Orientador: Renate Krause-Sakate / Coorientador: Mônica Fecury Moura / Banca: Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bueno / Banca: Valdir Atsushi Yuri / Resumo: A espécie de mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci é considerada uma das pragas mais importantes do mundo e está amplamente distribuída. Estudos recentes demonstraram que a B. tabaci não é composta por biótipos, mas sim por um complexo de espécies crípticas, morfologicamente idênticas. No Brasil, a espécie Middle East-Asia Minor1 (MEAM1, conhecida como biótipo B) é predominante nos cultivos desde a invasão nos anos 90. Em 2014, foi relatada pela primeira vez, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a presença da espécie Mediterranean (MED, conhecida como biótipo Q). Com base na importância da espécie MEAM1 no Brasil e da espécie MED em vários países da Europa e Ásia, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preferência das espécies e a oviposição em diferentes hospedeiros, bem como a habilidade competitiva entre as espécies invasivas e a predominância em plantas de tomate e pimentão. Para os ensaios de preferência por hospedeiros e oviposição foram utilizados plantas de algodão, feijão, pimentão e tomate. Os ensaios foram conduzidos com a contagem do número de insetos adultos em 12, 24 e 48 horas após o início e com a contagem dos ovos após 48 horas do início do ensaio. O número de adultos em algodão foi significativamente favorável à MED nos três períodos; para feijão, apenas em 12 horas favorável à MEAM1 e tomateiro não houve diferença. Para o número de ovos, em algodão e tomate, MED ovipositou mais comparada à MEAM1, enquanto que para feijão não houve diferença estatística. Os ensaios de habil... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The species of whitefly Bemisia tabaci is considered one of the most important pests in the world and is widely disseminated. Recent studies have shown that B. tabaci is not composed of biotypes, but rather by a complex of cryptic species, morphologically identical. In Brazil, the species Middle East-Asia Minor1 (MEAM1, known as biotype B) has been predominant in the fields since its invasion in the 1990s. In 2014, it was reported for the first time, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the presence of the Mediterranean species (MED, known as the Q biotype). The objective of this study was to evaluate the preference of these species and their oviposition in cotton, common bean, pepper and tomato, as well as the competitive displacement in tomato and pepper. The assays were conducted by counting the number of adult insects at 12, 24 and 48 hours after start and counting the eggs after 48 hours from the start of the assay. The results showed that for the number of adults in cotton there was a significant difference favoring MED in the three periods; for common bean, only in 12 hours is was favorable to MEAM1 and for tomato there was no difference between MED and MEAM1. Higher oviposition was observed for MED in cotton and tomato. Competitive displacement assays were conducted using 10 pairs of MED and MEAM1 newly emerged. MED species predominated over MEAM1 on pepper in the 4th sample (120 days after the start of the experiment), whereas MEAM1 species predominated over MED also in the 4th sampling (100 days after the beginning of the experiment) in tomato, showing the preference of the MED species for pepper and the MEAM1 species for tomato. Our results indicate that problems associated with MED as a pest and vector of virus to pepper plants can increase in Brazil. / Mestre

Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2001.

Physiological factors that might influence ecological dynamics were investigated to better explain the biology of Bemisia tabaci in the desert southwest. Trehalulose, a unique disaccharide only found in unusually large quantities in B. tabaci honeydew, was shown not to be different from sucrose in promoting longevity in honeydew-consuming parasitoids, indicating this insect-modified sugar does not affect the nutritional quality of aleyrodid excreta. Trehalulose is not believed to function as a feeding deterrent to natural enemies. Experiments were designed to examine the effect of temperature on sorbitol and trehalulose production by the whitefly. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of honeydew and whole body extractions revealed a negative relationship between amounts of trehalulose in the honeydew and sorbitol accumulation in the whitefly body, linking these two molecules as important to the nutritional ecology of whiteflies. In another experiment to better understand the dispersal of whiteflies across the landscape, studies of flight over multiple days were conducted to describe the role of prior flight experience on dispersal and migratory flight. Flight performance traits were measured over multiple days of flight to compare two groups of B. tabaci, those trapped moving outside of planted fields with those collected within fields. Trap-caught individuals exhibited flights of significantly shorter duration in a vertical flight chamber. Flights determined to have characteristics of migratory behaviors were initially of longer duration for trap-captured whiteflies than their field-collected counterparts. Over the context of multiple days, however, their longer flights were followed by much shorter flights on subsequent days. Although many insects from both groups were capable of movement on multiple days, almost all of these flights were of a foraging nature. Foraging flights of short duration would likely not add to dispersal distances, thereby limiting whiteflies to their originating patch.

Orientador: Renate Krause-Sakate / Coorientador: Julio Massaharu Marubayashi / Banca: Marcelo Agenor Pavan / Banca: Valdir Atsushi Yuki / Resumo: A mosca-branca, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) é uma das mais importantes pragas e, além disso, é vetora de vírus de plantas. B. tabaci é comumente classificada como um complexo de espécies crípticas, das quais se destacam as duas espécies invasivas, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), predominante no Brasil, e a espécie Mediterranean (MED), recentemente detectada no país. Para a espécie MED se desconhece sua habilidade na transmissão de vírus encontrados no Brasil. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de transmissão do carlavírus Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV); do crinivírus Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) e dos begomovírus Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) e Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV). Para aquisição do vírus pela espécie MED e MEAM1, o período de acesso de aquisição (PAA) e o período de acesso de inoculação (PAI) foram de 24h no escuro a 30°C, utilizando-se dez insetos por planta testada. Os ensaios de transmissão demonstram que a população da espécie MED abrigando 97 % de Hamiltonella, 33 % de Rickettsia e 12 % de Arsenophonus de endossibiontes secundários, denominada de MED2, transmitiu o BGMV e o CpMMV com 100 % de eficiência, enquanto que a população de MED ( MED1) contendo 14 % de Hamiltonella e 29 % de Rickettsia transmitiu o BGMV e o CpMMV com 56,6 % e 53,3 % de eficiência, respectivamente. Comparativamente a espécie MEAM1 com 98 % deHamiltonella e 91 % de Rickettsia transmitiu o BGMV e o CpMMV com 90% de eficiênci... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important agriculture pests and also is a virus vector. B. tabaci is considered a complex of criptic species, and Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, formerly known as biotype B) and Mediterranean (MED, biotype Q), are highlighted as the most invasive in world. The ability of MED species, to transmit Brazilian viruses was investigated in this work. The transmission of the carlavirus Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV), the crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and the begomovirus Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) and Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) was tested by MEAM1 and MED, comparatively. The acquisition access period (AAP) and the inoculation access peiod (IAP) used were of 24h, in the dark conditions at 30°C, using 10 insects per plant tested. The transmission assays demonstred that the population of the MED speciesthat harbor 97 % of Hamiltonella, 33 % of Rickettsia and 12 % of Arsenophonus secondary endosymbionts, denominated MED2, transmitted the BGMV and the CpMMV with 100 % efficiency, while the MED (MED1) population with 14 % of Hamiltonella and 29 % of Rickettsia transmitted the BGMV and the CpMMV with 56,6 % and 53,3 % efficiency, respectively. Comparatively, the MEAM1 species with 98 % ofHamiltonella and 91 % of Rickettsia transmitted the BGMV and the CpMMV with 90% of efficacy.In relation to the ToSRV, both MED populations tested transmitted this begomovirus with 83,3 % efficiency, while the MEAM1 species transmitted with 80 % efficiency. The crinivirus ToCV was transmitted by MED1 and MED2 with 93,3 % and 83,3 % efficiency, respectively, and with 80% efficiency by MEAM1. The transmission assays showed that the Mediterranean species, detected recently in Brazil, is an excelent vector of the whitefly transmitted viruses found in Brazil. / Mestre

Reciprocal and homologous crosses were carried out using pairs or groups of twenty males and females for three biotypes of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex. Crosses were undertaken for the A biotype-Arizona (AzA), the B biotype-Africa (AzB), and the monophagous, Jatropha (Jat) biotype-Puerto Rico. The maternal haplotype pedigree of parents and selected offspring (F₁, F₂) was determined using the mitochondria cytochome oxidase I sequence. All reciprocal crosses yielded viable female offspring, indicating reproductively compatibility, except for AzB♀ x AzA♂, or AzB♀ x Jat♂ crosses, which yielded females unidirectionally. As an unidirectional pattern was reminiscent of cytoplasmic-mediated incompatibility (CI), the possibility was investigated that the phenotype might be caused by CI-bacteria, instead of a germ line barrier. Using the 16S rRNA sequence three prospective CI-bacterial species were identified in whitefly colonies. A Cardinium spp. (Bacteroidetes) was present in the A biotype (isolates AzA, CulA, RivA, SalA), whereas the B biotype (isolates AzB, FlB1, FlB2) was infected with Rickettsia bellii (Proteobacteria), and a Wolbachia spp. (Proteobacteria) was associated with the Jat biotype. The unidirectional incompatible phenotypes were consistent with CI-bacterial infection of AzA (Cardinium) and Jat (Wolbachia), but no such association was apparent for B biotype-Rickettsia infections. The bidirectional compatibility for Jat x AzA suggested a CI-bacteria-mediated reciprocal rescue. However, that Wolbachia-infected Jat♀ and Cardinium-infected AzA♂ crosses yielded fewer females, compared to AzA-Cardinium♀ and Jat- Wolbachia♂ crosses, suggested that Cardinium could better counter Wolbachia-induced female mortality than Wolbachia. This suggested the possibility that these phylogenetically divergent bacteria might utilize similar CI-mechanisms. In this study, the suspect CI-bacteria were strongly associated with complete or partial obstruction of gene flow in certain crosses, and with sex bias in the AzA x Jat crosses. This is the first evidence that female offspring can be produced between phylogeographically divergent, and polyphagous and monophagous B. tabaci, for which gene flow barriers are widely reported, suggesting that hybridization is utilized as a means of diversification in B. tabaci. The inability to rid colonies of CI-bacteria has necessitated introgression experiments to investigate direct CI-causality over CI-association.

Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2005

Universiẗat, Diss.--Gießen, 2001.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-20T14:09:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 677644 bytes, checksum: 9fc3069f4c1993d7a7c865eb101e98a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T14:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 677644 bytes, checksum: 9fc3069f4c1993d7a7c865eb101e98a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-11-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Esta tese teve por objetivo determinar a influência do volume de calda e a uniformidade de distribuição resultante durante aplicações inseticidas, no controle de mosca branca (Bemisia tabaci), na cultura da berinjela. Foram realizados ensaios de laboratório com os bicos leque das séries LD e API e com bicos tipo cone vazio JD 12P, onde foi caracterizado o espectro da população de gotas obtido e determinado a influência do tipo de bico, da vazão nominal, da pressão de trabalho, do ângulo de abertura e da posição sobre o alvo na uniformidade de distribuição transversal do líquido pulverizado. Os ensaios de campo constaram de amostragens de ninfas e adultos de mosca branca (B. tabaci) nos terços apical e mediano do dossel de plantas de berinjela, antes, 4, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos e da caracterização do espectro da população de gotas obtido. Os tratamentos utilizados foram resultantes da combinação de tipo de equipamento (costal manual equipado com válvula de pressão constante de 2 bar e costal de precisão), bicos hidráulicos (tipo leque séries API e LD e tipo cone vazio JD 12P) e taxa de pulverização (500, 700 e 1000 L/ha respectivamente), além de testemunha onde não houve aplicação. A melhor uniformidade de distribuição foi obtida com bicos da série API com 110o de ângulo de abertura, trabalhando com pressões entre 2 e 4 bar, na altura de 50 cm sobre o objetivo. O uso de menores taxas de aplicação implicou em gotas de menor tamanho e melhor cobertura, avaliada em termos de impactos por unidade de área. O melhor controle de ninfas e adultos de mosca branca (B. tabaci) foi obtido através da combinação de equipamento costal manual dotado de válvula de pressão constante (2 bar), bico leque (API 11003) e taxa de pulverização de 500 L/ha. / The objective of this thesis was to determine the influence of liquid volume and distribution uniformity of insecticide application for controlling the white fly (Bemisia tabaci) on eggplant plants. To characterize the spectrum population of droplets, it was carried out laboratory tests using flat fan nozzles series LD and API, and hollow cone nozzles JD 12P. The influence of nozzles type, nominal flow, work pressure, opening angle and the nozzles height over the transversal distribution homogeneity of sprayed liquid were also evaluated in the laboratory tests. On the field were run some tests to sample the white fly (B. tabaci) nymphs and adults in the third apical and the medium of the eggplant plants and characterization of the droplets spectrum population. The sampling the white fly (B. tabaci) nymphs and adults was before the insecticide application and on the 4 th , 7 th , 14 th and 21 th days after that and the control. Each test was a combination of equipment (manual knapsack sprayer with constant pressure valve 2 bar and precision knapsack sprayer), nozzles type (flat fan nozzles API 11003 and hollow cone nozzles JD 2P) an application rate (500, 700 and 1000 L/ha): The best distribution uniformity was obtained with API series nozzles with 110o opening angle, working with pressures between 2 and 4 bar, at 50 cm in height. The best control of white fly (B. tabaci) nymphs and adults was the treatment T 1 (manual knapsack sprayer with constant pressure valve 2 bar, nozzles API 11003 and 500 L/ha). / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

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No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_la_dr_bot.pdf: 1675791 bytes, checksum: 14b1fe1f9317d43e938e1a5b555bcd46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), é um complexo composto por pelo menos 37 espécies crípticas e representa uma das mais importantes pragas agrícolas do mundo, já que é um inseto altamente polifago e considerado um supervector de vírus, uma vez que sozinho é capaz de transmitir mais de 300 espécies, como os begomovírus (gênero Begomovirus, família Geminiviridae) e crinivírus (gênero Crinivirus, família Closteroviridae). Mais de duas décadas depois que a espécie B. tabaci Middle East Asia Menor 1 (MEAM1, biótipo B) invadiu e se estabeleceu no Brasil através de plantas ornamentais, a presença da B. tabaci especie Mediterranean (MED, biótipo Q) foi relatada pela primeira vez no Rio Grande do Sul em 2014, e, recentemente, nos estados de São Paulo e Paraná. Em 2015, espécimes de moscas-brancas coletadas em cultivos comerciais protegidos de begônias, hortênsias, petúnias e poinsettias em São Paulo, bem como de begônias e poinsetias de floriculturas e Capsicum spp. associado a Emilia fosbergii em estufas usadas anteriormente para poinsettia no Paraná, foram todos identificados como pertencentes a espécie MED. Adicionalmente, os endosimbiontes secundários identificados foram Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella e Rickettsia foram detectados por PCR e confirmados por sequenciamento e análise de FISH, divergindo dos encontrados nas moscas MED do Rio Grande do Sul, as quais abrigavam Hamiltonella e Cardinium. Em 2015, portanto, a primeira pesquisa no Estado de São Paulo revelou que a espécie MED estava presente apenas em cultivos protegidos de ornamentais e floriculturas, ou seja, associadas a ornamentais. Em 2016, no entanto, uma segunda e mais extensa pesquisa realizada em São Paulo e Paraná mostraram que MED se espalhou por várias e importantes hortaliças, não somente em estufas, mas também para campos abertos localizados próximos de onde MED foi detectada em plantas ornamentais previamente. Os conjuntos de endossimbiontes, cujos sets foram compostos por Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia e Wolbachia são diferentes também tanto da MED de São Paulo e Paraná de 2015, como da MED detectada no Rio Grande do Sul em 2014. Através da análise filogenética do gene mtCOI usando o banco de dados global de mosca-branca, os espécimes representam diferentes haplótipos divididos em dois grupos dentro da espécie MED. Além disso, neste trabalho houve o primeiro relato da presença do endossimbionte Arsenophonus infectando B. tabaci MEAM1. / Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), it is a complex consisting of at least 37 cryptic species and is one of the most important agricultural pests worldwide, since it is a highly polyphagous insect and considered a virus supervector once it alone transmits more than 300 species, such as begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, Geminiviridae family) and crinivirus (genus Crinivirus, Closteroviridae family). More than two decades after the species B. tabaci Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, biotype B) invaded and settled in Brazil through ornamental plants, the presence of B. tabaci Mediterraneann species (MED, biotype Q) was first reported in Rio Grande do Sul in 2014, and recently in São Paulo and Paraná States. In 2015, specimens of whiteflies collected in commercial greenhouses of begonias, hydrangeas, petunias and poinsettias in São Paulo, as well as begonias and poinsettias from flower shops and Capsicum spp. associated with Emilia fosbergii in greenhouses used previously for poinsettia in Paraná, they were all identified as belonging to MED species. In addition, the identified secondary endosymbionts were Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella and Rickettsia were detected by PCR and confirmed by sequencing and FISH analysis, diverging from the set of MED from Rio Grande do Sul, which harbored Hamiltonella and Cardinium. In 2015, therefore, the first research in São Paulo revealed that the MED species was present only in greenhouses of ornamentals and flower shops, associated with ornamental. In 2016, however, a second and more extensive research conducted in São Paulo and Paraná showed that MED has spread to several important vegetables, not only in greenhouses, but also to open fields located close to where MED was detected in ornamental plants previously. The endosymbionts, whose sets were composed of Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia and Wolbachia are also different from both the MED of São Paulo and Paraná in 2015, and the MED of Rio Grande do Sul in 2014. Through phylogenetic analysis of gene mtCOI using the whitefly global database, specimens has shown to represent different haplotypes divided into two groups within the species MED. In addition, this study was the first report of Arsenophonus endosymbiont present infecting B. tabaci MEAM1. / FAPESP: 2014/21773-0

The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a highly destructive agricultural and ornamental crop pest. It damages host plants through both phloem feeding and vectoring plant pathogens. Introductions of B. tabaci are difficult to quarantine and eradicate because of its high reproductive rates, broad host plant range, and insecticide resistance. A total of 791 Gb of raw DNA sequence from whole genome shotgun sequencing, and 13 BAC pooling libraries were generated by Illumina sequencing using different combinations of mate-pair and pair-end libraries. Assembly gave a final genome with a scaffold N50 of 437 kb, and a total length of 658 Mb. Annotation of repetitive elements and coding regions resulted in 265.0 Mb TEs (40.3%) and 20 786 protein-coding genes with putative gene family expansions, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on orthologs across 14 arthropod taxa suggested that MED/Q is clustered into a hemipteran clade containing A. pisum and is a sister lineage to a clade containing both R. prolixus and N. lugens. Genome completeness, as estimated using the CEGMA and Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs pipelines, reached 96% and 79%. These MED/Q genomic resources lay a foundation for future 'pan-genomic' comparisons of invasive vs. noninvasive, invasive vs. invasive, and native vs. exotic Bemisia, which, in return, will open up new avenues of investigation into whitefly biology, evolution, and management.