Benefits are measurable improvements that result from project outcomes. There is an emphasis in clinical trials literature that clinical trial benefits must always outweigh the risks yet there is limited clarity on processes to manage and ensure delivery of those benefits. With uncertainty around the delivery of clinical trial benefits, it is worth adopting a balanced management approach. This study looked to establish whether there were any comprehensive benefits management processes in HIV clinical trials and compared these practices to those described in the literature. Methods: To assess the current benefits management practices used to manage HIV clinical trials, a cross-sectional study used a critical review of clinical trials guidelines and publications as well as an online survey that was distributed to stakeholders in clinical trials management. Results: The critical review of the guidelines and literature revealed a high emphasis on risk benefit assessment, but very limited mention of the processes used for the assessment and management of those risks and benefits. The diverse group of clinical trials managers that responded to the online survey were involved at the strategic level of their respective clinical trials and 74% of them had never heard of Benefits Realization Management (BRM) and BRM processes. The respondents however, acknowledged that their lack of awareness did not necessarily mean lack of existence of BRM or BRM processes in HIV clinical trials. There were aspects of benefits management practices in clinical trials that were found to be similar to those in literature and other industries such as benefits planning, benefits identification, benefits review, setting time scale to benefits realization and allocating benefits champions. Even though there was confidence from the respondents in how clinical trial benefits were managed and in clinical trials delivering their promise, the respondents still believed there was room for improvement in the current BRM processes. Conclusion: BRM processes are not readily visible or documented in HIV clinical trials. There is a management bias towards safety and ethics in clinical trials which seems to have resulted in limited focus on benefits management. Compared to other industries, there appears to be more room and opportunity to implement published BRM processes. The findings from this study will serve as a starting point for future studies on how BRM can be incorporated into current management practices in order to achieve the most out of clinical trials.

El trabajo de investigación desarrollado a continuación tiene como finalidad evidenciar que la implementación de los estándares y buenas prácticas recomendadas en la guía del PMBOK® 6ª edición, aplicando el enfoque del PMI, resulta útil para la implementación de obras marinas, como en el caso del Astillero Naval del Callao, generando un precedente en la bibliografía a consultar para el desarrollo de futuras obras de este tipo. A partir de la 6ª edición, el director de proyecto asume nuevos roles, y se convierte en el nexo entre la organización y el proyecto, para maximizar el aprovechamiento del beneficio que el proyecto genere para la organización. Este trabajo pretende ilustrar como en el caso de la dirección de proyectos de obras marinas se aplica este nuevo enfoque, identificando los beneficios que la organización desea obtener del proyecto y describiendo las características que el director de proyecto debe tener en cuenta para cumplir este nuevo rol. En este trabajo se evidencia, entre otras cosas, la importancia de convocar y seleccionar proveedores especializados en obras acuáticas, así como contar con una supervisión especializada. Este proyecto que se suma a la infraestructura portuaria del país, y su ejecución se convierte en referente para nuevos proyectos como el caso del Puerto San Martín o el Terminal Portuario Salaverry, los cuales se desarrollarán en los próximos años y requerirán no solamente de personal calificado, sino además de toda la información registrada de obras anteriores que puedan servir de base de lecciones aprendidas a futuro para una ejecución eficiente. / The research work developed below has as purpose prove that the implementation of the standards and good practices recommended in the PMBOK® Guide 6th edition, applying the PMI approach, is useful for implementation of navy projects, as in the case of the Callao Shipyard Naval, generating a precedent in the bibliography to consult for the development of future projects of this type. Since the 6th edition, the project manager assumes new roles and becomes the nexus between the organization and the project, to maximize the use of the benefit that the project generates for the organization. This work aims to illustrate how this new approach is applied in the case of project management in navy projects, identifying the benefits than organization wishes to obtain from the project and describing the characteristics that the project manager must take into account in order to fulfill this new role. This paper demonstrates, among other things, the importance of calling and selecting specialized suppliers in waterworks, as well as having specialized supervision. This project that is added to the port infrastructure of the country, and its execution becomes a reference for new projects such as the case of Puerto San Martín or the Salaverry Port Terminal, which will be developed in the coming years and will require not only qualified personnel, but also all the registered information of previous works that can serve as a base of lessons learned in the future for an efficient execution. / Trabajo de Investigación

Digitalisering är den mest samhällsomvälvande processen sedan industrialiseringen. Misslyckade it-investeringar präglar alla delar av vårt samhälle. Att utnyttja värdet av en it- investering är avgörande för att uppnå en effektiv digital transformation, särskilt inom den offentliga sektorn. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka den strukturella kontext kommuner befinner sig i som påverkar processen för nyttorealisering vid it-investeringar. Tidigare forskning belyser ett teoretiskt kunskapsgap för hur framarbetade modeller ska användas i praktiken. E-delegationen presenterar en modell för nyttorealisering som ett konkret exempel på hur nyttorealisering kan tillämpas. Studien har genomförts med fallstudie som forskningsstrategi där sex semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Utifrån detta har tre faktorer som begränsar nyttorealisering i kommuner identifierats. Studien visar att det är kommunernas egna ansvar att hantera dessa och implementera nyttorealisering. Därmed resulterar studien i att det tidigare kunskapsgapet bör omformuleras eftersom arbete med nyttorealisering inte påverkas av ett teoretiskt gap utan snarare ett praktiskt. Baserat på de olika perspektiv som presentera bör fokus snarare hamna på förändringsledning givet den strukturella kontext som kommunerna befinner sig i. / Digitalization is the most socially revolving process since industrialization. Failed IT investments characterizes every part of our society. Utilizing the benefits of an IT investment is fundamental for achieving an effective digital transformation, particularly in the public sector. This study aims to investigate the municipalities' structural context and how this affects the process for realization of benefits. Previous research highlights a theoretical knowledge gap regarding how existing models should be used in practice. The E-delegation presents a concrete model for how the realization of benefits can be applied. The study has been carried through as a case study in which 6 semi-structured interviews were implemented. Three factors have been identified that limit the development of methods for benefits realization. The study proves that it is the municipalities own responsibility to handle these and establish methods for realizing benefits. The study results in a conclusion which proves that the previous knowledge gap should be reformulated, since benefits realization is rather influenced by practical factors. Based on the presented perspective, benefits realization should rather focus on change management given the existing structural context.

This qualitative study evaluates what the Internet of Things (IoT) can bring to create benefits in municipal housing companies. Since 2014, there has been a guide from the Swedish Agency for Digital Administration regarding benefits realization that describes how organizations can work to implement IT projects and realize target images, by focusing on the underlying benefits. The issues that this study focuses on are benefits and expectations from completed IoT projects. To answer these questions, five interviews and a pilot study, based on a framework for benefit realization, were conducted with people representing a large number of municipalities in Sweden. The respondents have had good insight into how the operations work in the IoT technology area. The main conclusion of the study is that the work with benefits, has a small role in the organizations consulted. Many of the obstacles identified in the study show that active management is required to change the culture around IoT projects and that the business focuses on the benefits behind the IoT solutions rather than the artifacts themselves. Previous research has shown that IoT is a disruptive innovation, which requires new thinking and other types of skills. Most organizations have built up their own infrastructures with pre-packaged services that have been offered to the businesses in order to create interest and let the businesses themselves discover the benefits that the technology can bring. / I den här kvalitativa studien utvärderas vad Internet of Things (IoT) kan tillföra för att skapa nytta i kommunala bostadsbolag. Sedan 2014 finns det en guide från Myndigheten för digital förvaltning i nyttorealisering, som är ett stöd i hur organisationer kan arbeta för att genomföra IT-projekt och realisera målbilder, genom att fokusera på den bakomliggande nyttan. De frågor som denna studie fokuserar på är nyttor och förväntningar från genomförda IoT-projekt. För att besvara dessa frågor har fem intervjuer och en pilotstudie, utifrån ett ramverk för nyttorealisering, genomförts med personer som representerar ett stort antal kommuner i Sverige. Respondenterna har haft god insikt i hur verksamheterna arbetar inom teknikområdet IoT.   Studiens främsta slutsats är att arbetet med nyttor, har en liten roll i de organisationer som tillfrågats. Många av de hinder som identifierats i studien visar på att det krävs en aktiv styrning för att förändra dels kulturen kring IoT-projekt och dels att verksamheten fokuserar på nyttan bakom IoT-lösningarna snarare än själva artefakterna. Tidigare forskning har visat att IoT är en disruptiv innovation vilket kräver nytänkande och andra typer av kompetenser. De flesta organisationer har byggt upp egna infrastrukturer med färdigpaketerade tjänster som erbjudits verksamheterna i syfte att skapa intresse och låta verksamheterna själva upptäcka de nyttor som tekniken kan tillföra.

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