestres n’ont cessé de faire l’objet d’études du fait de leur dangerosité pour les satellites mais aussi pour l’êtrehumain. En effet, lors d’une forte activité solaire, l’injection de particules dans cet environnement radiatif peut induiredes flux jusqu’à 1000 fois plus élevés que par temps calme. Par conséquent, il est important d’en comprendrela physique ainsi que la dynamique au cours de ce que l’on appelle un orage géomagnétique. Dans ce but, le Département Physique Instrumentation Environnement et Espace (DPhIEE) de l’ONERA développe depuis maintenantplus de 20 ans la famille de modèles Salammbô reproduisant de façon robuste et en trois dimensions la dynamiquedes particules piégées dans ces ceintures. Néanmoins, bien que précis au-delà d’environ 100 keV, la physique et leshypothèses prises en compte dans ce modèle restent insuffisantes en deçà. En effet, aux basses énergies, les ceintures de radiation ne peuvent plus être considérées comme homogènes autour de la Terre. L’objectif de cette thèse a donc été de prendre en compte une quatrième dimension, le temps magnétique local (MLT), afin de mieux reproduire l’évolution des structures fines lors d’un orage géomagnétique. La première partie s’est portée sur l’optimisation du schéma numérique. L’ajout d’une quatrième dimension induit, via l’apparition d’un terme d’advection, une forte diffusion numérique qu’il convient de limiter, tout en tenant compte du temps de calcul. L’équation statistique implémentée a alors été discrétisée selon un schéma de type Beam-Warming du second ordre couplé à un limiteur Superbee, garantissant une propagation satisfaisante de la distribution initiale. Une fois les problèmes numériquesmaitrisés, les différents mécanismes physiques pilotant la dynamique des particules piégées ont été implémentésdans le code, avec une attention toute particulière sur la dépendance en MLT de l’interaction onde-particule. Laprise en compte des champs électriques magnétosphériques fut également nécessaire. En effet, ils constituent l’undes moteurs principaux du mouvement des particules de basses énergies. Le modèle Salammbô 4D a ensuite étévalidé par comparaison avec le modèle 3D déjà existant sur une simulation de l’orage magnétique de Mars 2015.Les résultats ont montré une bonne restitution de la dynamique des ceintures de radiation, avec en plus l’accès à laphase principale de l’orage. Cet évènement a ensuite été modélisé à plus basse énergie pour constater la dynamiqueasymétrique des électrons piégés avec le rôle prépondérant du champ électrique de convection. La comparaison avecles données du satellite THEMIS a montré une bonne modélisation des différents processus physiques, notammentcelui de « dropout » par traversée de la magnétopause. Enfin, la mise en place d’une condition limite dynamiquemodulée par les paramètres du vent solaire et dépendante du MLT ouvre de nombreuses perspectives. / Since the beginning of the Space Era with the launch of Spoutnik 1 spacecraft in 1957, the radiation belts havebeen studied by scientists due to their hazardousness on both spacecrafts and humans. Indeed, particles are injectedduring strong solar activity and can induce fluxes thousand times higher than quiet time ones. Thus, it’s veryimportant to understand the nature of physics-based processes and the consecutive dynamic during a geomagneticstorm. For this purpose, the Department Physics Instrumentation Environment and spacE (DPhIEE) at ONERA hasbeen developing the Salammbô models family for more than 20 years which robustly reproduce in three dimensionsthe dynamics of trapped particles in the radiation belts. Nevertheless, although they are reliable at high energy, thephysics-based processes and the hypothesis taken into account are inadequate at lower energies, below a few hundredsof keV. Indeed, the radiation belts can no longer be considered as homogeneous around the Earth. The aim of thisPhD research work was to take into account a fourth coordinate, the Magnetic Local Time (MLT), in order to betterreproduce the thinnest structures occurring during a geomagnetic storm. The first part of this work focused on theoptimization of the numerical scheme. By the emergence of an advective term, the inclusion of a fourth coordinateinduces a strong numerical diffusion that has to be controlled and limited without deteriorating the computingefficiency. So, the implemented statistical equation was discretized using a Beam-Warming scheme coupled with theSuperbee limiter, which guarantee us an adequate propagation of the initial distribution. Once numerical issues havebeen resolved and controlled, all the different mechanisms driving the dynamics of the trapped particles have beenimplemented into the code, taking into account their MLT dependency, especially for the wave-particle interaction.Taking into account the magnetospheric electric fields was also necessary. Indeed, they correspond to one of themain drivers of the low energy particles motion. Then, the Salammbô 4D model has been validated by a comparisonwith the 3D one on a simulation of the March 2015 geomagnetic storm. The results showed a good restitutionof the dynamics of the radiation belts, refining the storm main phase resolution. Thereafter, this event has beensimulated at lower energy to analyze the asymmetry of the dynamics of trapped electrons highlighting the primerole of the convection electric field. The comparison with data from THEMIS spacecraft showed a good modelingof the different physics-based processes, in particular regarding dropouts as controlled by magnetopause shadowingeffect. Finally, the implementation of a solar wind driven outer boundary condition opens up new prospects.

Multi-ribbed serpentine belt is the core of the automotive accessory drive system, which distributes the engine power to other auxiliary systems of the car. Development of a belt life model is of a significant importance to the accessory drive system manufacturers, in order to prevent any premature failures of these belts. However, any numerical analysis on the belt life is heavily dependent on gaining an understanding of stress distribution in the belts under the operational loading conditions. The presented work demonstrates a new systematic approach for determining the hyperelastic material parameters of rubber with specific application in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of serpentine accessory drive belts. This new approach can be used as a stand-alone tool by manufacturers to determine the stress distribution in the belt under operational conditions; the results of which can be applied to assess the life of accessory drive belts, in a relatively short time.

Multi-ribbed serpentine belt is the core of the automotive accessory drive system, which distributes the engine power to other auxiliary systems of the car. Development of a belt life model is of a significant importance to the accessory drive system manufacturers, in order to prevent any premature failures of these belts. However, any numerical analysis on the belt life is heavily dependent on gaining an understanding of stress distribution in the belts under the operational loading conditions. The presented work demonstrates a new systematic approach for determining the hyperelastic material parameters of rubber with specific application in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of serpentine accessory drive belts. This new approach can be used as a stand-alone tool by manufacturers to determine the stress distribution in the belt under operational conditions; the results of which can be applied to assess the life of accessory drive belts, in a relatively short time.